Impact Of Pricing Policies Research Articles

The impact of price policy on the production and marketing of Wheat in Nineveh governorate (Mosul and Telkaif district) as a model for the 2019-2020 agricultural season.

The research aims to analyze the economic implications of the State's policy in the production and marketing of wheat crops in Nineveh governorate (Mosul and Telkaif judiciary) by comparing private and social prices by adopting the method of the policy analysis matrix and calculating the standards derived from there. The study results showed that the protection measures showed that there was government support and subsidization for producers of this crop. This is apparent when examining the nominal protection coefficient figures for output per dunum (1.322, 1.370, 1.310 and 1.327) for each of the three categories and the entire sample, respectively. Nominal input protection coefficient values were per dunum (0.486, 0.436, 0.487 and 0.474) for each of the three categories and the entire sample, respectively. The comparative advantage indicators showed that the crop in Nineveh governorate (Mosul and Telkaif judiciary) had a comparative advantage and global competitiveness to produce, The value of the special cost ratio per dunum (0.284, 0.318, 0.319 and 0.316) for each of the three categories and the entire sample respectively. The study recommends increasing government support for crops that have a comparative advantage in their production and are globally competitive to achieve self-sufficiency and then reach the export stage.

The Impact of Price Policies on Wheat Production in Egypt أثر السیاسات السعریة على إنتاج محصول القمح فى مصر

يحظى محصول القمح فى مصر باهتمام ملحوظ فى الآونة الأخيرة لما له من أهمية إستراتيجية على المستوى القومى وقد لوحظ عدم کفاية الإنتاج المحلى منه لمواجهة الاستهلاک المتزايد منه وبالتالى فإن الفجوة القمحية يتم تغطيتها بالاستيراد من الخارج مما يمثل عبئا على کل من الميزان التجارى وميزان المدفوعات کما أثرت التحولات فى السياسات السعرية المتبعة على إنتاج هذا المحصول وما صاحبه من تغير فى هيکل کل من التکاليف الإنتاجية وصافى العائد خلال الفترة(2000-2015) لذلک يهدف البحث إلى إلقاء الضوء على أثر السياسات السعرية على إنتاج محصول القمح فى مصر وذلک من خلال دراسة مجموعة من الأهداف الفرعية المتمثلة فى:- 1-دراسة الوضع الراهن لمحصول القمح فى مصر خلال الفترة (2000-2015). 2-دراسة أثر السياسات السعرية على إنتاج محصول القمح باستخدام کل من Chow test)) ،ونموذج المتغيرات الصورية ،وکذلک مصفوفة تحليل السياسات (PAM). وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى ما يلى:- -وجود أثر إيجابى لتطبيق السياسات السعرية المتبعة على المساحة المزروعة من محصول القمح خلال الفترة الثانية حيث تحول من الزيادة بنحو 52.622 ألف فدان خلال الفترة الأولى إلى الزيادة بنحو 75.129 ألف خلال الفترة الثانية ومما يؤکد ذلک :- أ- ارتفاع متوسط المساحة المزروعة من محصول القمح من 2510 ألف فدان خلال الفترة(2000-2007) إلى 3189.72 ألف فدان خلال الفترة (2008-2015). ب- المساحة المزروعة من محصول القمح خلال الفترة الأولى قد اتخذت إتجاها تصاعديا بزيادة سنوية معنوية إحصائيا قدرت بنحو 52.71ألف فدان، أو ما يمثل نحو 2.1% من متوسطها السنوى والمقدر بنحو 2510.الف فدان خلال الفترة (2000-2007)، فى حين ارتفعت خلال الفترة الثانية بنحو 87.16 ألف فدان أو ما يمثل نحو 2.3% من متوسطها السنوى والبالغ نحو 3189.72 ألف فدان خلال الفترة (2008-2015)وقذ تأکد ذلک من الوجهة الإحصائية . -أوضحت اختبار chow والمتغيرات الصورية أن السياسات السعرية المتبعة کان لها أثرا إيجابيا على کل من المساحة المزروعة ،الإنتاجية الفدانيه، الإنتاج الکلى، الإکتفاء الذاتى،السعر المزرعى، الإيراد الکلى ، صافى العائد فى حين کان لها أثرا سلبيا على الإستهلاک المحلى، التکاليف الکليه، تکلفة الوحدة لهذ المحصول الأمر الذى يستدعى إعادة النظر فى هذه السياسات مره أخرى. -أوضحت مصفوفة تحليل السياسات والنتائج والمؤشرات المستنتجة منها أن السياسات السعرية المتبعة على محصول القمح خلال فترتى الدراسة لم تکن فى صالح منتجى هذا المحصول لوجود ضرائب ضمنية عالية ،مماأدى إلى انخفاض الحافز لدى المنتجين وعزوفهم عن زراعته على الرغم من الأثر الإيجابى للسياسات السعرية المتبعة ذات الصلة بالإيرادات خاصة المتعلقة بتحرير أسعار الإنتاج ويرجع ذلک إلى انعدام الأثر فى جانب مستلزمات الإنتاج نتيجة لالغاء الدولة دعم مستلزمات الإنتاج وتخليها عن توفير أهمها للزراع . فى ضوء النتائج السابقة فإن الدراسة توصى بما يلى : 1 – ضرورة تفعيل دور الارشاد الزراعى وذلک بالعمل على توفير المعلومات والارشادات المتعلقة بالإنتاج حتى يمکن تحفيز الزراع على التوسع فى زراعة القمح. 2 – العمل على التوسع فى الإنتاج من محصول القمح خاصة فى الأراضى الجديدة وذلک لأهميه الإستراتيجيه بين المحاصيل الأخرى وذلک للحد من استيراد ذلک المحصول وزيادة الإنتاج الکلى منه ومن ثم ارتفاع نسبة الإکتفاء الذاتى. 3 – تدخل الدولة عن طريق تقليل الضرائب الضمنية للمنتجين ،مما يؤدى إلى ارتفاع الحافز لدى المنتجين والعمل على زيادة انتاجيه محصول القمح . 4 – ضرورة الاتجاه إلى ربط أسعار المنتج ومستلزمات الإنتاج بمثيلتها العالمية والتى تمثل تکلفة الفرصة البديلة للاقتصاد القومى سواء للإنتاج أو مستلزماته وذلک فى ظل شروط المنافسة الکاملة فى السوق.

Advances in the Economic Analysis of Residential Water Use: An Introduction

The aim of this Special Issue is to gather evidence on the impact of price policies (PP) and non-price policies (NPP) in shaping residential water use in a context of increased water scarcity. Indeed, a large body of the empirical economic literature on residential water demand has been devoted to measuring the impact of PP (water price increases, use of block rate pricing or peak pricing, etc.). The consensus is that the residential water demand is inelastic with respect to water price, but not perfectly. Given the low water price elasticity, pricing schemes may not always be effective tools for modifying household water behaviors. This is puzzling since increasing the water price is still viewed by public authorities as the most direct economic tool for inducing water conservation behaviors. Additional evidence regarding the use of PP in shaping residential water use is then required. More recently, it has been argued that residential consumers may react to NPP, such as water conservation programs, education campaigns, or smart metering. NPP are based on the idea that residential water users can implement strategies that will result in water savings via changing their individual behaviors. Feedback information based on smart water metering is an example of approach used by some water utilities. There are still large gaps in the knowledge on the residential water demand, and in particular on the impact of PP and NPP on residential water use, household water affordability and water service performance. These topics are addressed in this Special Issue “Advances in the Economic Analysis of Residential Water Use”.

Impact of pricing and inventory policies with benefit sharing mechanism on supply chain performances

This paper is to analyse impacts of pricing policies, inventory policies, and benefit sharing mechanism on supply chain (SC) performances. The novelties and theoretical contributions of this paper include a development of linear mathematical functions to represent pricing policies, especially 'every day low price' (EDLP), and explicitly considering cash as one of the performance measures in addition to profit and revenue. A mix integer linear programming (MILP) model with pricing mechanism and policy constraints is developed. A case study in plastic fashion accessory industry in Thailand is performed. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate how the proposed model is applied. The performance measures are translated into satisfaction levels and plotted in a radar chart to facilitate performance comparison among policies. Practical contribution is that this paper recommends suitable combinations of policies to match with the priority of profit, revenue, and cash performances. [Received 10 January 2018; Revised 12 June 2018; Accepted 19 June 2018]

The impact of price policy on demand for alcohol in rural India

Whether raising the price of addictive goods can reduce its burden is widely debated in many countries, largely due to lack of appropriate data and robust methods. Three key concerns frequently raised in the literature are: unobserved heterogeneity; omitted variables; identification problem. Addressing these concerns, using robust instrument and employing unique individual-level panel data from Indian Punjab, this paper investigates two related propositions (i) will increase in alcohol price reduce its burden (ii) since greater incomes raise the costs of inebriation, will higher incomes affect consumption of alcohol negatively. Distinct from previous studies, the key variable of interest is the budget share of alcohol that allows studying the burden of alcohol consumption on drinker's and also on other family members. Results presented show that an increase in alcohol price is likely to be regressive, especially on the bottom quartile, with a rise in the budget share of alcohol given budget constraint. This outcome is robust to different econometric specifications. Preliminary explorations suggest that higher per capita income increases the odds of quitting drinking. Results reported have wider implications for the effective design of addiction related health policies.

Dampak Era Globalisasi Ekonomi terhadap Usaha Ternak Sapi Perah: Kajian Peluang, Kendala dan Strategi Pengembangan

Free market and international investment in the global economic environment will also influence milk cow business in Indonesia especially farmers that mostly use imported component of feed. Meanwhile, price of milk in the world market tend to decline due to reduction of import tariff policy imposed by the goverment. Only efficient production system that can increase the competitiveness of lndonesia milk cow business in the world market. Otherwise, the volume of import will continuously increases. This study is aimed to investigate the competitiveness, constraints and prospect as well as the development strategies of milk cow business in Indonesia. A case study has been conducted in East Java. Financially, milk cow business in East Java has benefited farmers with return and cost ratio (R/C = 1.43). A policy to push milk production may be considered to meet the domestic demand or at least partially substitute the imported milk. This optimism is indicated by the domestic resource cost ratio (DRCR = 0.813 ). On the other hand, the impact of price policy on input and output and market distortion exist in this agribusiness has clearly provide economic incentive to the farmers to increase their milk production. This circumstances indicated by an indicator of effective protection coefficient (EPC = 1,4499). In other world about 45 percent of added value will be distributed to farmers. By utilizing the domestic market potential, intensive insemination program and increase of business efficiency, the milk industry in Indonesia has a very prospective future. However, monopsony market structure, very weak farmer's capital position, and unwell insemination program implementation among production areas are become a set of constraints that need policy action to increase the performance of milk cow business in Indonesia. Thus, the future development strategies needed are: (1) increase the quality and productivity via technology improvement especially feed and business management. In the short run, deregulation on the other hand, particularly market structure must be taken into action.

Assessing the impact of price and non-price policies on residential water demand: a case study in Wisconsin

This paper reports an investigation of the impact of price policies (PP) and non-price policies (NPP) on residential water demand. Using a sample of US water utilities located in Wisconsin, residential water demand was estimated by taking into account the fact that some of the characteristics of local communities that determine PP and NPP choices may also influence residential water consumption levels. It is first shown that neglecting endogeneity of PP or NPP may lead to biased parameter estimates. Second, it is demonstrated that the policy mix (PP or NPP) may be as important as the level of prices for determining water consumption. Lastly, evidence is provided that dissemination efforts made by local communities to promote NPP drive the effectiveness of those policies.

Institutional barriers to policy reform in Egypt: The case of the agricultural machinery industry

Abstract Economic reform has been on the Egyptian policy agenda since the mid-1970s. But progress has been slow in part due to strong regulatory and institutional obstacles. The experience of the agricultural machinery manufacturing industry displays this problem. An economic analysis of manufacturing threshers shows that while the impact of price policies was about neutral, institutional barriers effectively taxed the industry 15–22%. The greatest obstacle was access to marketing credit from the state-owned Principal Bank for Development and Agricultural Credit. Access to materials and difficulties with tax authorities also hampered the industry.

Impact of Price Policy on Farm Household Income in Korea

Impact of Price Policy on Farm Household Income in Korea

An empirical model of the U.K. land market and the impact of price policy on land values and rents

With a view to examining the impact of E.C. product price changes on land values and rents in the U.K., econometric models are developed to show the effect of farm incomes on these variables. The long-run effect conforms closely with the often expressed theoretical view that the benefits of farm support policies are capitalised into higher land values. The elasticity of net farm income with respect to product prices is then calculated and, combined with coefficient estimates from the econometric models, indicates that a 1% increase in product prices would, ceteris paribus, raise land prices by about 10% and rents by almost 30% in the long run.