Impact Of Intellectual Property Rights Research Articles

Impact of intellectual property rights on foreign direct investment in Africa

The study investigated the impact of intellectual property rights on foreign direct investment (FDI) in selected African countries (Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, Mali, Kenya, Burundi, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Senegal, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania). The purpose of the study is to develop property rights policies that encourages FDI in African countries. How FDI is influenced by the combination of trade openness and intellectual property rights was also examined using the same data set and econometric methods such as the dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM), fixed effects, and pooled ordinary least squares (OLS). Panel data ranging from 2005 to 2019 were used for the purposes of this study. A 1% increase in intellectual property rights led to a 22.73% increase in FDI inflows under the dynamic GMM and a 45.55% increase in FDI inflows under the random effects. These results show that intellectual property rights significantly enhanced FDI under the random effects and dynamic GMM. FDI was insignificantly enhanced by intellectual property rights under the pooled OLS and fixed effects methods. A 1% increase in complementarity between intellectual property rights and trade openness (complementarity term) pushed up FDI inflows by 17.78% under the dynamic GMM, whilst a 1% increase in the complementarity term increased FDI inflows by 16.72% under the fixed effects. In other words, dynamic GMM and fixed effects approaches show that the complementarity component significantly improved FDI inflows. The paper recommends implementing the best property rights strategies to improve FDI inflows into African countries. AcknowledgmentThe author appreciates the moral support from the University of South Africa, his employer.

Biobank donation in search of public benefits and the potential impact of intellectual property rights over access to health-technologies developed: A focus on the bioethical implications.

The availability of biomaterials is a key component of health research and the development of new health-technologies (including, diagnostics, medicines, and vaccines). People are often encouraged by biobanks to donate samples altruistically to such biobanks. While empirical evidence suggests many donors are motivated by the desire to contribute towards developing new health-technologies for society. However, a tension can arise as health-technologies whose development is contributed to by donors' biomaterials will often be protected by intellectual property rights (IPRs), including patents. Patents give rightsholders control over how patented technologies are used and can be used in a way that impedes public access to technologies developed. Yet, there are no binding European legal obligations mandating disclosure to donors of how IPRs can operate over downstream health-technologies and how they could impact access to health-technologies developed, nor are there legally binding obligations to ensure public accessibility of technologies developed. Focusing on the bioethical implications posed, this article argues that the current situation can impact donors' autonomy and dignity interests. A more holistic approach is needed for biobank donation, which embeds a consideration of donors' expectations/interests from the point of donation through to how such samples are used and how health-technologies developed are accessed. We put forward avenues that seek to address such issues.

Modernization of Intellectual Property Discipline Governance Based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis Towards the Construction of a Powerful Intellectual Property Country

Abstract In this paper, after using the TF-IDF algorithm to calculate the weights of intellectual property keywords of digital content, the weights of fused word multi-features are improved to obtain the proportion of intellectual property keywords. Based on intellectual property keywords, combining adversarial fingerprint generation and intellectual property authentication, an intellectual property protection model based on RCNN is constructed. From the perspective of strong nation-building, the research on intellectual property affecting the artificial intelligence industry is designed, and multivariate statistical analysis of scientific governance of intellectual property in the context of strong nation-building is carried out. The results show that the SSIM values obtained by the method of this paper are much better than those obtained by the comparison method in terms of model analysis. Except for the anti-quantization attack, the rest of the indicators are all greater than 0.9. It confirms that the method presented in this paper has excellent robustness in protecting intellectual property. In the empirical analysis of the impact of intellectual property rights on the artificial intelligence industry, except for RDF, which is significant at the 5% level, the regression coefficients of the other explanatory variables are all significant at the 1% level, 2 R amounting to 0.860771 and with a DW value of 1.667387 in the range of 1.5-2.5, that is, it indicates that the level of China’s intellectual property rights protection and the competitiveness of the AI industry are positively correlated. It is positively correlated. This study promotes the improvement of China’s innovation ability and the formation of innovation mechanisms from the aspect of intellectual property protection so as to realize the comprehensive catching up of technology and economy of late-developed countries.

Carbon emission reduction effects of renewable energy technological innovation in China: New insights into the intellectual property rights protection

Renewable energy technological innovation (RETI) is of great significance in reducing carbon emissions. A deeper understanding of the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on the carbon reduction effect of RETI can provide policymakers with more specific information. Using the dataset from 30 provinces in China during 2007–2018, we provide a detailed analysis of the moderating role of IPR protection in RETI's impact on carbon emissions. The results suggest that RETI has a significant carbon reduction effect, but this effect is not substantial in hydropower technological innovation. Moreover, we find that IPR protection moderates the impact of RETI on carbon emissions; increased levels of IPR protection can enhance RETI's carbon mitigation effect. Specifically, this positive moderating effect is only evidenced in the high energy self-sufficiency ratio and eastern regions, and it diminishes as carbon emissions increase. However, we do not find any evidence that IPR protection moderates the impact of energy storage technological innovation on carbon emissions.

THE IMPACT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

For a long time, scholars and governments had been dealing with the question of whether there is a nexus between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and economic development, and if so, how strong is the link. From the studies done until now, we have clearly indicated that the impact of IPRs is a complex issue and significantly varies across industries and across development stages. The conclusions of the economic literature are ambiguous: some studies conclude that this connection is apparently strong, while others conclude the connection of IPRs and economic development to be fairly weak. Nevertheless, the income of the country is an important determinant while analyzing the impact of IPRs on economic growth of a country. The effect of IPRs protection on growth depends upon the level of development. It is positively and significantly related to growth for low-and high-income countries, but not for middle-income countries. This suggests that, although IPRs connection is quite significant for high-income and low-income countries, middle-income countries are not a typical case of it.The study looks at the impact of intellectual property rights on the economic growth for the case of the Republic of North Macedonia. To address some of the issues concerning IPRs, this study defines what Intellectual Property Rights are, their definition, history, protection, regime, their instruments, international and national laws etc. It also attempts to evaluate the relationship between the protection of intellectual property and economic activity in the Republic of North Macedonia.Despite many inquiries into this particular field, it is important to accentuate that there is less research made on intellectual property rights and economic growth that is focused on data in a transitional context. Therefore, there is a significant gap in this area, which is evident from the dispersed regulation of the intellectual property rights in the Republic of North Macedonia. Put differently, there is no State Office for Intellectual Property, but State Office for Industrial Property. This makes research in this field even more complicated.In the case of the Republic of North Macedonia this is a highly new prosperous field where less research is done. Therefore, the research results will highly contribute regarding this field to the country and its government regarding the economic development of the country as well as the establishment of the new sphere such as intellectual property.Results of econometric modeling and the analysis of gathered data will provide the empirical evidence for the nexus between intellectual property rights and economic growth of the Republic of North Macedonia. Moreover, the research will discuss the reform of IPR’s regime and will offer recommendations for their enforcement and administration.

How Do Intellectual Property Rights Affect Green Technological Innovation? Empirical Evidence from China

The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) on green technological innovation in China. The study utilizes a mixed-method approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods, to provide empirical evidence on the subject matter. According to the findings, IPR protection may have a favorable impact on the green technological innovation (GTI) of firms. According to mechanism testing, the channels by which IPR protection influences businesses’ GTI are research and development (R&D) input and foreign investment entry, whereas the human capital and finance capability of firms can favorably moderate the link between IPR protection and GTI. According to heterogeneity tests, private firms, exporting firms, and firms in industries with a high degree of monopoly are more notable for their promotional effect of IPR protection on the GTI of firms.

The Impact of Intellectual Property Rights City Policy on Firm Green Innovation: A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on a Staggered DID Model

Green innovation is considered an important way to promote low-carbon society formation and the sustainable development of environmental engineering. However, few quantitative studies have focused on the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) on firm green innovation (FGI). This paper constructs a quasi-natural experiment based on the IPR pilot city policy in China. We empirically investigated the influence of IPR policy on FGI using a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model and Chinese listed company data from 2007 to 2020. The findings of this research are as follows: (1) IPR policy significantly promotes FGI, and its effectiveness is confirmed by a variety of robustness tests. (2) The IPR policy supports both green product and green process innovation, with a stronger effect on green product innovation. (3) The IPR policy encourages green independent R&D but has little influence on green joint R&D. (4) The IPR policy promotes FGI with a high knowledge intensity, state-owned enterprises, and firms in key city groups. (5) The IPR policy supports FGI primarily via two institutional channels: increasing R&D investment and easing financing constraints. This paper broadens the study of green innovation city policy and FGI development, offering new perspectives for achieving social and environmental sustainability.

Intellectual property rights enforcement and mergers and acquisitions: Evidence from China

In this paper, the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) enforcement on merger and acquisition (M&A) activity based on provincial data in China is examined. We document a significant increase in the probability of implementing M&A bids in provinces with efficient IPR enforcement. The result is robust after considering endogeneity and using alternatives to IPR measurements. In addition, cash-financed and local M&A bids are more likely to occur in provinces with better IPR enforcement. Our results suggest that increasing R&D expenditures, alleviating financing constraints and increasing product market competition are the possible mechanisms through which IPR enforcement affects the probability of M&A activity.

Impact of intellectual property rights on the access to COVID-19 vaccines

Impact of intellectual property rights on the access to COVID-19 vaccines

Trademarks and how they relate to the sustainability and economic outcomes of social startups

Prior research shows that trademarks positively relate to startups' growth and survival. However, empirical evidence on the impact of intellectual property rights (IPRs), especially trademarks, on the development of social startups' hybrid outcomes is limited. Our study aims to fill this gap by investigating how early trademarking relates to the sustainability and economic outcomes of social startups. Based on a sample of 485 social startups from Germany, we find that social startups that register a trademark within the first three years of their existence have both significantly higher sustainability and economic outcomes. Additionally, we identify that the geographical scope of a trademark relates differently to social startups' outcomes. Our results contribute to the emerging literature on startups’ role to achieve sustainability outcomes and to IPR research that lacks an understanding of the importance of trademarks for sustainable entrepreneurship. We provide several practical implications for social startups, impact investors, and policy-makers.

Impact of Intellectual Property Rights on Activity of Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions

We study the impact of the IPR (intellectual property rights) protection in the target and acquirer countries on the intensity of inbound cross-border M&As (mergers and acquisitions) in the target countries on a sample of 509,216 cross-border and domestic M&As in 64 developed and developing countries over 1985-2017. Our results show that better IPR protection in the target countries has a positive impact on M&A activity for the targets from the emerging and developed markets. We also find an inversed U-shaped relationship between the IPR protection in target countries and cross-border M&A activity at the post-TRIPS period after the global increase in IPR protection. Our results also show that developed acquires make less cross-border M&A deals when IPR protection improves in their own countries. The opposite happens when IPR protection improves in the countries of the emerging acquirers, which acquire the targets from the developed countries. IPR protection in the emerging targets motivates developed acquirers to make more international M&A deals, while the opposite happens when the developed acquirers would like to purchase targets from the developed markets.

Reverse engineering as a driver to enhance productivity and technological capability of manufacturing firms in developing countries: a literature review

This research deals with the role of reverse engineering (RE) in enhancing productivity (product quality and processing time improvements) and technological capability (TC). Using a systematic reviewing approach, the authors investigated and raised novel debating concepts, i.e., the controversy between advocates and opponents concerning the role of RE and the legality issues. The review process revealed the absence of a holistic definition that can address the state-of-the-art, and the impact of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) to adopt RE practice. The researchers believe that the new definition of RE is helpful to understand the comprehensive role of the practice and to fill the knowledge gap by convincing opponents about RE not as theft but as a driver to transfer knowledge and technology. The research also recommends how the bottlenecks on the legality issues can be resolved through the revision of IPRs from the context of developing countries (DCs).

The impact of intellectual property protection on imports : a comparison between OECD and non-OECD member countries

지식재산권보호가 무역에 미치는 영향은 시장확대효과(market expansion effect)와 시장지배력효과(market power effect)의 두 가지로 나눌 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 전세계 122개국가를 대상으로 지식재산권보호가 수입에 미치는 영향을 실증분석하였다. 분석연도는 2000년, 2005년, 2010년, 2015년이며, 전체국가를 OECD 회원국과 비OECD 회원국으로 구분하여 지식재산권의 보호효과에 차이가 있는지도 살펴보았다. 분석결과 전체국가를 대상으로 하였을 때는 국가의 지식재산권 보호의 수준이 높을수록 수입에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 지식재산권의 보호가 무역에 미치는 시장확대효과를 지지하는 것으로 나타났다. 국가의 규모(GDP), 개방도, R&D집중도를 모형에 추가하여 분석한 결과 국가의 규모와 개방도는 무역에 유의한 양의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 R&D집중도의 영향은 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 효과는 OECD 회원국을 대상으로 했을 때 더욱 분명하게 나타나며, 비 OECD 회원국의 경우 지식재산권이 무역에 미치는 영향은 확실하지 않다. 또한 OECD회원국을 대상으로 규모(GDP)와 개방도와 R&D집중도 변수를 추가하여 분석한 결과 이들 변수는 모두 수입에 유의한 양의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.The impact of intellectual property right(IPR) protection on trade can be divided into two categories: the market expansion effect and the market power effect. This study empirically analyzed the impact of IPR protection on imports in 122 countries. The years of analysis are 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. We also examined whether there are differences in the protection effect of IPRs between OECD and non-OECD member countries. As a result of the analysis for all countries, the higher the level of national IPR protection, the more positive the impact on imports, thus supporting the market expansion effect of IPR protection on trade. As a result of analyzing the country s size(GDP), openness, and R&D intensity by adding it to the model, it was found that the country s size and openness had a significant effect on trade, but the effect of R&D intensity was not significant. This effect is more evident in OECD member countries, and the impact of intellectual property rights on trade in non-OECD member countries is unclear. In addition, as a result of analyzing the scale(GDP), degree of openness, and R&D intensity in OECD member countries, it was found that all of these variables had a significant positive effect on imports.

Patents, trade secrets and international technology transfer

I study the impact of intellectual property rights on foreign direct investment and technology transfer in developing countries. I find that strengthening patent protection may stimulate foreign investment, but fails to encourage technology transfer. In contrast, strengthening trade secret protection may achieve both goals. These findings suggest that the standard approach to modeling intellectual property rights in terms of a single dimension obscures important differences in the effect of individual aspects of intellectual property law.

A Case Study on Applicability of Intellectual Property Rights to the Traditional Medical Systems of Asia and Africa

Today with an ever increasing population, and the recent Pandemic of COVID-19 still in force throughout the world, agricultural innovation is getting vital in order to increase the productivity and secure the global food supply but agriculture research and development is always a costly affair and while previously it was undertaken mainly by public sector, today the private sector is adopting the work of Research & Development specifically in the area of biotechnology. Thereafter we see that in the modern world in both the developed and developing countries use of herbal medicines, phytonutrients and nutraceuticals are expanding rapidly as many persons are resorting to these products for treatment of various health problems within various national healthcare settings but many of these products have remained untested and their use are also not monitored which has caused problems in acquiring proper knowledge of the adverse effects of these medicines and therapies used, creating safety related issues for the persons who are using them along with causing obstacles in proper promotion of these products and methods throughout the world. Intellectual Property (IP) refers to the creations of mind such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols, names and images and these are protected by laws like Patents, Copyrights, trademarks etc, which enable people to earn recognition or financial benefits from what they invent or create. Previously machines were considered for invention or artistic creations and were protected by the Intellectual Property Rights and the assignment of IPRs to living things is relatively a recent phenomenon in the developed countries but today agriculture is seen as an industry that cannot survive without research, development and investments. This situation made it necessary to extend protections of IPRs in all its forms to the agriculture sector also. Then we see that recently not only Ayurveda of India but also other Traditional medical systems of Africa and South America has also started getting recognitions throughout the world as a rationale system of medicine and so it is absolutely necessary to understand the concept, rules, regulations, present status, controlling authorities of Intellectual Property Rights to protect and promote the ideas about these types of treatments and medicines and make them acceptable throughout the world without any constraints for the development of the developing and underdeveloped countries of the Asia, Africa and South American continents . In this paper we will study the impact of Intellectual Property Rights on the traditional medical treatment systems of continents of Asia, Africa and will try to examine how Intellectual Property Rights can be applied to protect and increase the production of medicines developed from medicinal herbs in the developing and underdeveloped countries of Asia and African countries along with a special reference to India. This study has been casual, exploratory and empirical in nature and the data needed for research work has been collected by using both direct and indirect methods of data collection..

The impact of intellectual property rights on labor productivity: do constitutions matter?

AbstractFocusing on a sample of 22 industries and 22 OECD countries and controlling for a full set of year-, industry-, and country fixed effects (and their interactions), we first show that intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection, by means of both constitutional provisions and ordinary laws, is positively associated with the dynamics industry-level labor productivity. Disentangling the impact of constitutional provisions from that of ordinary laws, we then show that constitutional provisions protecting IPRs positively affect the differential in labor productivity between high and low R&D intensive industries. This effect is driven by the mutually reinforcing impact of constitutional IPRs protection and R&D investment in the high R&D intensive industries. Furthermore, the impact of constitutions appears to be stronger in those countries where IPRs protection by ordinary laws is weaker.

Islamic Finance as a Vehicle to Promote Improved Intellectual Property Rights in the Gulf Cooperation Council

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to assess how Islamic finance can act as a vehicle to enhance the current intellectual property rights regime in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Islamic finance has developed within the constraints of sharia law and has been a growth sector for the GCC. This article will identify the main principles of Islamic finance that contribute to the success of Islamic finance, which can enhance intellectual property protection in the GCC. The main sharia-compliant areas to be considered are musharaka, mudaraba, murabaha, takaful, istisna, ijara, salam and sukuk. The article will outline the founding principles of Islamic finance, the governance of sharia boards, development of Islamic finance in the individual GCC states, different frameworks of sharia-compliant investment products and the impact of intellectual property rights on the varying Islamic finance investment tools. Furthermore, the article will discuss an integrated approach to intellectual property rights which learns lessons from the Islamic finance sector in relation to infrastructure, regulation and sharia compliance. The lessons learnt from Islamic finance will inform the overall framework of recommendations for an Islamic intellectual property model. The use of Islamic finance as a vehicle to promote better intellectual property rights in terms of defining a new intellectual property approach is novel. It is aimed at spearheading further research in this area, and it will form a part of the overall integrated approach proposals to intellectual property protection in the GCC and beyond.

DYNAMIC PANEL DATA ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN EMERGING AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Entrepreneurship is considered as a key driver of economic growth and development. That is why, scholarly contributions have set out to identify its national determinants. In the present study, we aim to shed some light on to how the institutional framework affects the entrepreneurship levels, by focusing on emerging and developing countries. More specifically, this study examines the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) on entrepreneurship in emerging and developing countries. This issue is becoming increasingly important, especially in the context of developing countries which adhere to the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS). Further to this agreement, all member countries of the world trade organization are required to achieve high standards of IPR. From the theoretical analysis, it appears that the impact of IPR on innovative entrepreneurs is positive, while their impact on imitators is more ambiguous. To empirically test these hypotheses, we apply a System Generalized Method of Moments (System GMM) technique on a panel of 28 countries during the period 2005-2012. The entrepreneurship level is measured by the new business entry density while the protection degree of intellectual property rights is measured by the IPR index of World Economic Forum. The findings show a non-significant effect of IPR on new business entry. We conclude that the intellectual property rights are not an effective tool of industrial policy in emerging and developing countries. Governments should rely on other factors in order to spur entrepreneurship.

Intellectual property rights, social values, and innovation: a cross-country simultaneous equations model

ABSTRACT The WTO-led globalization is often believed to be the era of transfer and homogenization of the so-called ‘Global Standard Institutions’ (GSI). The institution of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is a case in point, where various trade treaties have persuaded countries to homogenize the IPR laws, purportedly, to boost technological change and innovation. Such enthusiasm to homogenize the international policy space, however, is often at odds with the conjectures made by the scholars on institutions, who suggest that transfer of institutions across societies are burdened with problems of incompatibilities with other existing institutions, social values and historical, country-specific contingencies. Moreover, academic scholarship is divided on the relationship between IPR and innovations. This paper uses cross-country simultaneous equation estimations to analyze the two-way relationships between IPR, its underlying social values, historical-political contingencies, and innovation. Taking into consideration both technological and non-technological innovation, our results suggest that the impact of IPR on innovation dynamics of a country is neither one-way nor linear. Besides, various social values and historical contingencies seem to have a complex relationship with, and consequence on, the dynamics of innovation and IPR. The results suggest the need for interlinking development policies with the policies for innovations.

Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerinde Fikri Mülkiyet Haklarının Etkisi: Ampirik Bir İnceleme

Bu araştırmanın amacı, fikri mülkiyet haklarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda geliştirilen hipotez panel veri analiz yöntemiyle test edilmiştir. Araştırma, 35 gelişmiş-54 gelişmekte olan ülkeyi ve 1996-2010 dönemini içermektedir. Araştırmanın analiz bulgularına göre; fikri mülkiyet haklarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi, ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyine göre farklılık göstermektedir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde fikri mülkiyet hakları ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı bir etkiye sahipken, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde fikri mülkiyet haklarının ekonomik büyüme üzerinde istatistiki olarak anlamlı herhangi bir etkisi tespit edilememiştir. Bu sonuçlar, uluslararası anlaşma ve sözleşmelerle ülkelerin fikri mülkiyet haklarını belli bir standart içerisinde uyumlaştırırken, ekonomik büyümeye etkilerinin farklılaştırdığını göstermesi açısından son derece önemlidir.