Impact Of Exercise Intervention Research Articles

Abstract B079: Impact of exercise interventions on mental and physical health outcomes among Black breast cancer survivors: A systematic review

Abstract This review aims to identify and characterize physical activity interventions developed to address mental and physical health outcomes among Black breast cancer (BC) survivors. Over 3.8 million BC survivors in the U.S. may experience physical, psychological, and functional symptoms that alter their ability to engage in physical activity. Physical activity for BC survivors is well recognized for managing these cancer-related symptoms and improving quality of life. However, physical inactivity is a public health problem among Black women with BC. Black women experience a 41% higher mortality rate and worse outcomes across all stages of BC than any other racial/ethnic group due to many factors, including psychosocial stressors and disproportionate socioeconomic disadvantages. More research is needed to understand barriers and facilitators among Black BC survivors to engage in physical activity, specifically posttreatment, and to decrease BC disparities. A systematic review was deemed appropriate, and the keywords “breast cancer AND black women AND exercise” were searched using the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycINFO as of May 2024. Studies were selected based on inclusion/exclusion criteria using two reviewers. This review included 19 studies (n=8 descriptive and n=11 experimental) involving 9,691 breast cancer patients, focusing on the mental and physical health outcomes associated with physical activity among Black women. Findings indicate that Black women generally do not meet physical activity guidelines, exhibit lower physical functioning, higher body mass index (BMI), and often live with multimorbidity. Studies were categorized into physical health (BMI, lymphedema, fatigue, muscle strength, physical function, diet, and comorbidities) and mental health (quality of life, emotional well-being, social support, and negative mood). Exercise interventions demonstrated potential for improving physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscle strength, with mixed results on quality of life (QOL) and fatigue. Significant associations were found between higher physical activity levels and QOL (n=7). Physical health-related findings included significant associations between physical activity and improved BMI (n=2), decreased lymphedema (n=2), and weight loss (n=1). However, four out of six studies focusing on BMI reported no significant associations with physical activity. An 8-week moderate-intensity exercise intervention led to marginal reductions in fatigue and slight improvements in QOL (P = 0.06) compared to baseline. A high prevalence of obesity, physical inactivity, and suboptimal adherence to physical activity among Black BC survivors from this systematic review highlight the need to develop culturally tailored physical activity interventions to address this public health issue. Specifically, more studies are needed to incorporate more goal setting, motivational techniques, and access to physical/psychosocial resources that address barriers and enhance facilitators to long-term exercise adherence. Citation Format: Sabrina M. Guillen, Lakeshia Cousin. Impact of exercise interventions on mental and physical health outcomes among Black breast cancer survivors: A systematic review [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr B079.

Effects of Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance on Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Scores in Adults with Overweight and Obesity.

Background: An elevated lipoprotein insulin resistance (LP-IR) score corresponds to insulin resistance in adults with overweight and obesity, yet data are lacking regarding the impact of exercise interventions on LP-IR. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to evaluate the effects of a weight loss and weight maintenance intervention on LP-IR score in adults with overweight and obesity. Methods: Thirty sedentary adults with overweight and obesity completed a 10-week OPTIFAST® weight loss program with supervised aerobic exercise to achieve clinical weight loss (CWL) (≥7% from baseline). Aerobic exercise volume increased weekly until 700 MET min/week was reached. Participants who reached CWL were randomized to groups at volumes at either physical activity (PA-REC) or weight maintenance (WM-REC) recommendations (weeks 11-28). Plasma blood samples were analyzed via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at baseline, after weight loss (week 10), and following weight maintenance (week 28). Results: Following the weight loss phase, on average, participants significantly (p < 0.001) reduced LP-IR score (-12.1 ± 13.5), body weight (-8.9 ± 2.7%), and waist circumference (-7.7 ± 4.1 cm). During the weight maintenance phase, there were no changes in LP-IR score between exercise groups (PA-REC: 4.1 ± 13.6; WM-REC: -2.0 ± 11.2; P = 0.7). The PA-REC group had improvements in LP-IR score from baseline (49.8 ± 24.6 to 36.6 ± 27.6, P < 0.001), yet there were no within-group changes during the weight maintenance phase (P > 0.05). Conclusion: LP-IR score improved during weight loss in adults with overweight and obesity and were sustained during the weight maintenance phase in the PA-REC group. Aerobic exercise at least at minimum guidelines following CWL can preserve LP-IR score improvements and may indicate a reduced T2DM risk in adults with overweight and obesity.

The impact of exercise intervention on social interaction in children with autism: a network meta-analysis.

Extensive research has documented the positive impacts of physical activity on children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). However, the specific benefits of various sports on the social functioning of children with ASD remain ambiguous. This study aims to employ a network meta-analysis to investigate the effects of different sports on the social functioning of children and adolescents with ASD and to establish a ranking of their effectiveness. This study conducted a comprehensive online search across Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases for randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies focusing on social functioning outcomes. Data were synthesized using a Bayesian framework. Sixteen relevant studies encompassing 560 participants were included. According to Cohen's classification, mini-basketball (SMD = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.46, 1.20), SPARK (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.06, 1.70), and Karate (SMD = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.27, 2.00) demonstrated high effect sizes, with Karate identified as the most effective intervention. Conversely, Combined Exercise and Nei Yang Gong interventions exhibited the least significant effects, falling below small effect sizes. Physical activity interventions have been shown to enhance social functioning in children and adolescents with ASD to varying extents, with Karate emerging as the most efficacious.

Impact of Exercise Interventions on Hospitalized Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The Role of Comorbidities in Clinical Outcomes.

Impact of Exercise Interventions on Hospitalized Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The Role of Comorbidities in Clinical Outcomes.

Impact of Exercise Interventions on Sustained Brain Health Outcomes in Frail Older Individuals: A Comprehensive Review of Systematic Reviews.

Several systematic review studies highlight exercise's positive impact on brain health outcomes for frail individuals. This study adopts a Comprehensive Review of reviews (CRs) approach to amalgamate data from existing reviews, focusing on exercise's influence on brain health outcomes in older frail and pre-frail adults. The methodology involves a thorough search of Portuguese, Spanish, and English-indexed databases (i.e., Ebsco Health, Scielo, ERIC, LILACS, Medline, Web of Science, SportDiscus) from 1990 to 2022, with the AMSTAR-2 tool assessing evidence robustness. The search terms "physical exercise", "elderly frail", and "systematic review" were employed. Results: Out of 12 systematically reviewed studies, four presented high-quality (with metanalyses), while eight exhibit critically low quality. Positive trends emerge in specific cognitive and neuromotor aspects, yet challenges persist in psychosocial domains, complex cognitive tasks, and ADL outcomes. This study yields reasonable and promising evidence regarding exercise's influence on quality of life and depression in frail older individuals. However, the impact on biochemical markers remains inconclusive, emphasizing the need for standardized methodologies. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of acknowledging methodological nuances for clinicians and policymakers when translating these results into impactful interventions for aging populations. This emphasizes the necessity for a comprehensive and customized approach to exercise interventions aimed at fostering the sustainability of overall well-being in older individuals, aligning with United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.

Physical function in children/adolescents with chronic kidney disease and the impact of exercise intervention: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionImpaired physical function is relatively common in children/adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting not only patients’ daily lives but also the efficiency of later treatment and rehabilitation. Exercise is...

Impact of exercise interventions on quality of life and depression in lung cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Depression is also a common concern for lung cancer patients and is of concern because it negatively impacts overall well-being. This study summarizes the existing literature on the impact of exercise interventions on quality of life and depression in patients diagnosed with lung cancer. A systematic search of electronic databases was performed to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of exercise interventions on depression and quality of life in patients with lung cancer. Two evaluators collected information from the chosen studies utilizing a standardized data extraction form. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Nine RCTs were included in the meta-analysis, with 798 participants. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) for the effect of exercise interventions on depression was -0.60, representing a statistically significant reduction in depression levels following exercise interventions (p < 0.001). The pooled SMD for the effect of exercise interventions on quality of life was 0.61, indicating a statistically significant association between quality of life and exercise interventions (p < 0.001). There is evidence that exercise may benefit the mental health of individuals with lung cancer, including improvements in depression symptoms and quality of life, based on the intervention studies reviewed here. Given the heterogeneity in findings, however, additional randomized controlled trials are needed to augment the existing findings. Nevertheless, there appears to be sufficient evidence for now to encourage primary care physicians to recommend exercise for patients with lung cancer, while offering guidelines on how to gradually and safely increase physical activity depending on the patient's health status.

The Impact of Nordic Pole Walk Advice Alone or in Combination with Exercise Strategies on Daily Physical Activity in Patients with Intermittent Claudication. A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The impact of exercise interventions on physical activity remains undetermined in intermittent claudication, which is why it is important to include objectively measured physical activity as an additional endpoint. The aim of this pre-specified secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial was to investigate the impact of unsupervised Nordic pole walk advice (WA) alone or in combination with hospital-based supervised exercise (SEP) or home-based structured exercise (HSEP) on physical activity inpatients with intermittent claudication. In total, 166 patients with intermittent claudication (mean age = 72 [SD = 7.4] y; 41% women) were randomized to 3 intermittent claudication-treatment strategies: WA, WA + SEP, or WA + HSEP. All patients received Nordic poles and standardized WA (≥30min, 3 times weekly). Patients randomized to HSEP and SEP accepted participation in an additional 6-months exercise program. Physical activity was measured with an accelerometer-based activPAL3 monitor for 7days at baseline and 3, 6, and 12months. Physical activity outcomes were steps per day, time spent within a stepping cadence ≥100 steps per minute, time spent upright, number of body transitions from sitting to standing, and number of sitting bouts of >30minutes and > 60minutes. At 1year, no intergroup differences were observed in any of the physical activity variables, whereas significant intergroup differences were observed at 3months regarding time spent within a stepping time cadence ≥100 steps per minute. The mean change for HSEP (2.47 [SD = 10.85] min) was significantly different from the mean change for WA (-3.20 [SD = 6.24] min). At 6months, the number of sitting bouts (>60min) for SEP was significantly different from WA (mean change = 0.24 [SD = 0.69] versus -0.23 [SD = 0.81]). This study indicates that the addition of 6months of HSEP or SEP does not improve physical activity at 1year, as compared to unsupervised WA alone. Factors of importance for increasing physical activity in patients with intermittent claudication require further investigation. At the 1-year follow-up, the addition of intermittent claudication-tailored additional exercise strategies did not improve daily physical activity in patients with intermittent claudication compared with unsupervised Nordic pole walk advice alone. Future studies may explore the role of behavior change techniques to increase physical activity in this patient group.

#5042 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SARCOPAENIA, CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AND HABITUAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS ON HAEMODIALYSIS

Abstract Background and Aims Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) show skeletal muscle abnormalities such as sarcopenia (presence of low muscle mass, strength, and physical performance). Severe sarcopenia and its components are associated with poor clinical outcomes, decreased quality of life (QoL), and mortality. The direction of the relationships between sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease are less clear as are the impact of exercise interventions in patients with severe sarcopenia. Method This is a post-hoc analysis of the CYCLE-HD study, which was a randomised controlled trial assessing the effects of a 6-month structured intradialytic cycling intervention on cardiovascular health in those on haemodialysis. Presence of sarcopenia was established using the European Working Group of Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) definition. A cut off of &amp;lt;17.5 kg/m2 in men and &amp;lt;14.5 kg/m2 in women were used for fat free mass to establish muscle quantity using bioimpedance. The cut off of 15 seconds on the sit to stand 5 tests was used to establish muscle strength and a score of ≤8 on the short physical performance battery was used to assess physical performance. If all three criteria were met, severe sarcopenia was confirmed. Accelerometery assessed habitual physical activity (PA) and the general practice physical activity questionnaire assessed self-reported PA. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measured left ventricular mass, pulse wave velocity, and global native T1 mapping (measure of myocardial fibrosis). Mann - Whitney U or unpaired t-tests explored differences in cardiac MRI, and physical activity (PA) outcomes between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients. Linear regressions were used to investigate whether sarcopenia or its components predict cardiovascular health, and habitual PA outcomes cross-sectionally at baseline and following the 6-month programme of intradialytic exercise. Multinomial regressions were used to explore if sarcopenia or its components predicted self-reported PA. Results 130 patients (57 [±15] years, 95 [73.08%] male) were included in the analysis of whom 65 patients underwent the intradialytic cycling intervention. 31 (23.85%) patients had severe sarcopenia. 107(82.31%) had low muscle mass, 92(70.77%) had low strength, and 48 (36.92%) had low physical performance. Severe sarcopenia was a significant predictor for self-reported PA status (p = .042, Pseudo R2 = 0.043) at baseline but not for any other outcomes. However, low muscle mass was a significant predictor for LV mass (p = .014, R2 = 0.04, Β = -6.76). Low muscle strength was a significant predictor for higher pulse wave velocity (p = .010, R2 = 0.056, Β = 2.57) and global native T1 (p = .001, R2 = 0.091, Β = 26.79). Low fat mass (p = .005, R2 = 0.07, Β = -2198.63) and physical performance were significant predictors for mean steps (p&amp;lt;.001, R2 = 0.12, Β = -209.16). Baseline severe sarcopenia or its components were not predictors for cardiovascular or habitual PA changes following intradialytic exercise. Conclusion Severe sarcopenia was present in nearly quarter of the participants, but the majority showed at least one muscle health related abnormality (low muscle mass, strength or physical performance). These markers of sarcopenia showed associations with habitual PA and structural markers of cardiovascular disease. However, the presence of sarcopenia may not limit the benefits offered by intradialytic exercise. Patients with sarcopenic traits should be encouraged to participate in appropriate interventions to improve health and wellbeing.

The impact of an exercise intervention using low-cost equipment on functional fitness in the community-dwelling older adults: A pilot study.

Exercise interventions have shown significant improvements in the older adult population regarding functional and cognitive capacity. However, much research has applied exercise protocols that are expensive both for research and participation. Thus, high investments that are made are currently not ecologically efficient. The aim of the study was to determine whether the impact of a 20-week multicomponent exercise intervention using low-cost material could improve physical fitness in community-dwelling older adults. We tested the feasibility of this three times per week exercise protocol using an inclusive approach. Eligibility criteria included age ≥65years, the ability to stand and walk with or without assistive devices, being physically inactive; medical clearance, and living in the community. Outcomes were muscle resistance measured using the chair-stand test for lower limbs, cardiorespiratory capacity measured using the 6-min walk test, and agility and balance using the Timed-up and Go test. Flexibility was measured using the chair sit and reach for lower limbs and the back scratch for upper limbs using the dominant leg and arm, respectively. Hand grip strength was measured using a dynamometer. Thirty participants (n = 30) were recruited and included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The mean age of participants was 70years (±3.62years), 100% were Caucasians, and 50% were female. There was a significant trend toward a clinically important improvement in the chair-stand (t = -5.23; p < 0.001; d = 0.36), arm curl (t = -5.21; p < 0.001; d = 0.74), 6-min walk test (t = -4.69; p = <0.001; d = 0.77), timed-up and go test (t = 8.788; p < 0.001; d = 1.18), and hand grip strength (t = 2.846; p = 0.009; d = 0.23). There were also differences in the back scratch (t = 2.243; p = 0.035; d = 0.29) and chair sit and reach test (t = -3.380; p < 0.001; d = 0.15). This pilot study has provided preliminary evidence that a 20-week community-based low-cost exercise program may be effective in improving overall functional fitness in older people. The pilot trial has provided the necessary data to design future randomized-controlled trials that can be implemented in the community in an ecological feasible manner.

Abstract 5260: Association between physical activity interventions after a genitourinary cancer diagnosis and incidences of depression and anxiety: A scoping study

Abstract Background: Symptoms of depression and anxiety are common among cancer patients. Physical activity interventions have been conducted to improve psychological outcomes in cancer patients. Our goal with this scoping review was to synthesize evidence on the association of exercise interventions on depression and anxiety symptom presentation among men diagnosed with a genitourinary cancer. Methods: We undertook a structured search of PubMed and Embase databases to identify physical activity interventional studies (randomized and non-randomized) and depression or anxiety among male genitourinary cancer patients. Study inclusion criteria included: studies must have been interventional, within a population of male genitourinary cancer patients (prostate, bladder, kidney, testicular), with reported quantitative measures of depression or anxiety, separately for individual cancer sites and males for non-male-specific cancer sites. Using these criteria, records underwent a first-stage title-and-abstract screen followed by a second-stage full-text screen. Records meeting all eligibility criteria were included. Following standardized data extraction, data were synthesized in narrative format. All study procedures were performed by two reviewers, with conflicts resolved by consensus. Results: The search yielded 1,465 records. Following screening, 22 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the synthesis. Of the outcomes of interest, 21 studies assessed depression (20 prostate and 1 testicular cancer), 16 studies assessed anxiety (15 prostate and 1 testicular cancer), and 1 study assessed depression and anxiety combined (prostate cancer). No trials in kidney or bladder cancer met eligibility criteria. Exercise interventions in included trials ranged from high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to stretching-based practices. The included testicular cancer study found a non-significant between-group decrease in depression (effect = -0.2) and anxiety (effect = -1.6) scores following HIIT intervention. Nearly all studies in prostate cancer found improvements following the exercise intervention, several with statistically significant results. Of note, the results from 2 Qigong exercise interventions reported promising therapeutic benefits, with one study reporting a significant decrease in anxiety from baseline comparing Qigong vs stretching control interventions (p=0.003); results were non-significant for depression (p=0.09). Conclusion: Available evidence demonstrates suggests a beneficial impact of exercise interventions on reducing depression and anxiety symptoms in men with genitourinary cancer. More research is needed on the role of exercise interventions on psychological condition reporting in patients of kidney, bladder, and rarer genitourinary cancers. Citation Format: Sydney Grob, Colleen B. McGrath, Lorelei A. Mucci. Association between physical activity interventions after a genitourinary cancer diagnosis and incidences of depression and anxiety: A scoping study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5260.

Efficacy of combined hand exercise intervention in patients with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Previous evidence regarding the impact of exercise interventions on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy often focuses on lower-extremity functions, such as muscle strength and balance ability, while their effects on upper extremities remain unknown. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combined hand exercise intervention on upper-extremity function, symptoms, and quality-of-life in patients with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). After screening 341 patients, 42 were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 21) or control (n = 21) group. Participants were evaluated at baseline (T0) and after one (T1) and two (T2) chemotherapy cycles. The primary outcome was upper-extremity function measured using the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ) at T2. The intention-to-treat and as-treated populations were compared using a mixed-effect model. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the decline in activities of daily living of MHQ was significantly suppressed in the intervention group compared with that in the control group at T2 (difference: 7.23; 95% confidence interval: 0.35-14.10). Similarly, in the as-treated analysis, the decline in activities of daily living of MHQ was significantly suppressed in the intervention group compared with that in the control group at T2 (difference: 13.09; 95% confidence interval: 5.68-20.49). Pain also significantly improved in the intervention group compared with that in the control group at T2 (difference: 13.21; 95% confidence interval: - 22.91 to - 3.51). The combined hand exercise intervention may improve upper-extremity function, such as by suppressing decline in ADL, and reduce pain in patients with CIPN.

The Impact of Exercise Intervention with Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation to Improve Gait and Mobility in Parkinson Disease: An Umbrella Review.

Difficulties in walking, controlling balance, and performing activities of daily living are common problems encountered by individuals affected by Parkinson disease. Scientific evidence suggests that exercise performed with music or auditory or rhythmical cues facilitates movement and improves balance, gait, mobility, and activities of daily living (ADL) performance in patients with PD. The aim of this umbrella review was to summarize available high-quality evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the effectiveness of rhythmically cued exercise to improve gait, mobility, and ADL performance in individuals with PD. PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched from January 2010 to October 2020 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses which had to be (1) written in English, (2) include studies on populations of males and females with PD of any age, (3) analyze outcomes related to gait, mobility, and ADL, and (4) apply exercise interventions with music or auditory or rhythmical cues. Two independent authors screened potentially eligible studies and assessed the methodological quality of the studies using the AMSTAR 2 tool. Four studies, two systematic reviews and meta-analyses, one a systematic review, and one a meta-analysis, were selected. Overall results indicated positive effects for gait and mobility of the use of rhythmic auditory cueing with exercise and suggested that it should be incorporated into a regular rehabilitation program for patients affected by PD. Nonetheless, more primary level research is needed to address the identified gaps regarding the application of this method to physical exercise interventions.

High-intensity exercise and cognitive function in cognitively normal older adults: a pilot randomised clinical trial

BackgroundPhysical inactivity has been consistently linked to increased risk of cognitive decline; however, studies examining the impact of exercise interventions on cognition have produced inconsistent findings. Some observational studies suggest exercise intensity may be important for inducing cognitive improvements; however, this has yet to be thoroughly examined in older adult cohorts. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of systematically manipulated high-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise interventions on cognition.MethodsThis multi-arm pilot randomised clinical trial investigated the effects of 6 months of high-intensity exercise and moderate-intensity exercise, compared with an inactive control, on cognition. Outcome measures were assessed at pre- (baseline), post- (6 months), and 12 months post-intervention. Ninety-nine cognitively normal men and women (aged 60–80 years) were enrolled from October 2016 to November 2017. Participants that were allocated to an exercise group (i.e. high-intensity or moderate-intensity) engaged in cycle-based exercise two times per week for 6 months. Cognition was assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated by a graded exercise test.ResultsThere was a dose-dependent effect of exercise intensity on cardiorespiratory fitness, whereby the high-intensity group experienced greater increases in fitness than the moderate-intensity and control groups. However, there was no direct effect of exercise on cognition.ConclusionsWe did not observe a direct effect of exercise on cognition. Future work in this field should be appropriately designed and powered to examine factors that may contribute to individual variability in response to intervention.Trial registrationThis study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617000643370). Registered on 3 May 2017—retrospectively registered. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372780

Impact of Exercise Intervention on DNA Methylation of FKBP5 in Obese, Insulin Resistant South African Women

Obesity and insulin resistance are modifiable risk factors which present opportunities for type 2 diabetes prevention and intervention. We previously showed that DNA methylation of FK506-binding protein (FKBP5) is altered in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from obese compared to normal-weight South African women, and significantly associated with adiposity and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of a 12-week exercise intervention on FKBP5 methylation in obese, insulin resistant (OBIR) South African women. OBIR South African women (n=35) were randomized into an exercise (n=20) or control (n=15) group. The exercise group underwent aerobic and resistance training for 12-weeks, while participants from the control group continued their normal daily activities. DNA methylation of two CpG dinucleotides within FKBP5 intron 7 was measured in gluteal SAT (GSAT) using pyrosequencing. The presence of the FKBP5 rs1360780 polymorphism was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. Results showed no significant changes in FKBP5 methylation in GSAT in response to exercise training. However, when stratified based on genotype, carriers of the T allele presented higher FKBP5 methylation after exercise training when compared to baseline (CpG542, 29% vs 37%, p=0.033; CpG543, 31% vs 38%, p=0.028), while no DNA methylation differences were observed in individuals with the C/C genotype. In conclusion, exercise training induces FKBP5 hypermethylation in OBIR South African women, which occurs in a genotype- specific manner. These findings highlight epigenetic changes that can be modulated by exercise during obesity and may aid in appropriate interventions to reduce the surging impact of this disease.

Impact of exercise intervention on anxiety levels and mood profile of Greek prison inmates

Imprisonment is clearly associated with mental health problems among prisoners. Evidence across research literature shows that exercise in detention environments improves mental health. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of an exercise program on mood profile and anxiety of inmates in Greek prisons. Sixty male inmates randomly assigned in two groups (control and experiment). Individuals of the exercise group received a 12 weeks training program at a frequency of three (3) training sessions each week of 60 minutes per session. Control group individuals did not participate in the exercise program. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) and The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were administered to both groups prior and after exercise intervention. The findings of this study support the beneficial effect of exercise on mood and anxiety of inmates in Greek prison settings.

Impact of Exercise Intervention in Parkinson's Disease can be Quantified Using Inertial Sensor Data and Clinical Tests.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) has the second-highest prevalence rate of all neurodegenerative disorders. It effects approximately 1% of the population over the age of 60, with this proportion rising further, in more elderly cohorts. PD manifests as several motor and non-motor disfunctions, which develop progressively over time. Gait and mobility problems are amongst the most debilitating symptoms for people with PD. They severely affect a person's ability to carry out daily activities of living and can lead to a decreased quality of life. However, recent research has shown exercise intervention to be effective in improving gait, and overall functional mobility, in persons with PD. In this paper, we study the effect of an exercise intervention, comprised of three separate methods of exercise - all which have been shown previously to be effective individually - on a cohort with early-to-moderate stage PD. We also examine the ability of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test - instrumented with inertial sensors (QTUG) - and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III in measuring the response to the exercise intervention. We found that TUG time and the QTUG-derived frailty index - along with many additional parameters derived from QTUG - showed a significant change between baseline and post-intervention, while the UPDRS Part III score did not. The direction of the changes in the QTUG parameters also align with the expected exercise effect from the literature. Our results suggest QTUG may be a more sensitive measure than UPDRS Part III for assessing the effect of exercise intervention on functional mobility in people with early-to-moderate stage PD.

Role of exercise training in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Preliminary evidence suggests exercise in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may improve reproductive and cardiometabolic parameters. Our primary aim was to determine the impact of exercise training on reproductive health in women with PCOS. Our secondary aim was to determine the effect of exercise training on cardiometabolic indices. A systematic review of published literature was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE based on a pre-published protocol (PROSPERO CRD42017065324). The search was not limited by year. Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials and uncontrolled trials that evaluated an exercise intervention in women with PCOS and reported reproductive outcomes were included. Reproductive outcomes were analysed semi-quantitatively and a meta-analysis was conducted for reported cardiometabolic outcomes. Of 517 screened abstracts, 14 studies involving 617 women with PCOS were included: seven randomized controlled trials, one non-randomized controlled trial and six uncontrolled trials. There were insufficient published data to describe the effect of exercise interventions on ovulation quantitatively, but semi-quantitative analysis suggested that exercise interventions may improve menstrual regularity, pregnancy and ovulation rates. Our meta-analysis found that exercise improved lipid profiles and decreased waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and fasting insulin. The impact of exercise interventions on reproductive function remains unclear. However, our meta-analysis suggests that exercise interventions may improve cardiometabolic profiles in women with PCOS.

Interrelationship between Sleep and Exercise: A Systematic Review.

Although a substantial body of literature has explored the relationship between sleep and exercise, comprehensive reviews and definitive conclusions about the impact of exercise interventions on sleep are lacking. Electronic databases were searched for articles published between January 2013 and March 2017. Studies were included if they possessed either objective or subjective measures of sleep and an exercise intervention that followed the guidelines recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine. Thirty-four studies met these inclusion criteria. Twenty-nine studies concluded that exercise improved sleep quality or duration; however, four found no difference and one reported a negative impact of exercise on sleep. Study results varied most significantly due to participants' age, health status, and the mode and intensity of exercise intervention. Mixed findings were reported for children, adolescents, and young adults. Interventions conducted with middle-aged and elderly adults reported more robust results. In these cases, exercise promoted increased sleep efficiency and duration regardless of the mode and intensity of activity, especially in populations suffering from disease. Our review suggests that sleep and exercise exert substantial positive effects on one another; however, to reach a true consensus, the mechanisms behind these observations must first be elucidated.

Impact of an exercise intervention on physical activity during pregnancy: the behaviors affecting baby and you study.

We examined the impact of a prenatal exercise intervention on physical activity in 260 women at risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. We randomized participants in the Behaviors Affecting Baby and You (BABY) Study, which took place from 2007 to 2012, to either a 12-week individually tailored, motivationally matched exercise intervention (n=132) or to a comparison health and wellness intervention (n=128). We assessed physical activity with the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire. We used linear mixed models to evaluate the impact of the interventions on change in physical activity according to intensity and type, total walking, and sedentary behavior. Compared with the health and wellness arm, the exercise arm had significantly greater increases in sports or exercise activity (0.3 vs 5.3 metabolic equivalent of task [MET] hours/week; P<.001), and smaller declines in total activity (-42.7 vs -2.1 MET hours/week; P=.02) and activities of moderate to vigorous intensity (-30.6 vs -10.6 MET hours/week; P=.05), and was more likely to achieve recommended guidelines for physical activity (odds ratio=2.12; 95% confidence interval=1.45, 3.10). These findings extend the previous literature by demonstrating the benefits of a clinically feasible exercise intervention in an ethnically and socio-economically diverse population. Given the increased risk of adverse maternal health outcomes in ethnic minority groups, these findings may have important implications for reducing health disparities.