Impact Of Sexism Research Articles

성차별주의와 피해자 의식이 여성정책에 대한 인식에 미치는 영향: 경쟁적 피해자 의식의 매개효과를 중심으로*

성차별주의와 피해자 의식이 여성정책에 대한 인식에 미치는 영향: 경쟁적 피해자 의식의 매개효과를 중심으로*

The Effect of the Benevolent Experienced Sexism and the Sexual Myths on Women's Health.

The impact of sexism on health has been widely demonstrated. However, literature affirms sexual myths, as sexual harassment myths, avoid some behaviours being perceived as sexist. This result has been found frequently in studies of simulated situations with students. This research examines the effect of endorsement of sexual myths and of benevolent experienced sexism on women's health. A first study evaluated the psychometric properties of Spanish' version of benevolent experienced sexism (EBX-SP). In a second study, a hierarchical multiple regression tested the effect of the two variables on health. Results indicated that benevolent experienced sexism, has more effect in the prediction of health than endorsement of sexual myths. Women who experienced sexual harassment declared fewer myths than those who have not. The women who have suffered sexual harassment also had poorer health and reported more benevolent sexist experiences. Our results suggest that myths do not affect the perception of the benevolent sexist experiences that women undergo, which has an impact on health.

Reacting to Non-Prototypical Victims: Blame, Empathy, and Willingness to Label Sexual Assaults of Men and Sexual Minority Victims.

Sexual assault is prevalent in the U.S. society, with an estimated 16% of women and 8% of men experiencing some form of sexual violence during their lifetime (Breiding, 2014). Sexual violence crosses all identity lines; however, legislation, cultural representation, and academic scholarship on sexual violence has historically been limited to assaults against women perpetrated by men. This dominant analysis of sexual assault focuses on the impact of sexism on sexual violence, neglecting the impact off other forms of oppression and attitudes related to sexuality and gender. This dominant representation leaves non-prototypical victims, such as men, people of other genders, and sexual minorities of all genders, less visible and less understood. This underrepresentation may lead to negative reactions toward these victims including blame, exoneration of the perpetrator, and reluctance to acknowledge assaults. In the current study, I explored the impact of both victim gender and sexual orientation on reactions to a hypothetical intimate partner sexual assault victim. Results indicated that perpetrators who assaulted a man were blamed less than those who assaulted a woman. Furthermore, study participants had more empathy for women who were assaulted than they did for men. There were no differences in participants' negative reactions to victims by sexual orientation. Results suggest that, while some advances have been made in public support for sexual assault victims, these advances may not extend yet to men as victims.

The Impact of Sexism and Gender Stereotypes on the Legitimization of Women's Low Back Pain

BackgroundLow back pain is the worldwide leading cause of disability and, even though women's pain experience is more severe, frequent, and enduring, female patients are often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Health professionals’ gender stereotypes and social norms may underlie the downgrading of pain. AimThis pilot study aimed to examine the legitimation of low back pain by health professionals in relation to the sex of the patient as well as their gender awareness and the relationship between them. MethodThis study had a cross-sectional design. Eighty health professionals and students selected by convenience answered a 4-part online questionnaire. The eligibility criteria for participants were: aged >18 years, students in the last course of nursing/medicine or a physician/nurse, and Spanish-speaking. The questionnaire comprises: (1) a between-subjects virtual clinical low back pain case with four random versions (female/male patient and evidence/non-evidence of pathology); (2) the Spanish version of Nijmegen Gender Awareness Scale (S-NGAMS); (3) Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI); and (4) Ambivalence toward Men Inventory (AMI). ResultsThe total score of legitimation of low back pain correlated negatively with gender role ideology and sexism scales (when the virtual patient was female), as well as the subscales of willingness to offer support and credibility. ConclusionsBoth sexism and gender role ideology could undermine the legitimation of low back pain, the willingness to offer support, and credibility only in female patients. The results showed a possible gender bias in low back pain assessment in health professionals. Low gender sensitivity and high sexism must be treated as modifiable risk factors for health inequities in pain care.

Gender and corporate governance: analyzing sexism, board dynamics, and firm performance in Indonesia

This study analyzes gender-related board dynamics, seeking to understand the impact of sexism and the presence of female directors. The research domain includes female directors of public listed companies in Indonesia. This research triangulates data using two research methods. The quantitative method’s purpose is to test the association between the frequency of sexism, the perception of board dynamics, and the moderating effect of critical mass. Variables are measured using 5-point Likert scale questionnaire results from 46 respondents. Next, the qualitative method is performed via structured interviews with eight interviewees to understand the sexism experiences of female directors in their daily work activities, their perceptions of board dynamics, and their contributions to firm performance. The results of this study show a negative relationship between the frequency of sexism and the perception of board dynamics. They also reveal a strong moderating effect of the critical mass. Moreover, the qualitative results reveal that female directors often experience sexism in daily life. Interviewees see female directors as holding the roles of mediators and unique experts contributing to the firm’s nonfinancial performance.

Let’s Talk About Sexism: The Differential Effects of Gender Discrimination on Liberal and Conservative Women’s Political Engagement

As the 2016 election season and the Me Too movement have powerfully demonstrated, sexism is a pervasive force not just in American politics but also, more generally, in women’s everyday lives. While political scientists have focused on the impact of sexism on voters’ evaluations of female candidates and their electoral chances, we know little about the effect of personally experienced sexism on American women’s political engagement. This manuscript tries to address this gap. Using data from the 2016 ANES Pilot Study as well as a survey experiment, I demonstrate that women who have experienced gender discrimination report higher levels of political participation and a higher chance of voting in the general election. However, among conservative women, personal experience with sexism is not associated with this participatory impetus. These findings have implications for the equal representation of women from both ends of the ideological spectrum.

The impact of sexism on leadership in female-male climbing dyads

We investigated how sexism affected leadership in mixed-gender alpine climbing-dyads. We asked whether benevolent sexism would impair, and hostile sexism would increase (as a form of resistance) women’s leadership; and whether benevolent sexism would increase men’s leadership (as a form of paternalism). A correlational study assessed reported leading behaviour of alpine climbers. Then a vignette-based experiment presented climbers with cross-gender targets, of which three were sexist (non-feminist), and one feminist (non-sexist), and assessed leading intentions depending on targets’ and participants’ gender attitudes. Findings showed that women endorsing benevolent sexism indicated lower leading intentions with targets expressing benevolent sexism (i.e., benevolent and ambivalent men) as compared to hostile sexist men. Moreover, women’s benevolent sexism negatively affected their leading intentions with men endorsing the same gender ideology. Unexpectedly, women with low endorsement of hostile sexism reported higher leading intentions with a hostile sexist man than an ambivalent one, and with an ambivalent than a benevolent man. Conversely, men intended to lead more with female targets who expressed benevolent sexism, accommodating these women’s expectations. Further, men intended to lead more with ambivalent women, than with women deviating from gender stereotypes (i.e., feminist women, or hostile sexist women – who lack expected benevolence based on gender stereotypes). We conclude that benevolent sexism likely reinforces traditional gender roles in a leadership context when men face women who fit the gender stereotype; and when women are benevolently sexist, themselves. Moreover, low hostile sexist women confront men’s hostility with higher leading intentions, as a form of resistance.

The Impact of Sexism on Women's Health and Health Care

This paper reviews the trends in laws on affirmative action as they affect women, including minority women, and addresses issues of employment, sexual harassment, and sex discrimination as they affect women's health care, research on women's health, and the education and training of women in the health professions.

An Analysis of Domestic Violence in Asian American Communities:

This article presents a preliminary analysis of domestic violence in Asian American communities, and reports results from a focus group study on domestic violence in Southeast Asians (Laotians, Khmer, Vietnamese, and Chinese). It examines the influence of traditional Asian values, the assimilation process into American cultures, and the impact of sexism and racism on the oppression of Asian women. It is suggested that traditional Asian values of close family ties, harmony, and order may not discourage physical and verbal abuse in the privacy of one's home; these values may only support the minimization and hiding of such problems. The role of the cultural values of fatalism, perseverance, and self-restraint reduce the incentive of Asian American women to change their oppressive situations. The results from the focus group study have implications for clinical and community intervention.

Toward a Definition of Feminist Social Work: A Comparison of Liberal, Radical, and Socialist Models

THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT in the past 2 decades has forced social workers and social service institu tions to become responsive to the special situation of women in society and to the problems that both women and men face as a result of sexism. Some social workers, perhaps feeling the negative impact of sexism or simply recognizing the limitations that sexist oppression creates for both men and women, have turned to feminism as a mode of analysis and as a means of ac tion. To define feminism, three current feminist models are examined: (1) liberal, (2) radical, and (3) socialist. In addition, feminist social work practice is outlined for each of the three models of feminism. The models of social work practice are ideals, but nevertheless they provide a less abstract means to grasp some of the concepts that are unique to each of the feminist perspectives and also provide a guide for social work practi tioners to develop individual versions of feminist social work practice.