Impact Of Preventive Measures Research Articles

Hospitalization burden associated with anus and penis neoplasm in Spain (2016-2020)

ABSTRACT In 2020, there were approximately 50,865 anal cancer cases and 36,068 penile cancer cases worldwide. HPV is considered the main causal agent for the development of anal cancer and one of the causal agents responsible for the development of penile cancer. The aim of this epidemiological, descriptive, retrospective study was to describe the burden of hospitalization associated with anal neoplasms in men and women and with penis neoplasms in men in Spain from 2016 to 2020. The National Hospital Data Surveillance System of the Ministry of Health, Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos, provided the discharge information used in this observational retrospective analysis. A total of 3,542 hospitalizations due to anal cancer and 4,270 hospitalizations due to penile cancer were found; For anal cancer, 57.4% of the hospitalizations occurred in men, and these hospitalizations were also associated with significantly younger mean age, longer hospital stays and greater costs than those in women. HIV was diagnosed in 11.19% of the patients with anal cancer and 1.74% of the patients with penile cancer. The hospitalization rate was 2.07 for men and 1.45 for women per 100,000 in anal cancer and of 4.38 per 100,000 men in penile cancer. The mortality rate was 0.21 for men and 0.12 for women per 100,000 in anal cancer and 0.31 per 100.000 men in penile cancer and the case-fatality rate was 10.07% in men and 8,26% in women for anal cancer and 7.04% in penile cancer. HIV diagnosis significantly increased the cost of hospitalization. For all the studied diagnoses, the median length of hospital stays and hospitalization cost increased with age. Our study offers relevant data on the burden of hospitalization for anal and penile cancer in Spain. This information can be useful for future assessment on the impact of preventive measures, such as screening or vaccination in Spain.

Impact of Preventive Measures Against Covid-19 on the Prevalence of Infectious Diseases Among the Population of The Republic of Kazakhstan

Aim: To study the impact of COVID-19 preventive measures on airborne and fecal-oral infectious diseases in Kazakhstan Materials and Research Methods: We used comparative data from the Study of Sanitary and Epidemiological Control of Infectious Morbidity in the Population of the Kazakhstan for 2019-2020. In this case, there are infectious diseases transmitted mainly by airborne droplets among the entire population (children, adolescents and adults) and diseases with fecal-oral transmission. Results: The total number of cases detected was 1,239,635. Thus, the percentage change in the total number of cases from 2019 to 2020 was - (+) 5.6%. In 2019, 596,216 cases of infectious diseases transmitted by airborne droplets were detected, and in 2020 - 631,407, i.e. 35,191 more were revealed (+5.9%). ARVI and influenza account for the largest proportion in this group, and the incidence has increased in these groups. At the same time, exacerbations of diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route: from 2019 to 2020, diseases occurred in 1,716 (-38.8%) cases. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a useful effective COVID-19 prevention measure for several other infectious diseases in Kazakhstan during the pandemic. However, special attention should be paid to the increase in the incidence of ARVI and influenza in Kazakhstan. Possible exceptions, according to the authors, are ignoring the high incidence of influenza and ARVI in 2020 compared to 2019, since special attention was focused on COVID-19. The next hypothesis is the impact of COVID-19 on influenza immunization in the country - restrictive measures have reduced the number of influenza vaccinated.

Transforming Crisis into Opportunity: Exploring the Educational Potential of the Corona Pandemic through a STEM Approach

The Corona pandemic has sparked widespread fear and uncertainty among pupils worldwide, but it has also presented an unexpected educational opportunity for fostering critical thinking skills through a STEAM discipline in relation to COVID-19. Recognized this global challenge as a platform to develop an interdisciplinary study module for elementary school pupils that integrates health and education. The study module facilitated exploration of different facets of the pandemic. Pupils developed an understanding of the virus, delved into the science of the immune system using interactive learning games. Pupils researched vaccination technology in small groups, they research antigen detection kit focusing on the product features of components, materials and ease of use and the reliability of home antigen testing. Mathematical models were constructed to analyze COVID-19 data and comprehend epidemiological concepts, empowering students to interpret infection rates, transmission patterns, and the impact of preventive measures. Furthermore, the integration of art within the STEM framework played a crucial role in solidifying the acquired knowledge. Pupils employed their design and engineering skills to visually represent viral antigens and antibodies, create educational games for identifying cells, and develop age-appropriate health information tools for their peers. By leveraging artistic elements such as language, color, and technical designs, students actively contributed to the production of effective resources that promoted health education and infection prevention among their peers. The STEAM approach facilitated interdisciplinary learning, critical thinking, and creativity, equipping students to navigate complex health crises by reducing fear and anxiety through enjoyable academic experiences.

The Effect of Preventive Measures and Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 on the Infection Risk, Treatment, and Hospitalization: A Cross-Sectional Study of Algeria.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to afflict many countries around the world. The resurgence of COVID-19 cases and deaths in many countries shows a complacency in adhering to preventive guidelines. Consequently, vaccination continues to be a crucial intervention to reduce the effects of this pandemic. This study investigated the impact of preventive measures and COVID-19 vaccination on the infection, medication, and hospitalization. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between 23 December 2021 and 12 March 2022 in Algeria. To evaluate the effectiveness of strategies aimed at avoiding and minimizing SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity, a questionnaire was created and validated. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were computed to identify associations between dependent and independent variables. Variables with a p-value of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Our results indicated that out of 2294 answers received, only 16% of our sample was vaccinated, and more than 60% did not apply preventive guidelines. As a result, 45% were infected with SARS-CoV-2, 75% took treatment (even preventive), and 9% were hospitalized. The logistic regression showed that the impact of preventive measures on the unvaccinated is statistically not significant (OR: 0.764, 95% CI = 0. 555-1.052; p = 0.09). However, this relationship changes significantly for people who are vaccinated (OR: 0.108, 95% CI = 0.047-0.248; p < 0.0001). Our results also demonstrated that the impact of protective measures on non-vaccinated individuals is statistically significant in reducing the need to receive anti-COVID-19 treatments (OR: 0.447, 95% CI = 0.321-0.623; p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the results showed that the impact of preventive measures on the non-vaccinated population is also statistically significant in reducing the risk of hospitalization (OR: 0.211, 95% CI = 0.081-0.548; p < 0.0001). Moreover, vaccinated individuals who neglect preventive measures must take the COVID-19 medication at a rate of 3.77 times (OR: 3.77) higher than those who follow preventive measures and are vaccinated. In short, our findings demonstrate the importance of combining preventive measures and vaccination in order to fight against the pandemic. Therefore, we advise the Ministry of Health and relevant authorities to put more effort into enhancing public knowledge about the COVID-19 infection and vaccination through education and awareness initiatives. Parallel to implementing vaccination as additional preventive strategy, behavioral change initiatives must be improved to encourage adherence to COVID-19 prevention recommendations.

Predicting veal-calf trading events in France

Global trade has been ranked as one of the top five drivers of infectious disease threat events. More specifically, livestock trade is known to increase the speed at which infectious diseases circulate and to facilitate their dissemination over large distances Therefore, predicting animal movements arising from trade is crucial for assessing epidemic risk and the impact of preventive measures. In this study, we developed a statistical framework for predicting trading events using predictors accessible from routinely collected data. We focused on veal calves, a category of animals with significant commercial value; the dataset considered the veal calf trade in France between January 2011 and June 2019. A subset of farms with consistent trade behaviour over time was built to be used throughout the study. To predict sale or purchase event occurrences, our predictive framework was based on random forests as a binary classification tool, an approach that allows a large number of potential predictors. We explored the robustness of model predictions with respect to the delay in data acquisition and prediction lag time. Overall, sales were more accurately predicted than purchasing events. Unsurprisingly, a delay in data acquisition led to a decrease in the performance of indicators, whereas prediction lag time had little impact. Sale-related predictors mostly reflected past trading events, whereas purchase-related predictors were associated with past trading events, farm management and general farm characteristics. The model outputs also suggested that the veal calf trading network is driven by sales rather than by purchases. Regardless of the length of the delay in data acquisition and prediction lag, the random forest approach fitted on data with municipality as trading unit and a 28-day trading period provided better performance scores (F1-score, positive predictive value and negative predictive value) than scenarios with finer temporal and spatial aggregation units. Predicted trade events can therefore be used to reconstruct the entire veal calf trading network and transfers between selling and purchasing units for each period. This predicted network could be further used to simulate the spread of pathogens via animal trade.

The impact of preventive measures on controlling Covid-19 pandemic: a statistical analysis study.

BackgroundThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the primary variables associated with the COVID-19 disease and to demonstrate how to evaluate the effect of the earlier consideration of the containment measure and the massive testing policy on controlling the spread of this pandemic. We introduced and analyzed, for the first time to our knowledge, a new variable referred to as the Gap, which was defined as the time between the appearance of the first case and the implementation of the containment measure.MethodsA correlation, linear, and nonlinear regression-based statistical analysis was conducted to determine the impact of numerous variables and factors on the spread of this pandemic.Results81.3% of the variability of total cases was explained by the variability of total tests, and 72.3% of the variability of total deaths was explained by the variability of total cases. In addition, we have constructed significant nonlinear models that explain 97.8% of the total cases’ information and 89.4% of the total deaths’ information as a function of the Gap variable. Furthermore, we have found no correlation between the total number of tests and the fatality rate.ConclusionConsideration of earlier containment is an effective measure that enables the prevention of a catastrophic disease spread scenario. In addition, the massive testing policy has no effect on the fatality rate. However, the performance of tests is highly effective at detecting new cases earlier, before they infect a large number of individuals, and is also an effective method for controlling the spread of this disease. Keywords: COVID-19 disease, preventive measures, containment measure, massive policy of tests, linear and nonlinear models. Copyright: © 2022 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.).

VERS DE NOUVELLES PRATIQUES PÉDAGOGIQUES EN TEMPS DU COVID: L’ENSEIGNEMENT À DISTANCE COMME MARQUE DE RÉSILIENCE DANS L’UNIVERSITÉ MAROCAINETOWARDS NEW PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICES IN TIMES OF COVID: DISTANCE EDUCATION AS A MARK OF RESILIENCE IN THE MOROCCAN UNIVERSITY

Affected, like most countries in the world, by the covid-19 pandemic which has affected all sectors of activity, Morocco has proposed, as part of a policy of prevention and anticipation.The measures including the objective is not only to limit the spread of covid but also and above all to ensure educational continuity and the transition from face-to-face teaching to distance learning. However, not having, like the majority of countries, a prior strategy to deal with this disaster situation, the concept of the resilience of education systems was not yet included in public policies. This fact did not prevent the Moroccan government from deploying all the necessary means to ensure and maintain this educational continuity. Our subject, in this communication, would be focused, on the one hand, on the various actions carried out by the Moroccan government in times of covid and, on the other hand, on the measures adopted by the Moroccan university, through the Commission of the Presidents of Universities (CPU) to deal with this pandemic through management, courses and exams. We will focus on distance education in the Moroccan university, starting not only from our personal experience, since we have experienced this situation, but also from the scientific studies carried out by Moroccan colleagues during this period. The aim is to provide some answers to the following questions: a- What is the impact of preventive measures in terms of distance education on the academic year? b- What are the points of view of the student and the teacher with regard to this new university practice? c- What use and what contribution of ICT in the development of teaching practices?

Exploring the Applicability of Using Natural Language Processing to Support Nationwide Venous Thromboembolism Surveillance: Model Evaluation Study.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a preventable, common vascular disease that has been estimated to affect up to 900,000 people per year. It has been associated with risk factors such as recent surgery, cancer, and hospitalization. VTE surveillance for patient management and safety can be improved via natural language processing (NLP). NLP tools have the ability to access electronic medical records, identify patients that meet the VTE case definition, and subsequently enter the relevant information into a database for hospital review. We aimed to evaluate the performance of a VTE identification model of IDEAL-X (Information and Data Extraction Using Adaptive Learning; Emory University)-an NLP tool-in automatically classifying cases of VTE by "reading" unstructured text from diagnostic imaging records collected from 2012 to 2014. After accessing imaging records from pilot surveillance systems for VTE from Duke University and the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), we used a VTE identification model of IDEAL-X to classify cases of VTE that had previously been manually classified. Experts reviewed the technicians' comments in each record to determine if a VTE event occurred. The performance measures calculated (with 95% CIs) were accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Chi-square tests of homogeneity were conducted to evaluate differences in performance measures by site, using a significance level of .05. The VTE model of IDEAL-X "read" 1591 records from Duke University and 1487 records from the OUHSC, for a total of 3078 records. The combined performance measures were 93.7% accuracy (95% CI 93.7%-93.8%), 96.3% sensitivity (95% CI 96.2%-96.4%), 92% specificity (95% CI 91.9%-92%), an 89.1% positive predictive value (95% CI 89%-89.2%), and a 97.3% negative predictive value (95% CI 97.3%-97.4%). The sensitivity was higher at Duke University (97.9%, 95% CI 97.8%-98%) than at the OUHSC (93.3%, 95% CI 93.1%-93.4%; P<.001), but the specificity was higher at the OUHSC (95.9%, 95% CI 95.8%-96%) than at Duke University (86.5%, 95% CI 86.4%-86.7%; P<.001). The VTE model of IDEAL-X accurately classified cases of VTE from the pilot surveillance systems of two separate health systems in Durham, North Carolina, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. NLP is a promising tool for the design and implementation of an automated, cost-effective national surveillance system for VTE. Conducting public health surveillance at a national scale is important for measuring disease burden and the impact of prevention measures. We recommend additional studies to identify how integrating IDEAL-X in a medical record system could further automate the surveillance process.

Impact of Preventive Measures on Subjective Symptoms and Antigen Sensitization against Japanese Cedar, Cypress Pollen and House Dust Mites in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis: A Retrospective Analysis in the COVID-19 Era

For &gt;2 years, Japan’s government has been urging the populace to take countermeasures to prevent COVID-19, including mask wearing. We examined whether these preventive behaviors have affected the rate and degree of sensitization against pollen and house dust antigens in patients with allergic rhinitis. We retrospectively surveyed 2565 patients who had undergone allergy blood testing during the period 2015–2021. We subdivided this period into eras based on the COVID-19 pandemic: the pre-COVID (2015–2019, n = 1879) and COVID (2020–2021, n = 686) eras. The positive rates for Japanese cedar and cypress in the 40–59-year-olds and those for house dust in the 20–39-year-olds were significantly reduced in the COVID era versus those in the pre-COVID era. Each group’s mean antigen-specific CAP scores decreased significantly from the 1st to 2nd era: from 1.98 to 1.57 for cedar (p &lt; 0.01), 1.42 to 0.95 for cypress (p &lt; 0.05), and 2.86 to 2.07 for house dust (p &lt; 0.01). Our survey of the patients’ clinical records indicates that 47.5% of the pollinosis patients reported improvement in nasal symptoms after the three seasons of pollen dispersion in the COVID era. Japan’s quarantine policies designed to combat the spread of COVID-19 thus coincide with pivotal measures to alleviate allergic reactions.

An Exploration of the Use and Impact of Preventive Measures on Skin Cancer.

Background: Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, and both clinical and epidemiological data link cumulative solar dosages and the number of sunburns to skin cancer. Each year, more than 5.4 million new cases of skin cancer are diagnosed, incurring a significant health and financial burden. Recommended preventive measures for skin cancer include the use of sunscreen, sun avoidance, and protective clothing. This study used a national database to examine the association of preventive measures with the prevalence of skin cancer, specifically analyzing the preventive measures of sunscreen use, staying in the shade, and wearing long-sleeved shirts. The second aim was to determine which characteristics, if any, correlated with using prevention measures. Methods: This study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2015–2016 cycle to examine the association of three preventive measures (using sunscreen, staying in the shade, and wearing long-sleeved shirts) with skin cancer. Logistic regression and chi-square tests were utilized to examine the relationship between skin cancer and these prevention methods. Results: Sunscreen use (OR = 3.752; p < 0.05) was statistically associated with a lower prevalence of skin cancer, while wearing long-sleeved shirts (OR = 6.911; p = 0.064) and staying in the shade (OR = 0.646; p = 0.481) did not emerge as factors significantly associated with a lower prevalence after controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, income, health insurance, and general health. Additionally, men and individuals of color were less likely to use sunscreen. Conclusion: Sunscreen use was associated with a lower prevalence of skin cancer, while wearing long-sleeved shirts and staying in the shade was not significantly linked to lower rates of skin cancer, suggesting that these measures may not be as effective as sunscreen for preventing skin cancer. Men and individuals of color were significantly less likely to use sunscreen. These findings can help guide future education efforts and research regarding skin cancer prevention and suggest the need to develop male-oriented programs to mitigate the gender disparity in employing sun-protection measures.

Impact of Preventive Measures upon Children's Emotional Behaviors during COVID-19 Pandemic in Mosul City

The study aimed to evaluate children's emotional behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic in Mosul city and to find out the relationship between children behavior and their socio-demographic characteristics. A quantitative research (descriptive study design) was carried out from the 11th of May until the 2nd of November 2021. A non-probability (Purposive) sample technique is chosen for the current study. The sample involved of (620) children selected from the pediatric consultation clinics in the three of Mosul Hospitals. Scale was used called strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) for children behavioral screening. The data analyzed by the use of both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures by SPSS version 26. The results of the study reflects abnormal emotional behavior represent by highest percentage (79.4%), and then this percentage was followed by (19.5%) with normal behaviors, while represent (1.1%) by borderline,. children emotional behavior shows that is more affected by preventive measures (lockdown and social separation) during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The result of the present study revealed that is only a high significant association between children emotional behaviors with their gender of child's (0.015) and residence (0.000) at P. value ≤ 0.05 levels. The study concluded that there is a clear impact upon children's behavior due to the preventive measures (lockdown and social separation) that were imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Emotional behavior is more affected than other types of behaviors. Child's gender and residence of living shows high significant effects with total difficult score of behaviors. The study recommendation the following: detecting on children who have abnormal behavior and refer the suspected cases of having behavioral problems to psychological counseling clinics, that's because a long-term of disorderly behavior leads to mental disorders and may accompany children at puberty. Work on developing plans and programs for entertainment and dealing with children during the home confinement in the future when other pandemics occur or recurrent. Establishing psychiatric medical and Nursing consultations for children by communication with parents, or allocating a phone number for this purpose in the event of a lockdown when parents notice any changes in children behavior. Keyword: Impact, Preventive Measures, Children's Behaviors, Emotional Behaviors, COVID-19 Pandemic.

Undocumented Domestic Workers and Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Qualitative Study on the Impact of Preventive Measures

This article describes the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preventive measures on the undocumented migrant domestic workers in the Netherlands. Undocumented migrants (UDMs) are likely to experience inequalities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They rely on the informal market for work and housing and are usually not entitled to a healthcare insurance. However, they are not represented in the COVID-19 registrations or surveys. In order to advise the policymakers and healthcare professionals on how to tailor the preventive activities in handling a pandemic, including vaccination strategy, to the needs of this group, an insight into their experiences is needed. In our qualitative study, two focus group discussions were held with 14 UDMs, recruited through a snowball technique. The UDMs perceived the COVID-19 as a threat. Their precarious position affected their perceived vulnerability, which motivated them to seek information on and comply with preventive measures and testing. However, structural barriers decreased their self-efficacy and opportunity to comply. The COVID-19 measures impacted the lives of UDMs on essential domains, resulting in job, food, and housing insecurity, and increased barriers in access to healthcare. An intersectoral approach addressing health communication, access to healthcare, and social support, as well as legal rights for safe employment, is needed to alleviate the impact of the measures on UDMs.

Gender Differences in Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Well-being of Students During The Lock-Down Due to Covid-19 Pandemic

Restricting movement for the population and the impact of preventative measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have spurred research interests in analyzing the healthy lifestyle of the student population. The aim of the study was to examine gender differences between students in physical activity, and the perceptions of physical fitness and well-being during lock-down due to COVID-19. The sample consisted of male (n=268; 25.9%; age 22.56±2.12) and female students (n=768; 74.1%; age 22.12±1.73) at the University of Sarajevo (UNSA). The questionnaire included questions and scales constructed to measure: physical activity, physical fitness, and the acute effects on well-being. χ² independence test were used to determine gender differences (p&lt;0.05). Prior to the declaration of the COVID-19, there was a significant difference in the level of regular physical activity between male and female students at UNSA (p&lt;.01). The data indicated that at that time 65% of male students were regularly physically active, while 45% of female students had regular physical activity. During the lock-down measures at UNSA: 46% of male and 40% of female students reported being regularly physically active and no significant differences were found in relation to gender (p&gt;.05); 65% of male and 58% of female students reported a decline in physical fitness and significant gender differences were found (p&lt;.05). After exercising male students reported better concentration and mood, more energy and motivation, and less nervousness in the range of 62–79%, while female students reported better concentration and mood, more energy and motivation, and less nervousness in the range of 62-81%. No significant differences were found in the physical activity acute effects on students' well-being in relation to gender (p&gt;.05). Although gender differences in physical activity disappeared during the early phase of COVID-19 and lockdown measures, a more pronounced decrease in physical fitness was present in female students. The reported physical activity had equally positive acute effects on students' well-being.

Evaluation on the Impact of Preventive Measures to SARS-CoV-2 Based on R, Descriptive Statistics, and Linear Regression: Indian Cohort

Evaluation on the Impact of Preventive Measures to SARS-CoV-2 Based on R, Descriptive Statistics, and Linear Regression: Indian Cohort

Impact of COVID-19 on workload burden of a complex radiotherapy facility

Background and purposeCOVID-19 constitutes a worldwide threat, prompting Italian Government to implement specific measures on March 8, 2020, to protect patients and health workers from disease transmission. The impact of preventive measures on daily activity of a radiotherapy facility may hamper the ability to fulfill normal workload burden. Thus, we assessed the number of delivered treatments in a specific observation period after the adoption of preventive measures (since March 11 to April 24, 2020) and compared it with the corresponding period of the year 2019.Materials and methodsOverall number of delivered fractions was related to actual time of platform daily activity and reported as a ratio between number of delivered fractions and activity hours (Fr/Hrs). Fr/Hrs were calculated and compared for two different periods of time, March 11–April 24, 2019 (Fr/Hrs1), and March 11–April 24, 2020 (Fr/Hrs2).ResultsFr/Hrs1 and Fr/Hrs2 were 2.66 and 2.54 for year 2019 and 2020, respectively, for a Fr/Hrsratio of 1.07 (95% CI 1.03–1.12, p = 0.0005). Fr/Hrs1 was significantly higher than Fr/Hrs2 for SliR and PreciseR, with Fr/Hrsratio of 1.92 (95% CI 1.66–2.23, p < 0.0001) and 1.11 (95% CI 1.03–1.2, p = 0.003), respectively. No significant difference was reported for SynergyR and CyberknifeR with Fr/Hrsratio of 0.99 (95% CI 0.91–1.08, p = 0.8) and 0.9 (95% CI 0.77–1.06, p = 0.2), respectively. Fr/Hrs1 was significantly lower than Fr/Hrs2 for TomotherapyR, with Fr/Hrsratio of 0.88 (95% CI 0.8–0.96, p = 0.007).ConclusionPreventive measures did not influence workload burden performed. Automation in treatment delivery seems to compensate effectively for health workers number reduction.

REACTION EUROPEAN POPULATION TO THE COVID-19 VACCINATION PROCESS USING CLUSTER ANALYSIS

The paper presents the results of scientific research on the impact of preventive measures, namely immunization of the population, on the spread of the Covid-19 virus. The study's primary purpose is to conduct a cluster analysis of European countries to analyze the incidence of the population, the number of deaths, and cases of complete recovery, depending on the number of vaccinated population. Systematization of literature sources and approaches to solving the problem of establishing public confidence in vaccination and theoretical proof of the effectiveness of vaccinations against diseases for which this may have shown that this issue was relevant before, and a new peak of interest in 2021. The urgency of solving this scientific problem is that the Covid-19 pandemic for the second year does not slow down and take many people's lives around the world. Among the effective ways to stop it is to maintain social distance, use personal protective equipment, but not enough, so mass vaccination of the population is a necessary preventive measure. The study of the issue of grouping countries depending on the rate of resistance to the virus and the number of vaccinated population in the article was carried out in the following logical sequence: 1) collection and processing of statistics; 2) conversion of absolute indicators into relative, depending on the population in the country; 3) data normalization; 4) application of cluster analysis. The methodological tools of the study were methods of statistical data processing, the process of k-means cluster analysis, Harrington's strategy for data normalization. The object of the study was to select spatial indicators of the vulnerability of European countries to Covid-19. The study empirically confirms and theoretically proves that the Covid-19 pandemic is developing differently and differentiated vaccination policies in the studied countries. As a result of the cluster analysis, a group of countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greenland, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Portugal, France, Switzerland, Sweden) identified should become a model for others. It is characterized by a high vaccinated population and relatively low growth rates of the infected population at a relatively low mortality rate.

Impact of preventive measures on improving functional state of persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in industrial city conditions

The article presents data on the dynamics of the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the adult population of Cherepovets. 23 people aged 42-74 years were examined. In the course of the study, preventive measures were proposed to reduce the increase in morbidity and improve the quality of life of people with COPD. To assess the functional state of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a 6-minute stress test (6-MCT) was used, and the degree of dyspnea was assessed using the Borg scale. In the process of implementing preventive measures, their effectiveness and significant improvement in the functional state of persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are shown.

A multivariate method of evaluating the effectiveness of optimizing the daily routine of schoolchildren

Annotation. The mode of a modern schoolboy-teenager is characterized by insufficient duration of night sleep, prolongation of homework, non-observance of diet, reduction of daily physical activity, excessive screen time, which under constant exposure can provoke a number of non-infectious and psychosomatic disorders. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of optimizing the daily routine of schoolchildren using the method of modeling structural equations. The study involved 175 students aged 10–14 years. Health status was assessed according to preventive medical examinations and screening-questionnaires with the calculation of the level of ill health and the coefficient of determination. Statistical data processing was performed using the licensed package SPSS Statistic v. 20 using one-way analysis of variance, correlation analysis, Chi-square test according to the Friedman method, Student’s t-test, as well as the method of modeling by structural equations (SEM) in the statistical package SEPATH Statistica. Using a normalized coefficient of determination, it was determined that for students in the experimental group were the most common signs of cardiorheumatological and allergic pathological conditions. Based on the pre-determined significance of the elements of the daily routine, the primary measures of primary prevention of pathological conditions were selected and implemented. The application of the multivariate SEM method using block data structures grouped by 11 variables (according to disease classes) and 15 blocks-elements of the daily routine allowed to evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention program. Pathology of the nervous (χ2=19.54; p&lt;0.0001), respiratory (χ2=13.47; p=0.001) and cardiovascular systems (χ2=9.88; р=0.007) was determined to be the most “sensitive” to the impact of preventive measures. Thus, the proposed model allows to systematize the blocks that characterize both the prevention program and its effectiveness at different stages of implementation, which was determined by the level of morbidity of schoolchildren. The use of targeted preventive measures reduced the incidence rate by 10% in the experimental group against the background of an increase in pathological lesions in the control group by 22.9%.

Incidence, Microbiological Profile, and Impact of Preventive Measures on Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection in Liver Care Intensive Care Unit.

ABSTRACTAims and objectivesCentral line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is among one of the preventable healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The data for the CLABSI rate in liver care intensive care unit (LCICU) patients are scarce, so the present study was conducted to ascertain the CLABSI rate, the microbiological profile, and the impact of preventive measures for reduction of infection.Materials and methodsThis is a prospective observational study done on LCICU patients during the period of January 2017–December 2018. We followed up patients on the central venous catheter for the development of CLABSI as a part of routine surveillance of HAIs. The impact of introduction and implementation of the CLABSI bundle to reduce the CLABSI rate was analyzed and the microbiological profile of infection was determined.ResultsDuring the study period, the total number of patients admitted in LCICU were 1,336 (648 in 2017 and 688 in 2018) and a total of 995 central lines were inserted for various indications. A total of 57 patients were meeting the CLABSI criteria among 7,324 central line catheter days of surveillance. In year 2017, rate of CLABSI was 11.78/1,000 catheter days and after implementation of the bundle in 2018 the rate reduced to 3.99/1,000 catheter days. Gram-negative organisms (86%) predominated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most common pathogen (19.3%). Out of 49 isolates of gram-negative bacilli (GNB), 40 (81.6%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 9 (18.4%) were pan-drug resistant.ConclusionWe found significant reduction in the CLABSI rate after implementation of the bundle of care. Gram-negative bacilli were the most common pathogen in our study and antimicrobial resistance was very high, which suggest hospital environment as a source of infection.Clinical significanceKnowledge of the microbiological profile and the preventive strategy of CLABSI is essential for prevention and timely initiation of the most appropriate anti-infective therapy, if it happens.How to cite this articleKhodare A, Kale P, Pindi G, Joy L, Khillan V. Incidence, Microbiological Profile, and Impact of Preventive Measures on Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection in Liver Care Intensive Care Unit. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(1):17–22.

Workplace bullying and its preventive measures and productivity among emergency department nurses

BackgroundWorkplace bullying has adverse effects on nurses’ productivity and emotional well-being and increases nurses’ desire to leave their jobs. Bullying is a common phenomenon that has been reported worldwide. Emergency Department (ED) nurses are particularly exposed to bullying as a result of their job stressors and demands.PurposesTo examine the prevalence of bullying and the impact of preventive measures on productivity among Jordanian ED nurses; and to examine bullying in relation to personal and organizational factors.MethodsWe surveyed ED nurses in five hospitals in Amman, Jordan – two government hospitals and three private hospitals. The eligibility criteria for the study, met by 134 persons, were having at least an associate degree and having worked in the ED for at least six months. We used a four-part questionnaire that included demographic data, the Negative Acts Questionnaire, questions on prevention of bullying, and a health and productivity survey. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics.ResultsA total of 120 ED nurses joined the study, an 89.6% response rate. The majority of participants were male (65%) and their mean age was 29.4 years. Ninety percent of the participants reported being bullied. Nurses with less experience in the ED were exposed to more bullying compared to other nurses. Of nurses who reported being bullied, 61.7% reported associated decreased productivity, including the ability to respond to cognitive demands, provide support, appropriate communication, safe care, and competent care. The overall mean score for the prevention of bullying questionnaire was 94.51 out of 168 (SD = 23.43). Drilling down, the highest mean score was for the “Individual sub-scale”, and the highest item mean score was for “I know the process of how to report bullying”.ConclusionBullying is prevalent among ED nurses in Jordan; it has significantly influenced the nurses’ perception of their productivity and the quality of care they provide. Although nurses reported adopting measures to prevent bullying, they were insufficient to address this widespread problem.Implications for nursing and health policyBullying is a common occurrence in nursing practice in Jordan, as in other places. It has a detrimental effect on the quality of health care. Accordingly, interventions, which we describe, should be undertaken to minimize the incidence and impact of bullying.