Impact Of Public Health Expenditure Research Articles

Prevalence of HIV/AIDS as a Health Indicator on Productivity in Nigeria

This paper analyzed empirically the impact of public health expenditure on productivity in Nigeria. The study employs econometric techniques to verify the time series properties and the relationship among HIV/AIDS prevalence rate, life expectancy rate and productivity in Nigeria. The findings revealed that maternal mortality rate and HIV/AIDS prevalence rate have a negative significant impact on productivity in the long run. Again, the life expectancy rate was found to have a positive significant effect on productivity. In the short run, the multiple regression results showed that public health expenditure has a positive insignificant impact on productivity in Nigeria. Also, the findings revealed that the maternal mortality rate has a negative insignificant effect on productivity in the short run. The study consequently proposes that more research be conducted to determine the root reason of the negative link between public health spending and productivity in Nigeria. To boost Nigerian productivity, the government should enhance public health spending and strengthen maternity healthcare facilities.

PUBLIC HEALTH FINANCING MODEL AND UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY RATE IN NIGERIA

Despite enormous resources committed to reduce under-five mortality rate in Nigeria, not much has been achieved. This paper, therefore, examined the impact of public health expenditure on under-five mortality rate in Nigeria from 1986 to 2022 using the Grossman health capital theoretical framework. The variables used in this study included the under-five mortality rate as the dependent variable and foreign direct investment, food security, per capita income, urbanization, carbon emission, sanitation, female school attainment and government expenditure. These variables were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin (CBN), National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and World Bank Development Indicator (WDI). The analytical techniques used were the Granger causality test and the vector error correction model (VECM) involving the forecast error variance decomposition (FEVD) and the impulse response functions (IRFs). The result showed that the coefficient of government health expenditure was negative but significantly related to under-five mortality rate while foreign direct investment was negative and insignificant to under-five mortality rate. The result further showed a unidirectional causality between government health expenditure and under-five mortality rate and no causality between foreign direct investment and under-five mortality. From the result the shock of public health expenditure is exogenously weak throughout the ten period horizons implying that public health expenditure had no significant positive impact on under-five mortality rate. This paper recommended among others, the need for government and policy makers to make concerted efforts to ensure full implementation of capital spending on the health sector, as any negative shock from government health expenditure health human development outcome including under-five mortality rate.

The impact of public health expenditure and gross domestic product per capita on the risk of catastrophic health expenditures for OECD countries.

Catastrophic health expenditure refers to situations where households face financial ruin due to high healthcare costs. For household spending on health services, the lack of pre-payment mechanisms to equalize the low payment capacity and risk, and the inability of countries' health financing systems to fulfill their duties adequately all contribute to the creation or increase of the risk of catastrophic health expenditure. This situation has devastating effects on poor households first, but if the prevention mechanisms are insouciant, it can threaten the health system of the entire country. The research aims to assess the impact of the pre-paid financing model implementations and income levels on the ability of countries to reduce the risk of catastrophic health expenditure. The paragraph explains the data used in the study, which is taken from OECD countries between 2003 and 2019. It also mentions the statistical models used in the study, which are static and dynamic panel regression models. The findings indicate that pre-paid financing models, such as those based on taxation, can help reduce the risk of catastrophic health expenditure. The study also reveals that income levels play a role in this regard, with countries with higher incomes being better able to reduce the risk of catastrophic health expenditure. The study suggests that healthcare financing systems should aim to provide effective services and financial protection to improve universal health coverage and reduce the risk of catastrophic health expenditure. Further researches using different health indicators and inputs could add to the existing literature on how to limit catastrophic health expenses and address other related questions.

Can Public Health Expenditure Influence National Productivity in an Agrarian Economy? Evidence from Nigeria

Despite the nation’s wealth in natural and human resources, productivity measure in Nigeria has not been satisfactory. Several factors have been alluded to be responsible for this. This paper investigated the impact of public health expenditure (with gross capital formation and secondary school enrolment as control variables) on national productivity (real GDP divided by working population as proxy) in Nigeria between 2000 and 2020. The theoretical foundation was based on Solow Neo-classical and Romer Endogenous growth models. The unit root test showed that variables were stationary at level. The descriptive result shows significant fluctuations in government domestic expenditure on health with an average of 18% of total health expenditure. Regression results showed a significant and positive relationship between healthcare service expenditures and productivity in Nigeria. The study recommended that Nigerian health policies should focus on developing the domestic health sector by increasing yearly budgetary allocation to the sector.

Effect of public health expenditure on health outcomes in Nigeria and Ghana

Despite the prevailing literature examining the effect public health expenditure has on health outcomes in Africa, Malaria and HIV/AIDS mortality which are key indicators of the outcome variable were unconsidered when drawing inferences. In view of this oversight, we investigate the impact of public health expenditure on health outcomes in Nigeria and Ghana whilst reconceptualizing health outcome by capturing infant, maternal, Malaria and HIV/AIDS mortality. Using the health expenditure commitment at the 1999 United Nations General Assembly and the Abuja Declaration of 2000, we also assessed public policy’s role in this relationship via linear regression analysis. With hindsight, our findings disclosed a low public health expenditure in both countries despite the Ghanaian case revealing a negative relationship, which was primarily insignificant whilst Nigeria indicated a positive one. These empirical evidences accentuate the need to augment public health expenditure in both countries to boost health outcomes whilst bringing to bear the significant influence of GDP, school enrolment and residing in urban areas on health outcomes.

A Silent Crisis: The Impact of Public Health Expenditure on Malnutrition Prevalence in Children Aged Below Five in the Philippines

This study mainly aims to determine whether public health expenditures have been effective in reducing malnutrition among children aged below five in the Philippines. The researchers construct a Grossman (1972) model-based health production function, which treats economic, social, and environmental factors as determinants of nutritional status. OLS estimates show that an increase in food security rates, a decrease in poverty incidence rates, and an increase in the level of urbanization significantly reduce stunting rates. However, no statistically significant relationship exists between the aforementioned independent variables and underweight and wasting rates (aside from the level of urbanization and wasting). In all regression models, the coefficient estimate for public health expenditure is valued near zero and is statistically insignificant, implying that government spending on health has been insubstantial and ineffective in reducing malnutrition prevalence.

Are Wealthy Countries Always Healthy? Health Outcomes and Public Health Spending Nexus in Nigeria

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the eight most populous nation in the world. She is currently the largest economy in Africa. Nigeria is considered to be relatively wealthy in terms of oil reserves; however, the level of poverty is still very high because of corruption and mismanagement. This study investigates the impact of public health expenditure on health outcomes in Nigeria, 1985–2019. Empirical results from the Classical Regression Analysis reveal that health expenditure by the government reduces under-5 mortality rate significantly and improves life expectancy. Furthermore, immunization against measles was found to reduce under-5 mortality rate, while prevalence of HIV reduces life expectancy. The study therefore recommends that there is need for government expenditure on health to be targeted at areas that will improve health outcomes significantly. With adequate funding and proper monitoring, a resource-abundant nation like Nigeria, can become healthier. However, if this is not done, the wealthy may not be healthy after all.

PUBLIC HEALTH EXPENDITURE AND INFANT MORTALITY RATE IN NIGERIA

One of the numerous responsibilities of the government of any country is to invest in the various sectors of the economy. This should, however, be channeled to the appropriate sectors, such as the health sector, that will lead to a continual growth of the country. It is in the light of this, that this study looks at government spending on the health sector and its effect on infant mortality rate (INFM) in Nigeria. Health is central to the well-being of the citizens. This study made an attempt to provide empirical evidence of the impact of public health expenditure on infant mortality rate in Nigeria between 1991 and 2018 using time series data. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) analytical method was used to examine the relationships. Various robustness checks were carried out to ensure the reliability of the result for policy makers. Findings revealed that all variables employed positively impacted INFM except for Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus (DPT) immunization and female literacy rate. It was therefore recommended that more public enlightenments on the importance of taking DPT immunization for infants should be embarked upon for the target audience to be able to produce a positive effect, nursing mothers should be educated more on the need to take good care of their children especially at the early stage and not leave chance to the faith of the day care, all in the name of being literate and answering the call of their job at the expense of their parental role among others.

The Impact of Public Health Expenditure on Health Component of Human Capital

The analysis of the concept of human capital shows that this form of capital includes a set of different components that are used in economic activities and generates different kind of benefits. Health is one of the main components of human capital. Hence, considering its importance authors of this article tried to investigate the impact of public health expenditure on the health component of human capital. Ordinary least square, fixed and random effects panel data models for 28 European Union countries were used to reach this purpose. The main variables used in this study is life expectancy at birth (related to the health component of human capital) and general government health expenditure. It is known that there are other factors affecting health and human capital in general. Hence variables such as GDP grow, GINI coefficient, education level, alcohol consumption, old age dependency and urbanization rate were added in the models as explanatory variables. The results of the performed study show that public health expenditure has a positive and significant impact on the improvements of life expectancy. Selected fixed-effects panel data models also show significant and positive effects of the GDP growth, old age dependency while a negative effect is identified by alcohol consumption. The existing close relationship between health and education also is confirmed by this study. Results suggest that higher education level is positively and significantly related to life expectancy while a lower education has a negative impact on life expectancy.

The Impact of Public Health Expenditure on Health Outcomes in South Africa.

Health holds an important position in maintaining economic development since it is both a prerequisite for and an outcome of economic development. This means that health contributes greatly to the attainment of sustainable development and health outcomes. The importance of health is demonstrated in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) where three of the eight goals are aimed at improving health outcomes. Despite progress made by other middle-income countries in achieving health-related MDGs, South Africa is still worse off in respect of health outcomes and experiences a challenge in attaining positive outcomes for these goals. This study’s main focus was to identify the association between public health expenditure and health outcomes in South Africa’s nine provinces from 2002 to 2016. The study implemented fixed effects and a random effects panel data estimation technique to control for time effects and individual provincial heterogeneity. This was followed by employing the Hausman specification test to identify the fixed effects model as the appropriate estimator for the study. The study also employed the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model and the least squares dummy variable (LSDV) model to examine the impact of public health expenditure on each province separately. The findings elucidated that the relationship between public health expenditure and health outcomes in South Africa varied across provinces depending on provincial management and infrastructure availability.

A Step toward Realization of Vision 2030; Reduction in Child Mortality: New Evidence from South Asian Countries

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of economic and social factors on child mortality in South Asian countries. Economic factors consist of economic growth, private and public health expenditures while social factors are comprised of access to improved water sources, access to improved sanitation facilities, and environmental quality. This study collected the data from World Development Indicators (WDI) over the period of 1967-2016. This study utilized Johnson co-integration test to investigate the long run co-integration. The study found that long-run co-integration exits among the modeled variables. The results of long-run co-integration recommend that Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) is appropriate to examine the short-run relationship among the modeled variables. The study found that access to improve water and sanitation facilities, environmental quality, total health expenditure, and economic growth significantly and negatively affect child survival. Moreover, the study has also investigated private and public health expenditure on child mortality separately and found that the size of the impact of public health expenditure is greater than private health expenditure. This study guides the policy makers and international agencies that in order to meet the required rate of child mortality they should invest more in the health sector and should provide clean water, sanitation facilities to its residents. Moreover, the study recommends that the government should revise environmental policies to lower the child mortality rate.

Public Health Expenditures, Environmental Pollution and Health Outcomes: Evidence from Nigeria

The role of health in the development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. While the concept of health status and the impact of public health expenditure have continued to generate scholarly debates, this study contributes to the debate with the incorporation of the role of the environment as a determinant of health status in Nigeria. With the objective of examining the impact of Public Health Expenditures and Pollution on Nigerians Health Status, annual secondary time series data spanning 37 years (1981-2017) collected from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and World Development Indicator were analyzed using the ARDL technique. The result shows that Public Expenditures on Health has a positive and significant impact on health outcomes in Nigeria. Again, environmental pollution as proxied by per capita CO2 emission has a negative and significant effect on health outcome in the country. Economic growth rate was found to have positive impact but insignificant in enhancing life expectancy (proxy for health outcome) in Nigeria. On the basis of the empirical findings, it is recommended that the government should sustain the flow of resources to the health sector and improve on environmental practices through the formulation of new national environmental policies and better awareness campaign through the deployment of community health extension workers (CHEW).

Health care expenditure and infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa

The paper examines the impact of public health expenditure on under-five and infant mortality rates in 10 selected sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2000–2008. The results show that government health expenditure has a positive effect on under-five and infant mortality. However, the results show GDP per capita, health aid, hiv prevalence and immunization have significant negative effects on under-five and infant mortality. The results clearly suggest that health care expenditures have not been translated to improvement in under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The results possibly reflect the high level of corruption and fungibility of public health expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa countries.

ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЕ ЗДОРОВЬЕ И ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЕ В РОССИИ

<p align="justify">В статье анализируется современная динамика показателей, характеризующих демографические процессы и состояние здоровья населения России. Названы причины худшей ситуации в нашей стране по сравнению с развитыми странами, основной из которых является недофинансирование здравоохранения. Анализируются точки зрения исследователей, рассматривающих влияние государственного финансирования данной отрасли на продолжительность жизни и смертность населения. </font>

The Impact of Public Health Expenditure on Economic Development – Evidence from Prefecture-Level Panel Data of Shandong Province

Public health expenditure is an indispensable part of social economy. The public has always paid close attention to public health expenditure. In order to study the quantitative relation between public health expenditure and social economic development, this paper investigates prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province, due to the unique characteristics of Shandong Province. Making theoretical and empirical contributions, this paper augments the Cobb-Douglas production function with public health expenditure and empirically analyzes economic development of prefecture- level cities in Shandong Province. A panel data set is established, followed by multivariate regression analysis. Empirical results find that public health expenditure per capita and coverage of medical insurance can significantly promote social economic development. However, the expansion and growth of the number of health institutions does not necessarily promote economic development. Instead, it may even hold back economic development by causing personnel redundancy and waste of resources. If the government transfers its investment focus from the scale and the speed of development of medical services to their fairness and efficiency, public health expenditure may vastly improve both public health and economic development.

Per capita income and public health expenditure: what makes good child health outcomes in Tanzania? a comparison of Frequentist and Bayesian approach (1995-2013)

Using data for World Bank Development Indicators (2015) database from 1995 to 2013, this paper explores the impact of public health expenditure on national health outcomes in Tanzania while GDP per capita and improved sanitation facilities as explanatory variables were controlled for. Two national health outcomes indicators namely, infant and under-five mortality were used as dependent variables. With separate modeling approach, Frequentist and Bayesian based on time series and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) respectively, empirical evidence shows that income, represented by real GDP per capita lower infant and under-five mortality in Tanzania. Under both methodological approach regardless of the sample size, we failed to support evidence that, public health expenditure and improved sanitation facilities had an impact on child health outcomes. Our results imply that, public health spending in Tanzania is poorly targeted to bring good child health outcomes. The paper draws attention to policy makers in Tanzania to focus either within public health spending composition or beyond to other close determinants of infant and under-five mortality.

The Effect of Public Health Expenditure on Infant Mortality: Evidence from a Panel of Indian States, 1983–1984 to 2011–2012

Using a panel data set of Indian states between 1983–1984 and 2011–2012, this paper studies the impact of public health expenditure on the infant mortality rate (IMR), after controlling for other relevant covariates like political competition, per capita income, female literacy, and urbanisation. We find that public expenditure on health care reduces the IMR. Our baseline specification shows that an increase in public health expenditure by 1 per cent of state-level net domestic product is associated with a reduction in the IMR by about nine infant deaths per 1000 live births. We also find that political competition, female literacy and urbanisation reduce the IMR.

Public Health Expenditure, Governance and Health Outcomes in Malaysia

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), government plays a crucial role in providing quality life for its citizens through good health system. There has been less attention given in analysing the relationship between government expenditure, governance and health outcomes particularly in developing countries. This paper aims to study the impact of public health expenditure and governance on health outcomes in Malaysia. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration framework has been used to analyse data from 1984 to 2009. The results based on the bounds testing procedure show that a stable, long-run relationship exists between health outcomes and their determinants; namely income level, public health expenditure, corruption and government stability. The results also reveal that public health expenditure and corruption affect long- and short run health outcomes in Malaysia. The findings are important to the policy makers in making decisions to improve the citizens’ quality of life. We suggest the Ministry of Health of Malaysia to conduct more consultations with other ministries and other stakeholders in health services as to identify the needs and emphasize on the importance of health program to the society. At the same time, attention should be given to reduce or eliminate the corruption rate as it has adverse effects on the country.

Evaluating the redistributive impact of public health expenditure using an insurance value approach

This article analyses the redistributive impact of public health expenditure in Spain using an insurance value approach to compute individual and household's value of health services non-cash benefit. We model the intensity of use of different health care services using a count data framework on a nationally representative health care survey and then predict probabilities on the 2006 Spanish EU-SILC sample. This allows us to extend disposable income with the expected monetary value of public health services and to compare it with strictly cash income. Since non-cash income due to public health services is associated with health needs, we use needs-adjusted equivalence scales to perform distributional analysis and poverty/inequality comparisons. The results show that public health expenditure in Spain acts progressively on income distribution, and that health in-kind benefits, once considered as part of disposable income, can be extremely effective in reducing poverty and inequality.

Public Health Capital and Productivity in the Spanish Regions: A Dynamic Panel Data Model

This paper investigates the impact of public health expenditure and variations in the composition of this expenditure on economic growth. We develop an extension of the Solow model, that includes health as a publicly provided input in order to explain variations in productivity. The paper reports the results of an empirical investigation using panel data for the Spanish regions. The results suggest that current government health spending has consistently positive effects, while governmental investment in health care has no effect on productivity.