Impact Of Escape Research Articles

Quantification of escape from X chromosome inactivation with single-cell omics data reveals heterogeneity across cell types and tissues

Several X-linked genes escape from X chromosome inactivation (XCI), while differences in escape across cell types and tissues are still poorly characterized. Here, we developed scLinaX for directly quantifying relative gene expression from the inactivated X chromosome with droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. The scLinaX and differentially expressed gene analyses with large-scale blood scRNA-seq datasets consistently identified the stronger escape in lymphocytes than in myeloid cells. An extension of scLinaX to a 10x multiome dataset (scLinaX-multi) suggested a stronger escape in lymphocytes than in myeloid cells at the chromatin-accessibility level. The scLinaX analysis of human multiple-organ scRNA-seq datasets also identified the relatively strong degree of escape from XCI in lymphoid tissues and lymphocytes. Finally, effect size comparisons of genome-wide association studies between sexes suggested the underlying impact of escape on the genotype-phenotype association. Overall, scLinaX and the quantified escape catalog identified the heterogeneity of escape across cell types and tissues.

Antecedents of Viewers Engagement

The purpose of this study is to analyze the antecedents of viewers engagement from social media influencers specifically in relation to YouTube channels, which include feelings of escape, self-improvement, fun, glamourous, connectivity from the audience as well as Overall Perceived image of the influencer. The sample design used in this research is non-probability sampling with purposive sampling technique. The processed data came from 280 respondents and then the data was analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. The results of this study indicate that there is a positive influence of escape on fun, there is a positive influence of self improvement on fun, glamorous and connectivity, there is also a positive influence of fun, glamorous and connectivity on overall perceived image and there is a positive influence of overall perceived image on viewers engagement. Likewise, this study found that there is no positive effect of escape on glamorous and connectivity. In general, the results of this study show that fun, glamorous and connectivity, and overall perceived image are important factors that influence viewers engagement. Content that has a positive, authentic and informative overall image tends to attract more attention and is easily understood by viewers. Suggestions for future research, researchers can conduct research on Indonesian youtuber objects that are not included in this study and overseas youtuber objects. and can also conduct research on the impact of escape and self improvement on viewers engagement by adding job occupation variables as moderators.

Quantifying the Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Escape From Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes

HIV-1 escape from the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response leads to a weakening of viral control and is likely to be detrimental to the patient. To date, the impact of escape on viral load and CD4+ T cell count has not been quantified, primarily because of sparse longitudinal data and the difficulty of separating cause and effect in cross-sectional studies. We use two independent methods to quantify the impact of HIV-1 escape from CTLs in chronic infection: mathematical modelling of escape and statistical analysis of a cross-sectional cohort. Mathematical modelling revealed a modest increase in log viral load of 0.051 copies ml−1 per escape event. Analysis of the cross-sectional cohort revealed a significant positive association between viral load and the number of “escape events”, after correcting for length of infection and rate of replication. We estimate that a single CTL escape event leads to a viral load increase of 0.11 log copies ml−1 (95% confidence interval: 0.040–0.18), consistent with the predictions from the mathematical modelling. Overall, the number of escape events could only account for approximately 6% of the viral load variation in the cohort. Our findings indicate that although the loss of the CTL response for a single epitope results in a highly statistically significant increase in viral load, the biological impact is modest. We suggest that this small increase in viral load is explained by the small growth advantage of the variant relative to the wildtype virus. Escape from CTLs had a measurable, but unexpectedly low, impact on viral load in chronic infection.