Impact Of Preoperative Renal Dysfunction Research Articles

Renal Dysfunction in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Device.

Late-stage heart failure and renal dysfunction are often seen in conjunction. Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) describes the complex interaction between the two disease states. Early literature described the pathophysiology of CRS as related only to reduced cardiac output and decreased renal perfusion. Recent literature suggests a more multifaceted mechanism. Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD), used as bridge-to-transplant and destination therapy in patients with heart failure, impact not only cardiac function but also renal function, especially in those patients with preoperative renal dysfunction. The mechanism by which LVAD implantation affects renal function is complex and understated in early literature. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis of CRS, the impact of preoperative renal dysfunction in patients undergoing LVAD implantation, and the effect of LVAD implantation on postoperative renal function.

Impact of renal dysfunction on surgical outcomes in patients with aortic dissection.

Preoperative renal dysfunction is associated with mortality in patients who undergo coronary artery bypass graft and valve surgery. However, the role of preoperative renal dysfunction in type A aortic dissection (TAAD) remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of preoperative renal dysfunction on the outcome of surgical intervention in patients with TAAD.We retrospectively studied the outcomes of 159 patients with TAAD who were treated at a tertiary referral hospital between 2005 and 2010. The demographics and surgical details of patients were analyzed according to their renal function. Risk factors for outcomes were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Thirty-two of the patients (20.1%) had preoperative serum creatinine of 1.5 mg/dL or more. The multivariable logistic regression model revealed independent risk factors of in-hospital mortality to be renal dysfunction (odds ratio [OR], 3.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64–8.77), preoperative shock (OR, 8.75; 95% CI, 2.83–27.02), and bypass time (OR, 1.008; 95% CI, 1.003–1.013). In addition, patients with renal dysfunction exhibited a lower 90-day survival rate than did patients without the condition (P of log-rank test = .005).Preoperative renal dysfunction may have a critical role in the surgical outcomes of patients with TAAD. Additional large-scale investigations are warranted.

Acute kidney injury following liver transplantation: a systematic review of published predictive models.

Acute kidney injury is a frequent postoperative complication amongst liver transplant recipients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This systematic review analysed the existing predictive models, in order to solidify current understanding. Articles were selected for inclusion if they described the primary development of a clinical prediction model (either an algorithm or risk score) to predict AKI post liver transplantation. The database search yielded a total of seven studies describing the primary development of a prediction model or risk score for the development of AKI following liver transplantation. The models span thirteen years of clinical research and highlight a gradual change in the definitions of AKI, emphasising the need to employ standardised definitions for subsequent studies. Collectively, the models identify a diverse range of predictive factors with several common trends. They emphasise the impact of preoperative renal dysfunction, liver disease severity and aetiology, metabolic risk factors as well as intraoperative variables including measures of haemodynamic instability and graft quality. Although several of the models address postoperative parameters, their utility in predictive modelling seems to be of questionable relevance. The common risk factors identified within this systematic review provide a minimum list of variables, which future studies should address. Research in this area would benefit from prospective, multi-site studies with larger cohorts as well as the subsequent internal and external validation of predictive models. Ultimately, the ability to identify patients at high risk of post-transplant AKI may enable early intervention and perhaps prevention.

Impact of Preoperative Renal Dysfunction on Outcomes of Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

This study assessed whether preoperative renal insufficiency predisposes patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery revascularization to postoperative dialysis. From August 2004 through June 2009, 2,275 patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass were categorized into five groups (stages) by glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Of these, 1,855 patients had renal insufficiency: stage 2: 1,406; stage 3: 428; stage 4: 21, and 414 had normal renal function, stage 1. Excluded were 6 patients with end-stage renal disease (stage 5). Preoperative variables and postoperative outcomes were compared among groups. Preoperative patient characteristics were similar; however, patients with normal renal function were younger (p = 0.001). Serum creatinine rose significantly above baseline on the first postoperative day in the renal insufficiency groups (p = 0.001). The GFR groups had similar inotrope use, reexploration rate, duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation, postoperative stroke, wound infection, and mortality rate. Stage 4 patients had a higher incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction (p = 0.002). Stage 3 and 4 patients had an increased need for postoperative dialysis vs stage 1 patients (p = 0.002). Nonparametric contingency analysis showed patients with low preoperative GFR (stage 3 and 4, p < 0.0001) and a history of smoking (p = 0.04) were at increased risk for postoperative dialysis. Patients who required postoperative inotropic support tended toward requiring postoperative dialysis (p = 0.06). Low preoperative ejection fraction (p = 0.83), class III or IV angina (p = 0.069), and postoperative blood transfusions were not associated with the need for postoperative dialysis in patients undergoing off-pump revascularization.

Impact of Preoperative Renal Dysfunction in Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Versus On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass

The impact of the degree of renal dysfunction (RD) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) ranging from normal to dialysis-dependence is not well defined. A retrospective review of 14,199 patients undergoing isolated, primary CABG from January 1996 to May 2009 at Emory Healthcare was performed. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula: mild RD (eGFR 60 to 90 mL/min/1.73 m2), moderate RD (eGFR 30 to 59), severe RD (eGFR<30). A propensity scoring was used to balance the groups with 46 preoperative covariates. Multivariable logistic and Cox regression methods were used to determine the independent association of eGFR with mortality. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated for outcomes using the normal eGFR group as the reference. Kaplan-Meier curves were created to estimate long-term survival. A total of 8,086 patients (57.0%) underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) while 6,113 (43.0%) underwent on-pump CAB. Preoperative RD was common: Normal eGFR (n=3,503/14,199 [24.7%]); mild RD (7,236/14199 [51.0%]); moderate RD (2,860/14,199 [20.1%]); severe RD (283/14,199 [2.0%]); and preoperative dialysis (317/14,199 [2.2%]). Moderate to severe RD or preoperative dialysis was associated with worse adjusted in-hospital mortality: mild RD (odds ratio [OR] 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93 to 2.16; p=not significant); moderate RD (OR 3.55; 95% CI 2.32 to 5.43; p<0.05]; severe RD (OR 8.84; 95% CI 4.92 to 15.9; p<0.05); and dialysis-dependent (OR 9.64; 95% CI 5.45 to 17.0; p<0.05). Adjusted long-term survival was worse across levels of RD. The OPCAB patients with moderate to severe RD had worse long-term survival than on-pump CAB patients; however, the surgery types were similar among normal, mild, and dialysis patients. Preoperative RD is common in the CABG population and is associated with diminished long-term survival. Improved early outcomes in patients with RD undergoing OPCAB diminished with worsening RD.

57 The impact of preoperative renal dysfunction and therapy type in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery

<h3>Introduction</h3> There is limited data addressing the impact of preoperative renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetics (T2DM) undergoing first-time coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG); specifically exploring the influence of diabetic management (oral hypoglycaemic (OH) and insulin therapy (IN)). We assessed the impact of preoperative renal status and diabetic management on the post operative renal status, morbidity, 30-day and long-term survival in T2DM-CABG. <h3>Methods</h3> We reviewed prospectively accrued data from 1/1/1999 to 31/12/2009. Pre and 4 to 5-day postoperative creatinine clearance (CrCl) was calculated using Cockcroft-Gault formula. Patients were subgrouped into 5 grades based on preoperative CrCl; Group I CrCl≥90 ml/min; II 60–89; III 30–59; IV 15–29; V &lt;15 or haemodialysis. Late Kaplan–Meier survival data (compared by log rank method), censored at 1/10/2009 were obtained from the UK CCAD. Surgical morbidity outcomes included re-exploration for bleeding, stroke (type 1 deficit) and low cardiac output state (LCOS) requiring inotropes ± intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation were compared using Fisher9s Exact tests. <h3>Results</h3> 1215 patients (921 males) with a mean age of 64 years (31–89 years) underwent CABG; 742 on OH and 472 on IN. Preoperative renal status in the groups were Group I -209(17%), II-584(48%), III-387(32%), IV-26(2%) and V (8(1%). Similar percentages in each group had ≥1 grade deterioration of renal function postoperatively 19%, 18%, 16% and 23% (grades I–IV respectively; p=0.470). When examined as a continuous variable, higher preoperative CrCl correlated with a better postoperative improvement in CrCl (r=0.073, p=0.012 Spearman Rank). Overall 30-day mortality was 3.33% (CI 2.32 to 4.34%) and was not different by group I-3.37% (CI 0.92 to 5.82), II-2.09% (CI 0.92 to 3.26%), III 4.92% (CI 2.76 to 7.08%), IV 8% (CI 0 to 18.6%) and Stage V 0% (CI 0 to 0.4%; p=0.101) or by therapy type; (p=0.411). IN patients had similar preoperative renal function (median CrCl 66.8 vs 68.6; p=0.828) but a higher rate of postoperative renal deterioration (53.3 vs 46.7%, p&lt;0.001). Stroke (p=1.000), bleeding (p=0.755) and LCOS (p=0.335) incidence were not different between therapy type. Overall mean survival was 9 years (CI 8.7 to 9.2 years) and was not different by renal function grade (p=0.612). However, IN patients had shorter mean survival 8.7(8.3 to 9.0) vs OH 9.1(8.8 to 9.4) years; p=0.03. <h3>Conclusions</h3> In T2DM-CABG, 36% of patients have CrCl &lt;60 ml/min. Higher CrCl protects against postoperative renal deterioration. Renal dysfunction does not appear to affect hospital outcome or survival. However, preoperative IN requirement increases the risk of renal dysfunction and is associated with worse longer-term survival.

Impact of Preoperative Renal Dysfunction on Long-Term Survival for Patients Undergoing Aortic Valve Replacement

The impact of the degrees of renal dysfunction (RD) after aortic valve replacement (AVR) has not been well described. The purpose of this study was to compare patients undergoing AVR with a range of renal function from normal to dialysis-dependence. A retrospective review of 2,408 patients undergoing AVR with or without coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) from January 1996 to March 2009 was performed. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated for patients using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Multivariable logistic and Cox regression methods were used to determine the independent association of GFR with outcomes. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated for in-hospital outcomes, and Kaplan-Meier curves were created to estimate long-term survival. In all, 1,512 patients (62.8%) had isolated AVR, and 896 (37.2%) underwent AVR plus CABG. Preoperative RD was common among all patients: 1,148 of 2,408 (47.7%) with mild RD (GFR 60 to 90 mL·min(-1)·1.73 m(-2)), 644 of 2,408 (26.7%) moderate RD (GFR 30 to 59 mL·min(-1)·1.73 m(-2)), 59 of 2,408 (2.5%) severe RD (GFR 15 to 30 mL·min(-1)·1.73 m(-2)), and 114 (4.7%) with kidney failure (GFR<15) or requiring dialysis. In-hospital mortality generally rose with RD, from 2.9% for patients with no RD to 15.8% for patients with severe RD, and 17.3% for patients requiring dialysis. Patients with severe RD or preoperative dialysis were associated with significantly poorer outcomes. Adjusted long-term survival is progressively worse across levels of RD, as was postoperative length of stay (p<0.001). Preoperative RD is common among the AVR population and is associated with diminished long-term survival. The association between RD and worse outcomes after AVR surgery has significant clinical implications.

Impact of Preoperative Renal Dysfunction on In-hospital Mortality After Solitary Valve and Combined Valve and Coronary Procedures

Limited information exists on the influence of preoperative renal dysfunction on in-hospital mortality after valve and combined valve and coronary procedures. The impact of preoperative renal dysfunction on patient outcome was investigated. This was a retrospective observational study of 916 patients who underwent solitary valve or combined procedures. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated with the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Independent predictors of death were prolonged stay in the intensive care unit (odds ratio [OR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.05), preoperative atrial fibrillation (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.54), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.06 to 4.55), and prolonged operation time (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.01). Each unit of the eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m(2)) above average exerted a renoprotective effect (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96 to 0.98). The final regression model showed no lack of fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, p = 0.38) and a good discrimination performance in a receiver operating characteristic analysis (area under the curve, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.88). The lower the preoperative eGFR rate, the longer the postoperative stay at the intensive care unit. Renal dysfunction is an important independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in adult patients after valve and combined valve and coronary procedures.

Influence of preoperative renal dysfunction on one-year bypass graft patency and two-year outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery

Limited information exists on the impact of preoperative renal dysfunction on internal thoracic artery and saphenous vein graft failure and 2-year clinical outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. We studied the impact of preoperative renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min) on 1-year internal thoracic artery and saphenous vein graft failure (defined as > or = 75% angiographic stenosis) and 2-year clinical events (death; death or myocardial infarction; and death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization) in 3014 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery enrolled in the Project of Ex-vivo Vein Graft Engineering via Transfection-IV study. Of 2973 patients (98.6%) with preoperative measurement of renal function, 440 (14.8%) had renal dysfunction. Most baseline comorbidities were higher in these patients. Two-year clinical events were higher in patients with preoperative renal dysfunction (adjusted death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization, hazard ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval 0.97-1.50; adjusted death or myocardial infarction, hazard ratio 1.35, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.74; adjusted death, hazard ratio 1.47, 95% confidence interval 0.98-2.21). However, saphenous vein graft (odds ratio 1.02, 95% confidence interval 0.79-1.33) and internal thoracic artery (odds ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.40-1.44) failure were similar in the 2 groups. Although the risk of adverse clinical events is higher in patients with preoperative renal dysfunction, that of internal thoracic artery and saphenous vein graft failure is not. This suggests that factors other than graft failure account for the worse clinical outcomes in this high-risk cohort. Further studies are needed to identify other mechanisms of these worse outcomes so that appropriate measures can be developed to improve long-term outcomes in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.

Mild renal dysfunction predicts in-hospital mortality and post-discharge survival following cardiac surgery☆☆☆

To assess the impact of preoperative renal dysfunction on in-hospital mortality and late survival outcome following adult cardiac surgery. Prospectively collected data were analysed on 7621 consecutive patients not requiring preoperative renal-replacement therapy, who underwent CABG, valve surgery or combined procedures from 1/1/98 to 1/12/06. Preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using Cockcroft-Gault formula. Patients were classified in the four chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage classes defined by the National Kidney Foundation Disease Outcome Quality Initiative Advisory Board. Late survival data were obtained from the UK Central Cardiac Audit Database. There were 243 in-hospital deaths (3.2%). There was a stepwise increase in operative mortality with each CKD class independent of the type of surgery. Multivariate analysis confirmed CKD class to be an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (class 2 OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.1-2.35, p=0.001; class 3 OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.68-4.46, p=0.0001; class 4 OR 7.5, 95% CI 3.76-15.2, p=0.0001). The median follow-up after surgery was 42 months (IQR 18-74) and there were 728 late deaths. Survival analysis using a Cox regression model confirmed CKD class to be an independent predictor of late survival (class 2 HR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.6, p=0.0001; class 3 HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.6-2.4, p=0.0001; and class 4 HR 3.2, 95% CI 2.2-4.6, p=0.0001). Ninety-eight percent (7517/7621) of patients had a preoperative creatinine <200 micromol/l, which is not included as a risk factor in most risk stratification systems. Mild renal dysfunction is an important independent predictor of in-hospital and late mortality in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Impact of preoperative renal dysfunction on cardiac surgery results.

Results of cardiac surgery were analyzed using a database that included plasma creatinine levels in 2,214 patients, of whom 507 had preoperative renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance < 0.9 mL x s(-1) x m(-2)). Logistic regression and propensity score analyses found preoperative renal dysfunction to be an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality. Plotting preoperative creatinine clearance against morbidity and mortality revealed an exponential increase in morbidity and mortality when preoperative creatinine clearance was < 0.84 mL x s(-1) x m(-2). Patients were stratified for age, operative procedure, and comorbidity. In all stratified groups, preoperative creatinine clearance < 0.84 mL x s(-1) x m(-2) was associated with similar exponential increases in morbidity and mortality. In patients with preoperative renal dysfunction, elevated plasma creatinine levels persevered for 6 months postoperatively. Dialysis beyond postoperative day 10 was required in < 2% of patients with preoperative plasma creatinine of 160-200 micro mol x L(-1) and in 5% in those with creatinine > 200 micro mol x L(-1) (p < 0.05). Actuarial survival was significantly reduced (< 90% at 18 months postoperatively) in patients with preoperative renal dysfunction.