The propagation of internal waves in the ocean can produce significant fluctuations in the local sound speed field. Understanding how these fluctuations affect acoustic propagation is an area of considerable interest in underwater acoustics. Previous studies have indicated that large fluctuations (of the order of 20 dB) in transmission loss (TL) of acoustic waves can occur due to focusing and defocusing effects as the acoustic waves propagate through an internal wave. This work looks to extend some of these studies by exploring the frequency and directional dependence of these fluctuations through the implementation of a 3D acoustic model (FOR3D) suitable for modelling low frequency (<1 kHz) acoustic propagation. The study utilises sound speed data produced using the non-hydrostatic model MITgcm, simulating a nonlinear three-dimensional internal wave field that was verified using in situ mooring observations. By also considering results from a study utilising an acoustic ray model (Bellhop3D) on the same data, this work gives a comprehensive picture of the internal wave induced TL fluctuations across a range of acoustic frequencies.
Read full abstract