Impact Of Policy Implementation Research Articles

Analysis of Economic Policies for Economic Recovery in the United States since the Economic Depression and the Covid-19 Epidemic

The United States has always been a significant country in the world. And its major economic problems caused by various reasons (e.g., health events or collapsing of the financial system) are widely noticed around the world. They can also affect other regions and countries to a greater extent. The paper examines several major financial events in U.S. history based on a literature survey and case study approach in chronological order, namely, the Great Depression, the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis, and the economic recession to recovery since the New Crown epidemic, the paper as well as shows the macroeconomic policy regulation and policy effects adopted by different governments behind them, and finally gives relevant economic policy recommendations. This paper points out the uncertainty of economic policies and the impact of policy implementation on other countries especially countries which close contact with America. And the policies adopted by the U.S. government in getting out of several economic events have solved specific problems. They are worthy of being used by governments today to prevent related situations, reduce the impact of financial losses on society, make the government vigilant, and take strict precautions.

Why Have China’s Poverty Eradication Policy Resulted in the Decline of Arable Land in Poverty-Stricken Areas?

Arable land resources are the basic livelihood security for people in poverty-stricken areas, and poor people are prone to uncontrolled expansion of arable land and exogenous ecological damage to secure their livelihoods. To avoid this vicious cycle, China’s poverty eradication policy requires greater management and restoration of arable land in poverty-stricken areas, but it is unknown what impacts it may bring. Therefore, this study examines the impact of policy implementation on arable land by the Difference-in-Differences (DID) model and uses the mediating and moderating models to test the policy’s mechanism on arable land. The results reveal that the policy significantly reduces the arable land, and the results remain robust, controlling for potential endogeneity variables and robustness tests. What’s more, the results of the mediating and moderating effect models indicate that the reduction of arable land is mainly due to the increase of unit yield, guiding the local people to abandon degraded land and to carry out ecological restoration, thus reducing the arable land area and achieving sustainable development. Finally, recommendations are proposed from the perspective of human-land coordination.

Effect of industrial policies on business attraction

Industrial policies in Africa have been characterized with the problem of government. Government has various tools to influence the market, government creates rules and frameworks in which businesses compete against each other from time to time, the government will now change these rules and framework forcing businesses to change the way they operate. Due to these reasons, the objectives of the study were to examine the influence of industrial estate on venture creation, to determine the impact of policy implementation on firm’s production capacity, thirdly, to investigate the effect of public health policy on business growth. The ex-post facto method was employed. The population consists of the employees of pharmaceutical industry in Lagos, Nigeria. Slovin Sample size determination formula was adopted to determine the sample size. The data was analyzed using manual and electronic based methods through the data preparation grid and statistical package for the social sciences, (SPSS). Linear regression and ANOVA method was employed. The study found out that Industrial estate has a positive influence on venture creation such that industrial estate affected venture creation. Findings from hypothesis two shows a positive relationship between policy implementation and firm production capacity. The result of hypothesis three revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between public health policy and business growth. Thus, the study recommends that government should continue to play their regulatory role in the promotion of industrial policies in the country and also business organizations should also obey and implement public health policies.

S4-1 Learning from national initiatives from across the EU in HEPA policy monitoring and evaluation

Abstract The monitoring and evaluation of HEPA policy are essential steps towards developing the evidence base to understand the process and impact of policy implementation as well as guide future policy design. The policy development and implementation cycle can be strengthened through effective monitoring and evaluation tools, as well as multi-sectoral engagement. The promotion of physical activity often requires multiple sectors such as public health, sport, urban design etc., and working in diverse settings. In recent years, researchers and international organizations, such as WHO, have produced useful resources and guidance for monitoring and evaluating the impact of policy on a national level. The fast-growing interest in physical activity policy by national governments, for the purposes of increasing health and wellbeing can provide new opportunities for capturing the impact of HEPA policy and learning from other countries. The lack of available evidence on the process and effectiveness of HEPA policy remains a challenge when developing new policy. This highlights the need for sharing good practice from diverse policy contexts and HEPA settings. The symposium presentations will discuss policy monitoring and evaluation tools and case studies to investigate the different implementation aspects of national HEPA policy in four EU countries: Germany, Ireland, Slovenia and Wales. The goal of this symposium is to share lessons from the development of instruments used in (physical activity) policy monitoring and evaluation and to present real-world case studies of cross-sector collaboration. The high quality and diversity of the tools and projects presented in the four presentations, makes this symposium beneficial to both novice and experienced researchers, policy-makers and practitioners. The attendees can update their knowledge regarding different methods and instruments used in physical activity policy monitoring and evaluation and learn from engaging multiple sectors in HEPA such as urban design, sport, environment and public health. Reflections from this symposium will inform and enhance HEPA policy development and implementation in real-time and stimulate future research and practice in this field.

Does China's low-carbon city pilot policy improve energy efficiency?

The execution of the low-carbon city pilot strategy by the Chinese government is an essential assurance for optimizing the urban ecological environment and the key to enhancing energy efficiency. Based on the panel data of 199 prefecture-level cities in China from 2003 to 2016, the propensity score matching and difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) model was used to empirically validate the influence of the low-carbon city pilot policy on energy efficiency, and its internal mechanism was further analyzed. The study findings demonstrated that: (1) Low-carbon city pilot policy tremendously increased the level of energy efficiency; however, there was a lag in the impact of policy implementation. (2) The heterogeneity study of cities demonstrated that the low-carbon city pilot policy had a highly diverse influence on the energy efficiency of various types of cities. More specifically, the low-carbon city pilot program had a more noticeable influence on the energy efficiency improvement of big cities, non-resource cities, and eastern cities compared with small and medium-sized cities, resource cities, and central and western cities. (3) The analysis of the impact mechanism revealed that the low-carbon city pilot policy improved energy efficiency through industrial structure optimization and technological innovation, while energy consumption has not been established as an effective approach for low-carbon city pilot policy to affect energy efficiency.

A study on the emotional and attitudinal behaviors of social media users under the sudden reopening policy of the Chinese government.

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chinese government has implemented a series of strict prevention and control policies to prevent the spread of the virus. Recently, the Chinese government suddenly changed its approach and lifted all prevention and control measures. This sudden change in policy is expected to lead to a widespread outbreak of COVID-19 in China, and the public and local governments are not adequately prepared for the unknown impact on society. The change in the "emergency" prevention and control policy provides a unique research perspective for this study. The purpose of this study is to analyze the public's attitudes and emotional responses to COVID-19 under the sudden opening policy, identify the key factors that contribute to these attitudes and emotions, and propose solutions. In response to this sudden situation, we conducted data mining on topics and discussions related to the opening of the epidemic on Sina Weibo, collecting 125,686 interactive comments. We used artificial intelligence technology to analyze the attitudes and emotions reflected in each data point, identify the key factors that contribute to these attitudes and emotions, explore the underlying reasons, and find corresponding solutions. The results of the study show that in the face of the sudden release of the epidemic, the public mostly exhibited negative emotions and behaviors, with many people experiencing anxiety and panic. However, the gradual resumption of daily life and work has also led some people to exhibit positive attitudes. The significance of this study is to help the government and institutions understand the impact of policy implementation on users, and to enable them to adjust policies in a timely manner to respond to potential social risks. The government, emergency departments, and the public can all prepare for similar situations based on the conclusions of this study.

Promoting green investment for renewable energy sources in China: Case study from autoregressive distributed Lagged in error correction approach

Green finance development is critical for balancing economic growth and environmental conservation. Global economies implement rigorous environmental rules to limit climate change, stimulating the shift to renewable energy by promoting green investment due to more excellent perception and mounting demands from concerned parties—using 27,042 observations from China's Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges for A-share listed businesses. On data from 1990 to 2019, this research uses a cross-section augmented autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework. The findings show that enforcing strict environmental standards is one of the most effective strategies for Chinese companies to reduce carbon emissions using green financing. Furthermore, renewable energy has a negative correlation with carbon emissions. Our research reveals that renewable energy regulations increase energy businesses' total factor productivity and that the impact of policy implementation lasts for some time. Our results hold up to a variety of green finance promotion approaches. According to further research, the boosting effect of renewable energy policy implementation may be eclipsed by its impact on the allocation of resources efficiency and technical innovation. Furthermore, the influence of renewable energy legislation on total factor productivity varies due to changes in company type, external environment, and geographical position. Renewable energy initiatives, for example, tend to reduce total factor productivity in state-owned businesses, large-scale businesses, and businesses with a high ownership concentration.

“The Proposal on Caring for International Students in the Face of the Spreading Pandemic Overseas” During COVID-19 in China

Purpose: This study reviews the policy content of the “The Proposal on Caring for International Students in the Face of The Spreading Pandemic” during COVID-19 in China, and offers some guidance on the future development of international students. Design/Approach/Method: This article examines the educational and economic impact of covid19 on education systems, as well as the generation, evaluation, decision-making, policy implementation considerations and expected impact and assessment of policy options for international students in the current context, and proposes a subsequent policy cycle. Findings: “The Proposal on Caring for International Students in The Face of The Spreading Pandemic Overseas” published by China during COVID-19. Policy recommendations on international students are presented through an analysis of the economic and educational impact of policy implementation on the education system. Considerations for policy implementation include online classes, relevant measures related to the issue of sino-foreign cooperation in running schools and planning for the employment of overseas students returning to the country. Recommendations are made in the expected impact and evaluation. Firstly, to increase in the number of people studying abroad. Secondly, increase the number of domestic examinations, and thirdly, reduced recognition of foreign degrees. Originality/Value: In addition to proposing three expected expectations and recommendations for evaluation, this study also proposes the subsequent policy cycle in the light of future policy developments.

The Impact of Policy Implementation on The Use of Solar Power Plants at dr.Asmir Army Hospital

Every aspect of human life is being impacted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The efforts to stop the virus's spread and the halt of economic activity have a big impact on the environment. The same thing also had an effect on the operational facilities of the Indonesian army, one of which was a hospital. During the pandemic, the need for electricity to serve patients, especially patients who were exposed to Covid-19 in military hospitals, increased sharply so that a large amount of energy was needed to support the operations of army hospitals. This research was conducted at dr. Asmir Army Hospital Salatiga. The research was carried out by means of literature review and direct observation to the hospital. The results of the study found that during a pandemic at the dr.asmir army hospital, Salatiga, electricity needs were supported by new, renewable energy, namely solar power plants with the currently available capacity of 14,400 Watts. Initially the solar power plant was used for the needs of the oxygen generator, but because the available capacity was still small, the electricity grid was used to save on hospital electricity costs.

The Influence of Converting Food Crops to Forage Crops Policy Implementation on Herbivorous Livestock Husbandry Development—Based on Policy Pilot Counties in Hebei, China

In the context of increasing consumption of herbivorous livestock products, competition between humans and animals for food, and increasing environmental constraints, it is necessary to solve the problem of sustainable development of China’s livestock industry and increase the protection and development of the grassland livestock industry while making good use of production resources in agricultural areas in order to explore the development potential of the herbivorous livestock industry in agricultural areas. The Converting Food Crops to Forage Crops Policy (CFFP), as an important measure of agricultural supply-side structural reform, aims to develop a high-quality forage industry and a high-quality herbivorous livestock industry. However, over the years of policy implementation, few studies have examined the impact effects of the policy on the development of the regional herbivorous livestock industry. To fill this research gap and provide theoretical support for subsequent policy implementation, the study used the synthetic control method to examine the impact of policy implementation on the development of herbivorous livestock production in the pilot counties in Hebei Province from 2010 to 2020. The study discovered that the policy’s implementation encouraged the expansion of herbivorous livestock production in the pilot counties, but the policy’s effects on various regions and livestock species varied due to the influence of local production bases and resource endowments.

ACCESS TO MEDICINE

Availability and access to the health care facility is a fundamental right of human, it is the timely used of services according to the needs. It is included in International treaties and is recognized by authorities and various Governments throughout the world. What does it means the access to medicine? According to WHO (World Health Organization) access to medicines is “having medicines continuously available and affordable at public or private health facilities or medicine outlets that are within one hour’s walk from the homes of the population”. The affordability and availability of medicines is directly related to the strength of health care system, but the high prices of the medicines, prevalence of Non-communicable diseases (diabetes, hypertension) and increasing demand of patients are the major obstacles in this regard. According to Forbes “at least 2 billion people don’t have access to medicines and 1 billion people live in extreme poverty (less than $1.25 per day) and 2.2 billion live on less than $2 per day which is quite disturbing situation”. The World Health Organization (WHO) analyzed the global production of pharmaceutical products and it was concluded that 15% of the world’s population consumes over 90% of them. And by World Health Organization it is also estimated that one-third of the developing world population is unable to receive or purchase essential medicine on a regular basis, especially those which are on high demand. The situation is even worst in the under-privileged countries like Africa and Asia, where approximately 50% of the total population does not have sufficient medicines access and healthcare resources and the remaining 50% are using medication incorrectly. However about 10 million lives a year could be saved out of which 4 million in Africa and South-East Asia alone, if we improve the availability, balanced distribution and rational use of medicines. The overall situation of global access to essential medicines is still considered critical. In the privileged countries the budget for healthcare facilities corresponds to 24-66% of National health expenses, which indicates that there is need to monitor the availability and affordability of medicines in these countries. National policies, economical cost of medicine and strategies of procurement are required to ensure the availability of medicines cost-effectively. The people with low income and in-equal health can’t afford costly services of healthcare system. The policies for the improvement of infrastructure, financing of medical system and the rational use of medicines are formulated and followed on primarily basis. And Governments need reliable information in order to evaluate the impact of policy implementation. In addition to the cost and availability of medicines, it is mandatory to assess the quality of use and various aspects, such as rational medicine use, adherence of patients and appropriate prescription practices. Thus the access to healthcare system can be made effective, by the assessment of practices in facilities like record reviews and National expert reports. That’s why we are providing healthcare facilities to each person with the help of balanced geographical distribution. The 2016 Index showed that there is moderate progress by the pharmaceutical industries to improve medicines access. Besides these Pharmaceutical industries should play their role to perk up the medicines access. There is not any particular strategy that suits all systems, but all systems need to promote the provision of new medicinal products, by ensuring medical advancement, improving communication barriers and affordable treatment. And a Reliable Health and Supply system must provide all aspects of health system like procurement, supply and regulation of the medicines.

Test on the Policy Effect of Natural Forest Protection Project Using Double Difference Model from the Perspective of Forestry Total Factor Productivity

As one of the largest forestry ecological protection projects in China, the natural forest protection project has been implemented for 20 years, and great changes have taken place in the natural resources and social appearance of the forest area. This article regards the implementation of the natural forest protection project as a policy impact and makes an objective evaluation of the implementation effect of the policy through measurement and accounting. Based on the panel data of forestry total factor productivity (TFP) in 31 provinces in China from 1997 to 2018, this article uses the double difference model to investigate the impact of the policy impact of natural forest protection projects on the implementation of provincial forestry TFP from the perspective of quasinatural experiment. The results show that the natural forest protection project significantly improves the TFP of forestry in the province where the policy is implemented, and the higher the forest resource coverage, the more significant the provincial impact of policy implementation. From other influencing factors, the reduction of human investment, the rationalization of industrial structure, and the improvement of the level of scientific, technological, and economic development can also effectively mend the TFP of forestry in the region.

The Impact of Low-Carbon Pilot City Policy on Corporate Green Technology Innovation in a Sustainable Development Context—Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies

The low-carbon pilot city policy is an important initiative to explore the path of a win-win situation for both the economy and the environment. Since 2010, China has established 87 low-carbon pilot cities. This policy implementation aims to encourage green technology innovation among listed companies, thereby achieving sustainable corporate growth through the promotion of energy efficiency and renewable energy. This paper aims to unveil the relationship between low-carbon pilot city policies and green technology innovation. This paper explores the impact of policy implementation based on patent data of Chinese listed companies from 2007 to 2019. Empirical results show that the policy can promote green technology innovation among listed companies in the pilot cities. This finding still holds in the parallel trend test and the PSM-Multi-period DID test. Second, the policy has a greater effect on the green-technology innovation of non-state enterprises and can promote more green technology innovation activities of enterprises in the eastern region compared with other areas. Furthermore, in terms of different stock sectors, the low-carbon pilot city policy can significantly promote GEM-affiliated enterprises’ green technology innovation activities. Finally, listed companies with a high degree of digital transformation are more active in green technology innovation in the context of low-carbon pilot city policy.

Impact of restricted visitation policies during COVID-19 on critically ill adults, their families, critical care clinicians, and decision-makers: a qualitative interview study

PurposeDuring the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, restricted visitation policies were enacted at acute care facilities to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and conserve personal protective equipment. In this study, we aimed to describe the impact of restricted visitation policies on critically ill patients, families, critical care clinicians, and decision-makers; highlight the challenges faced in translating these policies into practice; and delineate strategies to mitigate their effects.MethodA qualitative description design was used. We conducted semistructured interviews with critically ill adult patients and their family members, critical care clinicians, and decision-makers (i.e., policy makers or enforcers) affected by restricted visitation policies. We transcribed semistructured interviews verbatim and analyzed the transcripts using inductive thematic analysis.ResultsThree patients, eight family members, 30 clinicians (13 physicians, 17 nurses from 23 Canadian intensive care units [ICUs]), and three decision-makers participated in interviews. Thematic analysis was used to identify five themes: 1) acceptance of restricted visitation (e.g., accepting with concerns); 2) impact of restricted visitation (e.g., ethical challenges, moral distress, patients dying alone, intensified workload); 3) trust in the healthcare system during the pandemic (e.g., mistrust of clinical team); 4) modes of communication (e.g., communication using virtual platforms); and 5) impact of policy implementation on clinical practice (e.g., frequent changes and inconsistent implementation).ConclusionsRestricted visitation policies across ICUs during the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected critically ill patients and their families, critical care clinicians, and decision-makers.

How Does Policy Implementation Affect the Sustainability of Public–Private Partnership Projects? A Stakeholder-Based Framework

Sustainability is an imperative goal for developing public–private partnership (PPP) projects, which are largely affected by policies. However, few studies have explored the impact of policy implementation on the sustainable development of PPP projects. This study examines the impacts of PPP policy implementation on PPP sustainability by conducting a comprehensive analysis that is grounded in a proposed stakeholder-based framework of the PPP policy implementation process. Critical factors are identified through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of 275 survey responses from PPP practitioners in China. Subsequently, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis is used to examine the effects of policy implementation on project sustainability in PPPs. The results reveal five factors that can explain the construct of PPP policy implementation, namely, the implementing organization’s capacity (F1), policy quality and resources (F2), the environment (F3), the involvement of the target group (F4), and the sustainability of the PPP projects (F5). F1, F3, and F4 have significant positive impacts on PPP sustainability, which is measured in terms of its economic, social, and environmental dimensions.

Vanishing Happiness: How Does Pollution Information Disclosure Affect Life Satisfaction?

The role of information in energy and environmental policies is receiving extensive attention. This paper examines the impact of pollution information on residents’ life satisfaction and its channels in China. A difference-in-difference (DID) approach is used to match China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data with information disclosure data to find the negative impact of PM2.5 information disclosure on residents’ life satisfaction. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the negative effects of information disclosure are more pronounced among young and middle-aged groups, residents with good physical conditions, higher education, higher income, and urban residents. The mechanism analysis indicates that the perception, avoidance, and envy effect are three important channels of influence. These findings provide some insights for public policy formulation aimed at enhancing the well-being of an entire population, such as paying attention to the psychological impact of policy implementation on different groups of people.

Healthy and Sustainable Higher Education System Assessment Model

A healthy and sustainable higher education system not only helps a person to develop rapidly, but also promotes a country to flourish. The purpose of this paper is to develop an evaluation model of a healthy and sustainable higher education system and apply it to countries such as China to evaluate the health of the higher education systems in these countries. In addition, this paper proposes policies for countries with room for improvement in their higher education systems, as represented by China, and discusses the impact of policy implementation on universities, students, and society. In this paper, eight indicators are identified to measure the health of higher education systems, and a weighted arithmetic averaging algorithm is used to develop a healthy and sustainable higher education system evaluation model in combination with the indicator weights determined using AHP. Then, by applying the established higher education system evaluation model to several countries, Japan, China and the United States, this paper identifies the country, China, where the higher education system needs to be improved. Using a single-variable control approach, a weighted arithmetic averaging algorithm, and a gray prediction model, this paper establishes the policies and implementation timeline that China should implement to improve its higher education system, as well as the impact of policy implementation on universities, students, and society.

Understanding the impact of policy adherence and implementation on streams in the Umlazi River System

Although the national policy landscape is saturated with environmental and surface water management policies, there is limited evidence of successful policy implementation at a local level. This lack of policy adherence can have many economic, environmental, and public health effects in an area hence measure to improve adherence and implementation are essential. This study, therefore, looked at the lack of stream policy adherence and implementation by the government at Umlazi Township, which is the second biggest township in South Africa, with a population reported to be about half a million people. The study integrated three approaches: the Health Belief Model (HBM), Adaptive River Management, and Social-Ecological Model (SEM) to evaluate the scientific knowledge regarding river status, and uncertainty levels and finally evaluate the impact of policy implementation and evaluation on surface water quality management in the Umlazi area. Data was collected from local municipality workers and Sihlanzimvelo Initiative workers, as these two groups are primarily responsible for stream water management in the Umlazi Local. The data were thematically analyzed and revealed three main factors that contribute to the lack of policy adherence and implementation: citizens are not knowledgeable about on-stream management policy standards; policies on stream management are not implemented and enforced; and lastly, implementation and enforcement of these policies are perceived as difficult. Citizen environmental education and stream worker capacity building appear to be key in improving policy adherence and implementation in Umlazi streams.

Thai SMEs’ Response in the Digital Economy Age: A Case Study of Community-Based Tourism Policy Implementation

The goals of this study were to identify factors affecting the responses of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the digital economy age, to examine the impact of policy implementation and stakeholders’ roles in the promotion of SMEs in the service sector of community-based tourism (CBT), to analyze the competitiveness of CBT, and to reveal the gap in SMEs’ service quality. The research design consisted of both qualitative and quantitative methods. It was found that independent variables, i.e., the strategic management, the decision-making process, the structural contingency, perception, and the SMEs’ potential, together in the multiple regression model, could predict dependent variables. Policy actors can be divided into three levels. Politicians are at the national policy level, high-level bureaucrats are at the implementation level, and stakeholders in the community are at the local level. Policy instruments include projects to support SMEs. Local-level actors play a role in promoting SMEs through collaborative public management. The competitiveness analysis of CBT can be divided into five forces: the rivalry of CBT, the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of suppliers, and the bargaining power of customers. Meanwhile, there are some problems in assuring service quality.

MDIR Monthly Ignition Risk Maps, an Integrated Open-Source Strategy for Wildfire Prevention

Countries unaccustomed to wildfires are currently experiencing wildfire as a new climate-change reality. Understanding how fire ignition and propagation are correlated with temperature, orography, humidity, wind, and the mixture and age of individual plants must be considered when designing prevention strategies. While wildfire prevention focuses on fire ignition avoidance, firefighting success depends on early ignition detection, meaning that, in either case, ignition plays a major role. The current case study considered three Portuguese municipalities that annually observe frequent fire ignitions (Tomar, Ourém, and Ferreira do Zêzere) as the testing ground for the Modernized Dynamic Ignition Risk (MDIR) strategy, thus evaluating the efficiency of MDIR and the efficacy of the variables used. This methodology uses geographic information systems technology sustained by open-source satellite imagery, along with the Habitat Risk Assessment model from the InVEST software package, as drivers for the MDIR application. The MDIR approach grants frequent update capabilities and fully open-sourced high ignition risk area identification, producing monthly ignition risk maps. The advantage of using this method is the ease of adaptation to any current monitoring strategy, awarding further efficiency and efficacy in reducing ignitions. The approach delivered adequate results in estimating ignitions for the three Portuguese municipalities, achieving, for several months, prediction accuracy percentages of over 70%. For the studied area, MDIR clearly identifies areas of high ignition risk and delivers an average of 62% success in predicting ignitions, thus showing potential for analyzing the impact of policy implementation and monitoring through the strategy design.