Impact Of Industrial Processes Research Articles

Influence of Industrial Processing on Physiochemical Characteristics of Soybean Oil and Deodorizer Distillates

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of industrial processing (neutralization/degumming, bleaching, and deodorization) on physicochemical characteristics of soybean oil and soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SBO-DD) collected from two different industries. The substantial impact of processing was observed on all physicochemical parameters except the iodine value (IV) and saponification value (SV). Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analytical techniques were used for the quantification of individual fatty acids, sterols, and 3-monochloropropane diol (3-MCPD) ester. Among the fatty acids, palmitic and linoleic acids were present at higher concentrations in all processing stages. Among sterols, β-sitosterol was found to be higher (25.65 and#181;g/g) in crude soybean oil and reduced to 16.44 and#181;g/g after processing till the final deodorization stage. 3-MCPD ester was developed during the neutralization/degumming process and further increased during bleaching and deodorization up to 315 and#181;g/kg, respectively. SBO-DD was found to be a rich source of total and individual sterols as compared to crude or processed soybean oil. High free fatty acid (FFA) level in deodorizer distillate indicated that SBO-DD is a potential source of biodiesel production.

Influence of Industrial Processing on Physiochemical Characteristics of Soybean Oil and Deodorizer Distillates

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of industrial processing (neutralization/degumming, bleaching, and deodorization) on physicochemical characteristics of soybean oil and soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SBO-DD) collected from two different industries. The substantial impact of processing was observed on all physicochemical parameters except the iodine value (IV) and saponification value (SV). Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analytical techniques were used for the quantification of individual fatty acids, sterols, and 3-monochloropropane diol (3-MCPD) ester. Among the fatty acids, palmitic and linoleic acids were present at higher concentrations in all processing stages. Among sterols, β-sitosterol was found to be higher (25.65 and#181;g/g) in crude soybean oil and reduced to 16.44 and#181;g/g after processing till the final deodorization stage. 3-MCPD ester was developed during the neutralization/degumming process and further increased during bleaching and deodorization up to 315 and#181;g/kg, respectively. SBO-DD was found to be a rich source of total and individual sterols as compared to crude or processed soybean oil. High free fatty acid (FFA) level in deodorizer distillate indicated that SBO-DD is a potential source of biodiesel production.

Quality assessment and safety measurement of different industrial processing stages of soybean oil

The impact of industrial processing on physical and chemical properties as well as fatty acid composition of soybean oil (SBO) was analyzed. These physicochemical parameters were tested by standard (IUPAC and AOCS) methods. The observed results of physical properties showed that, at some stages in neutralization, bleaching and deodorization of crude SBO, the value of the freezing point, color, moisture content and smoke point greatly decreased whereas a slight reduction in refractive index was obtained. Likewise, in the instance of chemical parameters, saponification value, free fatty acids, peroxide value and iodine value were decreased from 177.0 to 176.1 mg KOH/g oil, 1.26 to 0.05%, 3.5 to 1.8 mEq O 2 /kg oil and 125.0 to 124.1 g I 2 /100g of oil, correspondingly. Refining processing did not obtain major impact on the fatty acid composition. During chemical neutralization step, soap contents were generated. Consequently, soap content was reduced from 61.0 to 15.2 ppm in bleaching and deodorization stages. Additionally, this study indicates that overall deodorization step has significant influence on physicochemical parameters to enhance the quality, stability and safety measurement of soybean oil.

The Impact of Industrial Process Viewed from Side of Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation in Surface Sediments of a Watershed

The Impact of Industrial Process Viewed from Side of Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation in Surface Sediments of a Watershed

The Impacts of Industrial Processing of Oil on Soil Quality

Soil, the one of the main components of the environment, is constantly subjected to the action of pollutants existing both in air and water from rainfall and also in groundwater. Soil pollution recorded in the current stage varying degrees of contamination in relation to the demands manifested, chemical contamination occupying a preferential place being pronounced across the globe, regardless of zone. In view of the above purposes, the paper aims to highlight the impact of industrial processing of oil activity on soil quality, near a chemical plant in Constanta County.

The impact of industrial processing on health-beneficial tomato microconstituents

The effect of industrial processing was investigated on the stability of tomato carotenoids, phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid. A deep insight in the processed products allowed the quantification of caffeic acid hexosides, which are far more important contributors than the well-known chlorogenic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acids and quercetin oligosaccharides (new feruloyl, sinapoyl and syringoyl derivatives of quercetin apiosylrhamnosylglucoside). (E)-β-Carotene and (E)-lycopene were also quantified along with different mono- and di-(Z)-isomers of lycopene which were tentatively assigned. Processing of fresh tomato into paste had an overall positive effect on the contents in phenolic compounds, no effect on lycopene and a slight and high detrimental effect on β-carotene and ascorbic acid, respectively. The balance between the increase in tomato matrix extractability and microconstituent catabolism was further observed in two contrasted transformations of paste into sauce. Overall, the nutritional quality of tomato-processed products, except for ascorbic acid, is mainly preserved through manufacture.

Impact of industrial processing and storage on major polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity of tropical highland blackberry (Rubus adenotrichus)

Critical steps of a typical industrial line for processing a blackberry-based beverage in glass bottles have been studied, together with the effects of storage of final product at four different temperatures. For the steps, contents of total phenolics, anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and minor phenolic compounds were assessed by HPLC-DAD and antioxidant capacity by H-ORAC and DPPH. Thermal processes, especially blanching, drastically reduced anthocyanins, whereas hot-filling degraded ellagitannins. The final product showed reduced values for the anthocyanins cyanidin-3-glucoside (by 52%) and cyanidin-3-malonyl glucoside (64%), and ellagitannins lambertianin C (80%), and sanguiin H-6 (50%). Antioxidant capacity (H-ORAC) dropped by almost 47%. The anthocyanins and ellagitannins continued degrading during storage, especially if temperatures were high. Reduction kinetic parameters during storage were estimated for anthocyanins and, for the first time, for both lambertianin C and sanguiin H-6.

Chromium content in different kinds of Spanish infant formulae and estimation of dietary intake by infants fed on reconstituted powder formulae

Chromium is well documented as an essential element for humans. Trivalent chromium, the main chemical form found in foods, is essential for maintaining normal glucose metabolism. Owing to analytical difficulties, several literature reports of chromium content of foods, especially for the lower levels, show large variability and should be interpreted with caution. Zeeman background correction, transversely heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the chromium content of 104 different infant formulae (cow's milk and soy protein based) marketed in Spain following an acid-digestion sample preparation procedure in a closed, pressurized and microwave digestion unit. The mean and range of chromium values, regarding types and main protein-based infant formulae are presented. Additionally, the influence of the type of container used, the impact of industrial process from different manufacturers and the physical state (powder and liquid formulae) on chromium levels is also discussed. In general, the infant formulae contain a higher chromium concentration than that found in human milk (reference range: 0.20–8.18 µg l−1), particularly in the case of hypoallergenic (18.16 ± 7.89 µg l−1), lactose-free (11.37 ± 3.07 µg l−1), pre-term (11.48 ± 3.15 µg l−1) and soya (10.43 ± 4.05 µg l−1) formulae. The maximum theoretical estimated intake of infants fed on the studied formulae was lower than the upper limit safety for trivalent chromium of 1 mg kg−1 (14 µg kg−1 b.w. day−1) recommended by the experts of Council for Responsible Nutrition (Hathcock 2004; available at: http://crnusa.org/safety.html), amounting to about 10, 15–18 and 26% of the standard (adapted and follow-up) and toddler, soya, lactose-free and pre-term, and hypoallergenic formulae, respectively. Therefore, manufacturers are called upon to make continued efforts to routinely monitor chromium levels, particularly for specialised and pre-term formulae, and at the same time, might consider the inclusion of labelling the levels of chromium at least in these complex formulations.

Teaching the Environmental Impact of Industrial Processes

Concerns about the environmental impact of industrial processes will likely continue to increase in the future as global population grows, the demand for engineering-related goods and services expands, and economic development increases. In this paper, a recently developed course on the environmental impact of industrial processes is described, which is suitable for engineers in mechanical and other engineering fields and for others working in industry and technology. The course concerns such topics as industry—environmental interactions, industrial ecology, environmental concerns, life-cycle assessment, industrial process residues and design for environment. Two comprehensive case studies and a major student project are included in the course. The course has been offered twice. Based on the feedback received, the course has been successful in meeting its objectives of increasing student knowledge and appreciation of the environmental impact of industrial processes, and has been considered worthwhile by students.

Process synthesis and optimisation tools for environmental design: methodology and structure

Process design requires the simultaneous satisfaction of environmental, economic and social goals. This invariably requires some trade off between these objectives. The challenge for process design engineers is to develop synthesis and analysis tools, which support this requirement. Process System Engineering (PSE) techniques for multiple objective optimisation have to date focused typically on the optimisation of cost versus the potential for waste minimisation, with the recent inclusion of operability issues. The incorporation of environmental sensitivity into PSE approaches has been less than satisfactory. Much of this stems from the (seeming) difficulty in translating process information to environmental objectives. It is our argument that life cycle assessment (LCA), a methodology for quantifying the full ‘cradle-to-grave’ impact of industrial processes, can be used to assist in developing environmental objectives for process design and analysis. In this paper, we resrict our analysis to the multiple objective optimisation of environmental and economic objectives. Our approach is demonstrated for the case study of a nitric acid plant, modeled using Hysys ©. The general approach entails the transfer of mass and energy information from the Hysys © model to the optimisation algorithm. Environmental objectives, based on the Hysys © model, are formulated first using a life cycle assessment toolbox. The multi-objective formulation of the process combines economic objectives with the LCA-based environmental objectives. The optimiser routine uses goal programming to identify the Pareto surface of non inferior solutions for this situation, thereby making explicit what trade-off between economic and environmental objectives results from any preferred operating condition.

Groundwater issues in the Potomac River Basin

Great strides have been made by the states of Maryland and Pennsylvania, along with the Commonwealth of Virginia and the District of Columbia, in protecting water quality in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Since these entities joined forces in a renewed effort to protect water quality in the Chesapeake Bay area, a number of useful programs have been established and public awareness has been raised.The Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers and several regional co‐sponsors presented Ground Water Issues and Solutions in the Potomac River Basin/Chesapeake Bay Region Conference March 14 at George Washington University, Washington, D.C., to provide insight into groundwater‐related issues. Attendance at the conference included 150 groundwater professionals from state, county and private agencies, along with a significant number of students from area universities. More than 30 papers were presented dealing with research projects and field studies. Topics included geohydrologic relationships, groundwater quality impacts, impact of industrial processes on groundwater quality, saltwater intrusion, groundwater protection in the Chesapeake Bay area, land‐use impacts on groundwater quality, groundwater modeling, groundwater withdrawals, and policy issues. In addition to the technical sessions, a debate of “How clean is clean?” was held.