Impact Of New Products Research Articles

Debating (In)Justice of Energy Futures Through Design

This article presents a design investigation of how to address social justice concerns in participatory activities when debating energy futures. As the climate crisis grows and technological progress exacerbates environmental issues, the design field is increasingly committed to understanding and mitigating the impact of new products in the world. This is resulting in a conscious redesign of products or in developing strategies to nudge sustainable behaviours. Yet little methodological work exists on how to address social concerns when designing in the context of energy transitions. This paper explores this gap by delineating an energy scenario of Switzerland in 2030, designing two fictional artefacts and a participatory toolkit, and then hosting a world café with twelve participants. The results provide insights into the value as well as the methodological challenges of designing for debating justice in energy futures.

Enabling Product Carbon Footprint Management in the Material Extrusion Process

The environmental impact of new products and production processes is one of the most important indicators of the current time. Many methods exist to estimate ecological metrics, such as the Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) in the individual product development phases with stand-alone software. However, methods to integrate the PCF in the entire process chain with the possibility to interact in the process are missing. This paper presents a new approach to measuring the ecological impact of an Additive Manufacturing production process, exemplified by the Material Extrusion (MEX) process. The novelty of the approach lies in implementing a single software for machine control, processing, and visualization of sensor signals, parameter variation, and reporting functions to enable comprehensive PCF management. The workflow includes a model-based prediction of the PCF based on the G-code, live monitoring during the production phase, and a subsequent automated evaluation at a central interface. Critical points can be identified, and approaches for optimizing the MEX process can be designed. Uncertainty evaluation of the PCF based on the combination of uncertainty of the sensors and the Life Cycle Assessment is included in the method. The developed prototype software can be used in the design phase for prediction and in the process phase for optimization, enabling seamless PCF management for the MEX process.

Implementing a Managed Entry Agreement Framework in Cyprus

ABSTRACT Introduction The aim of this study is to explore the current practice in Cyprus regarding the introduction and reimbursement of innovative pharmaceuticals through Managed Entry Agreements (MEA), assess its operational context, and suggest approaches toward spanning the knowledge gap consequential to these efforts, especially the barriers of a small country context. Areas covered The recent introduction of a National Health System (NHS), brought about fundamental reforms in Cyprus’ Healthcare sector. Among such reforms, of particular interest, has been the introduction of a Managed Entry Agreements (MEA) mechanism. The first preliminary results indicate that despite being a small and unattractive market, Cyprus can apply a substantial MEA program. Concomitantly, it annotates the need to design an operational framework which should include, the definition of important technical parameters, clear demarcation of the scope, cooperation principles ensuring the effective operation of scientific committees, and clear delineation of what ‘value’ is. Moreover, in the context of the unified healthcare market, budget transfers should be considered, which could alleviate the inordinate budget impact of new products, which nevertheless will cut down on hospital expenditures. Narrative synthesis and health policy analysis-related resources were used. Expert opinion The implementation of MEA in Cyprus provides an ideal testing ground for innovative reimbursement approaches. This will streamline the country’s efforts toward reimbursement of innovation, while concomitantly add to the collective MEA experience.

Emergence of Product and Service Innovations of Different Level of Novelty in Knowledge Intensive SMEs: The Role of Open Innovation Patterns

Purpose: The aim of the contribution is to evaluate the importance of domestic and foreign collaborative ties between knowledge-intensive SMEs and knowledge sources for the creation of product and service innovations which we differentiate according to the spatial level of novelty. Methodology/Approach: In order to test the validity of the hypotheses which were justified in the context of previous research we adopt an econometric approach and specifically, due to the nature of the dependent variable, the logistic regression. Findings: The results support the hypotheses that the determinants of innovation in SMEs vary in case of innovations with different level of novelty. Open innovation practices are crucial rather for SMEs delivering innovations of products and services novel on national and international markets. Research Limitation/Implication: The research does not reflect the frequency of innovative products and services at the enterprise level as well as the impact of new products and services on turnover. Originality/Value of paper: In particular, the study brings new insights into the determinants of product innovation of a lower degree of novelty applied in local and regional markets which can be an important source of development for low-density economies.

The role of the main ingredients of chocolate in the formation of its beneficial properties for the consumer

Chocolate is the most staple and consumed confectionery product in Russia and the world. The determination of the beneficial properties of such a product as chocolate is an important and regular process of food institutions in every country, since new lines of already well-known manufacturers and new manufacturers with an innovative assortment are added to the retail assortment. Today, it is very relevant and important to understand the impact of new products on human health. In this regard, in order to provide complete information on a specific product, it is necessary to know its composition, ingredients and their effect on the body separately and within the framework of a specific product. Along with its beneficial properties, chocolate can also affect health negatively. It is necessary to understand the mechanism of the effect of chocolate on human health when consumed and to assess the risks that may arise subsequently after its active consumption.

The socioeconomic burden of patients affected by hemophilia with inhibitors.

Hemophilia is associated with a high financial burden on individuals, healthcare systems, and society. The development of inhibitors significantly increases the socioeconomic burden of the diseases. This study aimed to review and describe the burden of hemophilia with inhibitors, providing a reference scenario to assess the impact of new products in the real word. Two systematic literature reviews were performed to collect data on (i) health economics and (ii) health-related quality of life evidences in hemophilic patients with inhibitors. The costs associated with patients with hemophilia and inhibitors are more than 3 times greater than the costs incurred in those without inhibitors, with an annual cost per patient that can be higher than €1000000. The costs of bypassing agents account for the large majority of the total healthcare direct costs for hemophilia treatment. The quality of life is more compromised in patients with hemophilia and inhibitors compared to those without inhibitors, in particular the physical domains, whereas mental domains were comparable to that of the general population. The development of an inhibitor has a high impact on costs and quality of life. New treatments have the potential to change positively the management and socioeconomic burden of hemophilia with inhibitors.

Ecological Life Cycle Assessment of Modified Novolaks Waste Used in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Abstract Ecological Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) applied in the assessment of the impact of products on the environment is a technique that allows for the evaluation of the environmental impact of polymeric flocculants used in industrial wastewater treatment. The possibility of conducting a full life cycle and thus manufacturing process analysis allows for reliable and accurate identification of the sources of environmental hazards and the impact of new products on the environment. Newly synthesized waste-based polymers are water soluble and possess the properties of flocculants, while reducing the parameters in industrial wastewater. In the paper, there are presented the results of the analysis conducted using LCA technique for the assessment of the impact of modified waste phenol formaldehyde resin (Novolak) on the environment. LCA technique was used to assess the impact of the new flocculant applied in the process of metallurgical wastewater treatment taking into account the environmental impact of the flocculant manufacturing process.

The Impact of Technological Green New Product Introductions on Firm Profitability

With changing customer preferences and volatile economic-technological environments, firms have accelerated the rate of new product introductions (NPIs) to sustain corporate growth. However, NPIs have adverse impacts on the environment. But what do we know about the impact of technological green NPIs on firm profitability? Can technological green products help limit or off-set the negative impact of NPIs on the environment? Accelerating the number of NPIs imposes additional costs for firms as well as environmental costs, particularly with greater resource depletion and waste generation. A well-supported solution to reconcile the economic-environmental preservation imperative is to create incentives for firms to use green technologies to offset the negative impact of new products on the environment. Using data on 1020 technological green products which were introduced between 2007 and 2012 by 79 global firms, we investigate whether there are any win–win situations in terms of financial advantages for firms, while reducing the adverse impacts of NPIs on the environment. The results show that the relationship between technological green NPIs and firm profitability is positive. The findings point to the financial incentives for firms to leverage on green technologies to limit the environmental impact of new product introductions.

The long-term performance of new product introductions

This study investigates the long-term stock market performance of firms following announcements of new product introductions (NPIs). We find that firms announcing NPIs experience significantly positive abnormal stock returns in the three- and five-year post-announcement periods. Further, firms’ marketing capabilities and industry background, firm size, and the timing new products are introduced significantly affect shareholder gains from NPIs. The Carhart four-factor model, the zero-investment portfolio method, and the buy-and-hold return procedure yield consistent results. Our findings show that investors on average do not fully capture the valuation impact of new products nor incorporate the information contained in the initial announcements.

Standard Implementation Trajectories for Sustainable Product Design: A Configurational Approach

While sustainability issues increasingly gain importance for new product design, they also further complicate the NPD process. In many cases it is hard to exactly measure the socio-environmental impact of new products, and sustainability targets may conflict with other ones. Innovators can aim to manage these challenges by turning to voluntary sustainability standards (VSS), like the practices and certificates that come with the EU Ecolabel, Greenguard or Cradle to Cradle standards. VSS are predefined rules, procedures, and methods for common and voluntary use and focus on social and environmental performance. It is proposed that the local implementation of these general standards from outside the organization will likely lead to a variety of firm-specific implementation trajectories, ultimately leading to different levels of VSS implementation extensiveness across firms. This variety that is not sufficiently addressed in extant research, is researched in the current study. Using organizational learning as theoretical lens this study investigates configuration(s) of factors, including the embeddedness of the relationship between the focal firm and standard specific organizations that drive VSS implementation extensiveness. In doing so, it uses the configurational research approach fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). Empirically the study draws on qualitative and quantitative data from an international collection of firms that implemented the Cradle to Cradle standard. The study shows that VSS are multifaceted and that configurations that consistently drive VSS certification extensiveness differ from the ones that drive VSS practice implementation extensiveness. Additionally, it is found that configurations that consistently lead to the absence of high implementation extensiveness do not simply mirror the ones for high implementation extensiveness but have unique properties. Finally the study illustrates that similar levels of implementation extensiveness can result from multiple distinct configurations. The study mainly contributes to extant research on sustainable product design and how to integrate general principles of sustainable design into the NPD process.

A quantitative epigenetic approach for the assessment of cigarette consumption.

Smoking is the largest preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Despite the development of numerous preventive and treatment interventions, the rate of daily smoking in the United States is still approximately 22%. Effective psychosocial interventions and pharmacologic agents exist for the prevention and treatment of smoking. Unfortunately, both approaches are hindered by our inability to accurately quantify amount of cigarette consumption from the point of initial experimentation to the point of total dependency. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that smoking is associated with genome-wide changes in DNA methylation. However, whether this advance in basic science can be employed as a reliable assay that is useful for clinical diagnosis and treatment has not been shown. In this communication, we determine the sensitivity and specificity of five of the most consistently replicated CpG loci with respect to smoking status using data from a publically available dataset. We show that methylation status at a CpG locus in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor, cg05575921, is both sensitive and specific for smoking status in adults with a receiver operated curve characteristic area under the curve of 0.99. Given recent demonstrations that methylation at this locus reflects both intensity of smoking and the degree of smoking cessation, we conclude that a methylation-based diagnostic at this locus could have a prominent role in understanding the impact of new products, such as e-cigarettes on initiation of cigarette smoking among adolescents, while improving the prevention and treatment of smoking, and smoking related disorders.

Evaluation of the Value Creation in an Innovative Product Using Fuzzy Linguistic Computing

Innovation is a vital tool for growth, enhancing value creation and is also a competitive advantage. The aim of this research is to propose a methodology to evaluate the potential for value creation in innovation of a new product, relatively to intangible and tangible assets. For intangible assets the proposed methodology combines a multiple criteria decision-making method with an adaptation of Tai and Chen (2009) model using 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic approach. This methodology was applied to the EToll product developed by the Portuguese company Brisa Innovation and Technology. It was concluded that the benefits that most contributed to value creation are the development and entrepreneurship of national companies and a better cooperation with suppliers and partners. The EToll also allowed a significant reduction in operating costs in the company. The originality of this study is based in the challenge for business managers to assess the real impact of new products based not only on financial reports, but also in terms of intangible assets and also, how to consider the more appropriate qualitative dimensions to evaluate the performance of intangible assets resulting from innovation.

The exact import price and its implications for the US external imbalance

This article calculates the Feenstra's (1994) ‘exact price index’ for each category of US-imported goods and aggregates them to analyse the US import demand equation for assessing the seriousness of the external imbalance. What distinguishes Feenstra's exact price index is that it incorporates new product varieties. The exact import price index thus calculated suggests that US conventional import prices are biased upwards. The consequent downward adjustment in import prices causes appreciation in the real exchange rate and lowers the excessive portion of imports (the difference between actual and theoretical amounts of imports obtained from the import demand equation). Since the early 2000s, however, the role that new product varieties play in lowering the excessive portion of imports has declined because the impact of new products on import prices has been outweighed by the impact of the spike in primary commodity prices, which has resulted in a substantial depreciation of the real exchange rate. It is possible that this depreciation combined with relatively large excessive imports has caused the subsequent US current account deficit to stop expansion from the late 2000s onwards.

CalBack: Enhancing Caltrans Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Process with New Back-Calculation Software

In 1996, California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) initiated an extensive project to develop mechanistic-empirical (ME) pavement design and analysis tools, which will help state design engineers incorporate the impact of new products and technologies, increased traffic volumes and axle loading, and variable climatic conditions. As part of the development of new ME design procedures, Caltrans is developing a suite of dedicated software. CalME is a ME design program for flexible pavements that parallels the NCHRP 1-37A (MEPDG) and is calibrated for California conditions. CalBack is a sophisticated back-calculation program that contains specific features pertinent to California and is designed to work standalone, or in concert with CalME. CalBack is a unique and important addition to the existing knowledge base in that it possesses multiple data input/output methods, several new analytical modeling methods, and numerous user performance options. This paper describes the successful development and implementation of CalBack in three ways: (1) why and how Caltrans developed CalBack; (2) how CalBack functions; and (3) representative studies that show how well the software performs. Application of CalBack in several California projects, including the case studies presented in this paper, has shown that back-calculated moduli for different layers in the flexible and rigid pavement systems agreed reasonably well with laboratory measured values. Furthermore, the importance of avoiding temperature gradients when evaluating portland cement concrete pavements with the falling weight deflectometer is also well captured by CalBack.

The role and management of product innovation in retailer assortments: evidence from the Italian FMCG market

This paper focuses on analysing and measuring the sales and organizational impact of new products' introduction in the assortment of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) retailers in Italy. To test these effects, the study uses a multidimensional analysis approach based on scanner data of subcategories in hypermarkets and supermarkets. The results point out that, if correctly managed, product innovation could positively contribute to sales performance of retail outlets, especially in mature subcategories. However, a lot of mistakes and delays in new product selection and adoption by retailers tend to reduce these positive effects. In fact, the share of really successful new products is very small. So the high channel costs connected with the selection process of ‘really new’ products suggest the opportunity to reduce the Stock Keeping Unit (SKU) turnover level within retailer assortments.

Biomarkers of tobacco exposure or harm: application to clinical and epidemiological studies. 25-26 October 2001, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Adverse outcomes from tobacco use may take decades to develop. Biomarkers are measures that can be used in the early stages of tobacco use to assess exposure to tobacco toxins or to predict adverse health outcomes with which they are associated. Examples of biomarkers include specific chemical components of tobacco or their metabolites; early biochemical, histological, or physiological effects; and early health effects. Mechanistically relevant and quantitatively valid biomarkers are essential for assessing the ultimate impact of new products, treatments, preventive measures, and public health policies on tobacco-related disease. The tobacco industry's recent introduction of a variety of new tobacco products or devices with implied claims of reduced health risks highlights the need to develop methods for assessing their potential for benefit or harm. A wide variety of biomarkers for tobacco exposure or harm has been studied. Although many questions about their use remain unanswered, substantial data exist regarding their validity and utility. This conference reviewed both the general issues surrounding biomarker use and the current state of knowledge regarding the most widely studied and promising biomarkers.

A Predictive Cost Analysis Model for Estimating Formulary Impact of New Products in Managed Care

Competition among new pharmaceutical products for unrestricted formulary inclusion continues to dominate the concerns of managed care decision makers. These competitive pressures may originate when a formulary appears to be overcrowded and underfunded based on what it is expected to deliver-primarily financial management of an ever-increasing list of new products in addition to day-to-day pharmaceutical needs. For those managers facing the daunting task of improving quality of pharmaceutical care with finite resources, appropriate product selection has become a dual consideration involving assessment of the new product's competitive clinical features and benefits, in tandem with an assessment of its formulary cost impact. We present a simple and objective financial model that, based on historical utilization data, will help predict a priori an accurate estimate of the cost impact of a new product. We illustrate our financial model with a new calcium antagonist (CA), T-Block. T-Block is the first of a new generation of nondihydropyridine, T-channel selective CAs entering a crowded therapeutic area for the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. This model compares the weighted average cost-per-prescription for CAs before and after the formulary inclusion of T-Block. Three key variables of the model-utilization ratios of available strengths, market share for the new product, and annual CA prescription volume-facilitate preparation of customized financial analyses. Accordingly, the model's simple three-way sensitivity analysis defines specific financial scenarios under various conditions of uncertainty. The model also can be used as a post-formulary utilization management and market share tracking tool.

Gaining Superior Performance of New Products in the Telecommunications Industry

Identifies and compares characteristics of firms in the telecommunications industry who have high new product performance. Performance comprises two dimensions: impact of new products on the company and goal performance. Explore profiles of high performance firms with regard to how they organize for new product development (NPD), the activities undertaken in the NPD process, and their choice of new product strategies. The results show that the NPD structures, processes and strategies of high performance firms vary by the measure of performance.

The impact of new product introductions on the market value of firms

Innovations in the economic system do not as a rule take place in such a way that first new wants arise spontaneously in consumers and then the productive apparatus swings round through their pressure. We do not deny the process of this nexus. It is, however, the producer who as a rule initiates economic change, and consumers are educated by him if necessary; they are, as it were, taught to want new things, or things which differ in some respect or other from those which they have been in the habit of using. [Joseph A. Schumpeter, 1934, p. 65] Although many mechanisms exist for the evaluation of new products, none have specifically examined the role that financial markets can play in measuring the impact of new products on firms. Using traditional event-study methodology, the present research provides a financial market-based analysis of the impact of new product introductions on the market value of firms. * This research was supported, in part, by the Marketing Science Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Additional support was received from the Dean's Fund for Faculty Research at the Owen Graduate School of Management and the University Research Council, Vanderbilt University. Comments received from participants at seminars at the 1987 Marketing Science Conference in Jouy-en-Josas, France, Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, State University of New York at Buffalo, University of Michigan, Northwestern University, University of Rochester, University of Toronto, and Washington University are gratefully acknowledged as is the research assistance of David Livert, Russell Covey, Debra Jeter, Athena Lee, and Guy Lever and secretarial assistance of Cordy Cates and Patricia James. We further wish to thank Merrill Brenner, two anonymous referees, and the editor for helpful comments on a prior version of this article.

The Impact of New Product Introductions on the Market Value of Firms

Although many mechanisms exist for the evaluation of new products, none have specifically examined the role that financial markets can play in measuring the impact of new products on firms. Using traditional event-study methodology, the present research provides a financial market-based analysis of the impact of new product introductions on the market value of firms. Copyright 1991 by University of Chicago Press.