Impact Of Past Experience Research Articles

The Australian Music Students Health Survey: impact of past experience on student attitudes to health education

Abstract Widespread research over four decades has shown that musicians suffer physical and psychological injuries that can begin during childhood and early adulthood. A survey of 268 Australian tertiary music students revealed their perceptions of the importance of health education as part of their education. While students rated health knowledge as highly important, they considered its inclusion in their education to be less significant. Thirty-six percent reported current physical pain or injury, and 41% reported current psychological health issues. Significant correlations emerged between students’ reported injury history and prioritisation of health education and particular health topics. This has implications for tertiary music education providers regarding policies for the integration of health education into the curriculum.

Analysis of Individual Behavior Through a Psychoanalytical Approach: A Literature Review

This literature review explores the analysis of individual behavior using a psychoanalytical approach, focusing on critical writings that elaborate on the concepts proposed by Sigmund Freud and related thinkers. Through synthesis and analysis of various articles, this research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of how the psychoanalytical approach is employed to delve into the complexity of individual behavior. The findings of this literature review reveal the evolution of psychoanalytical concepts from Freudian theory to contemporary contributions in psychology. There is a detailed exploration of how the id, Ego, and superego play crucial roles in shaping individual behavior. Additionally, the study highlights the use of the psychoanalytical approach in addressing aspects such as internal conflicts, defense mechanisms, and the impact of past experiences. In the context of the literature review, it is evident that the analysis of individual behavior through the psychoanalytical approach provides profound insights into psychological aspects and significantly contributes to understanding the variations in human behavior. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the development of psychoanalytical theory and how this approach continues to be relevant in understanding individual behavior. The practical implications of this review are also discussed, emphasizing its relevance in clinical settings, education, and personal development

Personal History Affects Reference Points: A Case Study of Codeforces

Humans make decisions based on their internal value function, and its shape is known to be distorted and biased around a point, which the research community of behavior economics refers to as the reference point. People intensify activities that come to lie within the reach of their reference point, and abstain from acts that would incur losses once they've crossed the point. However, the impact of past experiences on decision making around the reference point has not been well studied. By analyzing a long series of user-level decisions gathered from a competitive programming website, we find that history has a clear impact on user's decision making around the reference point. Past experiences can strengthen, and sometimes weaken, the decision bias around the reference point. Experiences of past difficulties can strengthen the tendency towards loss aversion after achieving the reference point. When a person crosses a reference point for the first time, the cognitive decision bias is significant. However, repeating this crossing gradually weakens the effect. We also show the value of our insights in the task of predicting user behavior. Prediction models incorporating our insights may be used for motivating people to remain more active.

The Trend of Pastism in the poetry of Nazir Tabassum

Nostalgia is a Psychological term. In the past it was considered as an illness, but in the present era past is considered as a metaphor for pleasant moments along with the unpleasant memories. Nostalgia may or may not also be known as home sickness. Expressing human emotions can be effectively done through poetry. Poet uses such words in his poetry that provides a compelling reason for catharsis on emotional level. In the inner world of human beings emotions and feelings that tend to arouse are depicted through poetry as having strong ties with the past. William Wordsworth opines that the relation of poetry with emotions is established through the reference of past .in the poetry of Nazir Tabassum ,impact of Past Experiences on human life and psyche has gained enough prominence .It is not an exaggeration to say that he ,in fact , colours past pictures with the hues of present.

Speech-language therapy students and attitudes towards disability: impact of past experiences, clinical experiences and development over time

ABSTRACT The aims of this study were to describe the type and amount of experiences students have in the area of disability and determine whether significant differences in attitudes towards disability were present across three groups of students engaged in clinical practice and if attitudes changed over time. Twenty-two first professional year undergraduate, twenty-three first year postgraduate and twenty-three final year undergraduate speech-language therapy students participated in the study. A mixed method, cross-sectional pre-test post-test design was employed for all groups. Participants took part in part-time clinical placement experiences over a twelve-week period. Pre and post clinical placement, participants completed a questionnaire, including The Scales of Attitudes towards Disabled Persons (SADP) (Antonak [1982]. Development and psychometric analysis of the scale of attitudes toward disabled persons. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counselling, 13, 22–29), that was designed to examine experiences and attitudes towards disability and change over time. Overall, students reported almost all had personal experience with people with disabilities and over half of students sampled reported prior or current workplace experience. Students perceived their attitudes towards disability to be positive. In contrast to our hypotheses, student attitudes towards disability did not change significantly over time. Furthermore, first year postgraduate students held more positive attitudes towards disability compared to other student groups. Implications for clinical teaching and supervision in the workplace are discussed.

Healing the Past by Nurturing the Future: Aboriginal parents' views of what helps support recovery from complex trauma.

We aimed to understand support needs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parents experiencing complex trauma.Becoming a parent is an exciting yet challenging transition, particularly for parents who have experienced past hurt in their own childhood which can have long lasting effects, including complex trauma. Complex trauma-related distress can make it harder to care for a baby, but the parenting transition offers unique opportunities for recovery.This formative research is part of a community-based participatory action research project which aims to co-design perinatal awareness, recognition, assessment and support strategies for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parents experiencing complex trauma. We used an Indigenist approach and grounded theory methods. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parents who were pregnant and/or have children up to two years old were recruited through perinatal care services and community networks in three Australian sites (Alice Springs, Adelaide and Melbourne). Parents were offered a group discussion or individual interview, facilitated by Aboriginal researchers. Third-person scenarios and visual tools were used to facilitate reflections about the impact of past experiences, what keeps parents strong, hopes and dreams, and what is needed to achieve those dreams. Parents were also shown themes from a previous systematic review of parents' experiences as a prompt to identify any additional key issues.Seventeen Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parents participated in August to September 2019. Most were mothers (n = 15). The study's grounded theory methods provided the foundation of a theoretical supposition that positions the transformation of the compounding cycle of trauma, to a reinforcing cycle of nurturing at the intersection of: 1) parents' connectedness; 2) social and emotional wellbeing; and 3) the transition to parenting. Unique opportunities and challenges situated at the interface are bound to the compounding or reinforcing nature of the intersecting factors. Findings reveal complexity, differing experiences by gender and age, as well as within and between communities.

A Rapid Assessment of Disaster Preparedness Needs and Resources during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: This year has seen the emergence of two major crises, a significant increase in the frequency and severity of hurricanes and the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known as to how each of these two events have impacted the other. A rapid qualitative assessment was conducted to determine the impact of the pandemic on preparedness and response to natural disasters and the impact of past experiences with natural disasters in responding to the pandemic. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 representatives of 24 different community-based programs in southern Louisiana. Data were analyzed using procedures embedded in the Rapid Assessment Procedure-Informed Community Ethnography methodology, using techniques of immersion and crystallization and focused thematic analysis. Results: The pandemic has impacted the form and function of disaster preparedness, making it harder to plan for evacuations in the event of a hurricane. Specific concerns included being able to see people in person, providing food and other resources to residents who shelter in place, finding volunteers to assist in food distribution and other forms of disaster response, competing for funds to support disaster-related activities, developing new support infrastructures, and focusing on equity in disaster preparedness. However, several strengths based on disaster preparedness experience and capabilities were identified, including providing a framework for how to respond and adapt to COVID and integration of COVID response with their normal disaster preparedness activities. Conclusions: Although prior experience has enabled community-based organizations to respond to the pandemic, the pandemic is also creating new challenges to preparing for and responding to natural disasters.

Impact of past experiences on decision-making in autism spectrum disorder.

People are often influenced by past costs in their current decision-making, thus succumbing to a well-known bias recognized as the sunk cost effect. A recent study showed that the sunk cost effect is attenuated in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the study only addressed one situation of utilization decision by focusing on the choice between similar attractive alternatives with different levels of sunk costs. Thus, it remains unclear how individuals with ASD behave under sunk costs in different types of decision situations, particularly progress decisions, in which the decision-maker allocates additional resources to an initially chosen alternative. The sunk cost effect in progress decisions was estimated using an economic task designed to assess the effect of the past investments on current decision-making. Twenty-four individuals with ASD and 21 age-, sex-, smoking status-, education-, and intelligence quotient-level-matched typical development (TD) subjects were evaluated. The TD participants were more willing to make the second incremental investment if a previous investment was made, indicating that their decisions were influenced by sunk costs. However, unlike the TD group, the rates of investments were not significantly increased after prior investments in the ASD group. The results agree with the previous evidence of a reduced sensitivity to context stimuli in individuals with ASD and help us obtain a broader picture of the impact of sunk costs on their decision-making. Our findings will contribute to a better understanding of ASD and may be useful in addressing practical implications of their socioeconomic behavior.

Family Surrogate Decision-making in Chronic Critical Illness: A Qualitative Analysis.

Caring for an adult with chronic critical illness is a difficult undertaking. Family surrogates are tasked with decision-making on behalf of their loved one, particularly during acute-on-chronic illness episodes. Critical care nurses are well positioned and well qualified to facilitate this process. To explore family surrogate decision-making for people with chronic critical illness. In this qualitative study, interviews were conducted with family surrogates (n = 7) as part of a larger descriptive, longitudinal study (N = 264). Content analyses were guided by Miles and colleagues' methods of data analysis. Family surrogates serving as decision makers for a spouse or another adult loved one were mostly female. Although decision-making was often described as "frustrating," most surrogates reported that they were "comfortable" with this role. Major decision-making themes were "communication as key in decision-making," "impact of past experiences," and "difficulties and coping." Advice from family and friends, health care providers (such as nurses), and faith or spirituality were significant resources for coping with decision-making challenges. Results support recent recommendations of the National Academy of Medicine that endorsed shared decision-making. Data also support development of more effective team communication and decision support strategies, particularly addressing consistency and continuity. Critical care nurses can use their expertise to positively influence these outcomes.

Conditions for the clean slate effect after success or failure

ABSTRACTThe act of physically cleaning one’s hands may reduce the impact of past experiences, termed clean-slate effect. Cleaning was found to affect negative, neutral, and mildly positive states. We extend this influence to success, a self-serving state. We manipulated success vs. failure and measured changes in optimism (Experiment 1) or self-esteem (Experiment 2). Moreover, we examined boundary conditions for the clean-slate effect. Experiment 1 indicates that the influence of performance on optimism diminishes if participants knew (compared to did not know) they were cleaning their hands. Experiment 2 indicates that the influence of performance on self-esteem diminishes if participants cleaned themselves (compared to an object). These results suggest that the clean-slate effect requires both awareness and self-reference of the cleaning act. Thus, the clean-slate effect seems to depend on both conscious inferences and automatic processes. A meta-analysis across the experiments confirms a moderate-sized clean-slate effect.

The perceptions of social responsibility for community resilience to flooding: the impact of past experience, age, gender and ethnicity

Community resilience to flooding depends, to a large extent, on the participation of community members to take more responsibility for enhancing their own resilience. The perception of social responsibility (SR) which is argued to be one of the antecedents influencing individual’s willingness to undertake resilient behaviours can significantly contribute to community resilience through individual and collective actions. Understanding of factors influencing the perceptions of SR of individuals within community might help with developing strategies to increase the perceptions of SR. This research explores perceptions of SR in relation to flooding for householders and local businesses and establishes their relationships with experience of flooding and demographic factors of age, gender and ethnicity. The data were obtained via a questionnaire survey of three communities in Birmingham and one community in South East London, UK, three with experience of flooding and one without. A total of 414 responses were received and used in the multiple regression analysis. The analysis identified ‘experience of flooding’, ‘age’ and ‘South Asian’ ethnic group as significant variables, suggesting that older individuals from South Asian ethnic groups with previous experience of flooding are likely to be more socially responsible than others without these attributes.

Lifting the veil on patents and inventions

Since patent data became accessible in the 1980s, we have known that research using this data?while providing tremendous opportunities?rests on important assumptions about how patents are actually generated by firms. It is well known that firm-level selection processes shape the likelihood that firms decide to patent or not an invention. What is unknown is to what extent these processes leave the results of work using patent data at risk of being distorted by sample selection bias. To understand the magnitude of this bias, we replicate two important prior studies using data from a novel, proprietary dataset, which contains more than 35,000 invention disclosures made by inventors within a single firm, only some of which went on to be patented. We find strong indications for the presence of significant selection bias in patent studies in examining the variance of creative outcome distributions and the impact of past experience in subsequent inventions. We highlight what the nature of this bias may mean for our current body of knowledge, and provide suggestions of how this issue should be addressed in future research.

Financial Investment and Human Capital During Life Cycle

This paper explores the problem of an agent who invests in financial assets, works and/or accumulates human capital, and retires at the end of time horizon. His/her initial endowments consist of an amount of liquid assets (maybe because of inheritance) and a number of units of human capital.Human capital is measured in efficiency units, as in the theory of growth. By contrast to the theory of growth, efficiency units increase as the result of training and education. Training is a costly activity; in addition to paying educational costs, the agent devotes part of his/her human capital exclusively to education and, thus, he/she can devote less time to earn labour income.The methodology similar to the Kreps-Proteus (KP) and Epstein-Zin (EZ) preferences. The certainty equivalent of life-time utility is evaluated by means of the negative exponential function. In addition, the wealth at the beginning of a period is an anchor point which determines the attitude to risk for that period. The attitude to risk and the utility of wealth evolve over time under the impact of past experiences and the anticipation of future events.Some of the main results are: (i) Optimal policies are linear functions of wealth: the marginal propensities to consume and to invest in financial assets are determined recursively and they are independent of the level of wealth of each period. (ii) The Certainty equivalent (CE) of the portfolio’s risk premium is the sum of the CE of the risk premia attached to financial assets and human capital, both expressed per unit of initial wealth of a period. (iii) The attitude to risk is characterized by an intrinsic attitude which is unchanged during the lifetime of the individual. This attitude is modified depending on whether the agent faces dynamic or timeless choices. In the case of dynamic choices, the intrinsic measure is modified by the realization of random events related to past choices. In timeless choices, the atemporal measure allows the agent to evaluate future anticipations under the experiences of the past. (iv) On economic considerations alone, the choice of educational plan at the beginning of the life cycle is either zero, or the maximum possible. It is independent of the measure of risk aversion and depends on other (not specified) personal preference and social conditions.

Assessing video presentations as environmental enrichment for laboratory birds.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of video presentations of natural landscapes on European starlings' (Sturnus vulgaris) stereotypic behaviours (SBs) and other abnormal repetitive behaviours (ARBs) and to evaluate the impact of past experience by comparing wild-caught and hand-reared starlings' reactions. Ten wild-caught and five hand-reared starlings were presented 1-hour videos of landscapes twice a day for five successive days, while a control group of eight wild-caught and four hand-reared starlings was presented a grey screen for the same amount of time. The analysis of the starlings' behaviour revealed that the video presentations of landscapes appeared to have a positive but limited and experience-dependent effect on starlings' SBs and other ARBs compared to the controls. Indeed, whereas video presentations seemed to modulate high rates of SBs and ARBs, they did not appear to be enriching enough to prevent the emergence or the development of SBs and ARBs in an impoverished environment. They even appeared to promote a particular type of SB (somersaulting) that is thought to be linked to escape motivation. The fact that this effect was observed in hand-reared starlings suggests that videos of landscapes could elicit motivation to escape even in birds that never experienced outdoor life. These results highlight the importance of investigating stereotypic behaviour both quantitatively and qualitatively in order to provide crucial clues on animal welfare.

Impact of Past Experience on Perceived Value, Overall Satisfaction, and Destination Loyalty: A Comparison Between Visitor and Resident Attendees of a Festival

This study examines the similarities and differences of the impact past experience has on perceived value, overall satisfaction, and destination loyalty between two groups: visitors and residents who attended the 2008 National Cherry Blossom Festival (NCBF). Data were collected using the convenience sampling method and analyzed using factor analysis, t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicate that there were major distinctions between first-time and repeat visitors with the latter being more positive than the former in their perception of social and emotional values of the festival, more satisfied with and more loyal to the festival than the former. However, first-time and repeat residents did not differ significantly from each other. In addition, first-time visitors were found to be consistently different from repeat visitors, first-time and repeat residents in perceived value, satisfaction, and destination loyalty while repeat visitors did not differ significantly from first-time and repeat residents. This study also found that overall satisfaction mediates the effect of the perceived value on destination loyalty for the visitor group, regardless of past experience. However, for the resident group, the mediation effect is present for repeat residents, but not for first-time residents. Research implications and future research needs are also discussed.

A Case for Wanderlust: Travel Behaviors of College Students

ABSTRACT A case for wanderlust, or a strong desire to travel, was developed in an elaborate study involving numerous variables. Findings indicate that wanderlust begins with early, and varied, travel experiences and continues and inspires future travel behavior. Overall, college students exhibit a high level of interest in both leisure and business travel. The impact of past experience is dramatic with a strong relationship between travel experiences prior to college, while in college, and expectations after college. A financial commitment to this desire to travel was also found, particularly among females who exhibited a higher level of wanderlust for leisure travel. Overall implications for the travel and tourism industry are discussed.

Living alone with dementia: an interpretive phenomenological study with older women

This paper is a report of a study of the meaning of living alone from the perspective of older people with dementia. Risks and problems experienced by older women living alone have been investigated mostly through quantitative research. Balancing their safety and autonomy is a serious international community care dilemma. Older people's perspectives have been muted in qualitative research on living alone with dementia. Using an interpretive phenomenological approach and van Manen's method, 14 interviews were conducted in Ontario, Canada from January 2004 to April 2005 with eight older women diagnosed with Alzheimer disease or a related dementia. The theme holding back time expressed the temporal meaning of living alone. Pharmacological treatments represented stored time, offering the opportunity to hold back future dreaded time. Past experience with others with dementia was a context for holding on to now and facing some risks of living alone with memory loss. The women acknowledged the limited time remaining for, and identified endpoints to, living alone. Insight into the impact of past experience with others with dementia could inform nursing assessment and advocacy for health/social services that are sensitive to the potential emotional impact of mixing people with varied levels of dementia in the same programme.

Which Stress Matters? The Examination of Temporal Aspects of Stress

In this study, the impact of past experiences, present stressors, and expectations of future stress on psychological distress were explored. Participants were 38 male and 41 female spouses of patients hospitalized with non-life-threatening diseases. Participants completed questionnaires on which they appraised past, present, and future stressors and described their levels of psychological distress. Five models of the relationships between appraisals of past, present, and future stressors with psychological distress were examined. Only one model was confirmed by the data. It suggests that an appraisal of past stressors affects the appraisal of present stressors only indirectly, through its effect on the appraisal of future stressors. This model also maintains that only the appraisal of present stressors affects psychological distress directly. The implications of these findings for stress research are discussed.

Sufficient Grounds for Optimism?: The Relationship Between Perceived Controllability and Optimistic Bias

Evidence that perceived controllability is associated with optimistic bias is reviewed. There is sufficient evidence that people are optimistically biased about negative events they perceive to be controllable. More work is needed to establish whether this is also true of positive events. There is evidence also that people often hold beliefs of their personal superiority on control-related dimensions. More experimental studies testing hypotheses about the mechanisms linking perceived control and optimistic bias are required. Future work should also expand the sophistication with which control is treated conceptually and empirically and the range of potential mechanisms examined.

The impact of past experience on people's preference: the case of university researchers' dependency on funding sources

How much does a successful collaboration between a university researcher and a funding source affect the researcher's future preference of that source? To examine this relationship, another crucial variable is added, namely, the individual's level of dependency on funding sources. It is hypothesized that given a low level of dependency, if researchers have had a satisfactory experience with a funding source, they will be more likely to prefer collaboration with that source than if they did not have a satisfactory relationship. Given a high level of dependency, past experience will not make a difference on preference. The effects of past experience on people's preferences are examined based on a survey of American university researchers. The data show that past experience has a strong impact on one's preference, but this effect is true for all researchers, regardless of their level of dependency on external support. Implications for funding sources, and social scientists using resource dependency as the theoretical framework are discussed.