Impact Of Education Status Research Articles

Evaluation of Insulin Prescribing Patterns and Associated Burden among Ambulatory Diabetic Patients in Islamabad/Rawalpindi

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a significant global health challenge, particularly in developing countries where it is prevalent and associated with high morbidity and mortality due to poor management and adherence to therapy. In Islamabad/Rawalpindi, the management of DM is compromised by gaps in knowledge and adherence regarding insulin use, which is crucial for effective disease control. Objective: This study aims to assess the patterns of insulin usage, adherence to therapy, and the impact of educational status on insulin management among patients with diabetes in Islamabad/Rawalpindi. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, survey-based study was conducted from February to May 2023 among 240 ambulatory diabetic patients. Data were collected using structured questionnaires covering demographics, insulin usage patterns, adherence behaviors, and diabetes management knowledge. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics and Chi-Square tests to explore associations between variables. Results: The majority of participants (52.5%) were over 40 years old, with 55% having type 2 diabetes. Insulin pens were used by 47.1% of the participants, while 50% used syringes. Approximately 66.3% of the participants were also taking oral anti-diabetic medications. About 63.7% regularly attended routine checkups, 88.3% knew how to inject insulin, and 90.8% were aware of the timing for insulin injections. Educational interventions showed a significant impact on adherence and knowledge, with 77.5% demonstrating an understanding of diabetes. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for improved diabetes education and access to advanced insulin delivery methods to enhance adherence and management of diabetes in Islamabad/Rawalpindi. Emphasizing patient education on insulin use could lead to better disease outcomes and quality of life for diabetic patients in the region.

A Cross-sectional Study on the Impact of Educational Status on Physical Activity Level in Danish and English Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

ObjectivesPhysical activity is associated with improved health in people with type 1 diabetes. However, physical activity level may be associated with socioeconomic status. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the association between education level and physical activity level among people with type 1 diabetes. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, data on physical activity level (high or low) was measured using the Saltin–Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale, and education level (low, medium, or high) was self-reported. ResultsRespondents were recruited from outpatient clinics (Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Denmark; Nordsjællands Hospital, Denmark; or Sheffield Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, United Kingdom), by health-care personnel from September 2019 to July 2021. A total of 324 people with type 1 diabetes were included (54% male, median age 50 years [interquartile range 30–60 years]). Education level was low in 10%, medium in 33%, and high in 57%. A logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, cohabitation status and nationality, found that a medium vs. high education level was associated with lower odds of a high physical activity level (odds ratio [OR] 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32–0.94, p=0.029), while no association was found for low vs. high education level with high physical activity level (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.25–1.29, p=0.173). ConclusionsMedium education level compared with a high education level was associated with a lower level of physical activity in people with type 1 diabetes. Health-care professionals are advised to be attentive of physical activity levels among people with type 1 diabetes.

The Impact of Educational Status on the Occurrence of Colonic Diverticula: Insights from an Austrian Cohort Study

Objective: Education often reflects socioeconomic status. Research indicates that lower socioeconomic status may increase the risk of diverticulosis, and according to data from the USA, diverticular disease is a significant and costly health problem. Our study explores the link between educational level and colonic diverticula occurrence. Subject and Methods: We conducted a cohort study on 5,532 asymptomatic Austrian patients who underwent colonoscopy, categorizing them by education level using the updated Generalized International Standard Classification of Education (GISCED). Logistic regression models, adjusting for age, gender, metabolic syndrome, diet, and activity, were used to determine the association between education and diverticulosis. Results: Overall, 39% of the patients had low educational status, while 53% had medium, and 8% had high educational status. Colon diverticula were less frequent in patients with medium (OR 0.73) and high (aOR 0.62) educational status. Medium educational level remained associated with lower rates of diverticulosis after adjustment for age and sex (aOR 0.85) and further metabolic syndrome, dietary habits, and physical activity (aOR 0.84). In higher education status, this phenomenon was only seen by trend. Conclusion: Low education correlated with higher colon diverticula risk, while medium education showed lower rates even after adjustments. This trend persisted at higher education levels, highlighting the potential for strategies for cost reduction tailored to socioeconomic conditions.

Impact of Education Status, Religious Knowledge and Family Economy on the Practicing Prayer Students for Primary School in Setiu District, Terengganu Malaysia

Prayer is a religious pillar where prayer is the greatest of worship that brings the servant closer to his Lord and it is the steadfastness of the relationship of the creature and its creator. The sholat according to syarak is defined as a few words and deeds commenced with takbir and endorsed with greetings and with the conditions specified. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of educational status, religious knowledge and family economy on student prayer practice primary school in Setiu District. Total sample 175 secondary school students (level two) of the study. Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS-AMOS (SEM) program version 21.0. The findings indicate that the educational status, religious knowledge, and family economy on student prayer practice primary school. Furthermore, Inference analysis findings also show educational status, religious knowledge and family economy, have a positive and significant influence on student prayer practice. This shows that family education, especially in religious knowledge and economic family, plays a role in the practice of prayer in primary schools. In conclusion, the implications of this research, the researchers are aware of the need for cooperation from the school to emphasize the students on the practice of prayer in their daily lives. Although the level of education and family economics is a factor in the practice of prayer in this study, the role of teachers helps to overcome them.
 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467647

Impact of Education Status, Religious Knowledge and Family Economy on the Practicing Prayer Students for Primary School in Setiu District, Terengganu Malaysia

Prayer is a religious pillar where prayer is the greatest of worship that brings the servant closer to his Lord and it is the steadfastness of the relationship of the creature and its creator. The sholat according to syarak is defined as a few words and deeds commenced with takbir and endorsed with greetings and with the conditions specified. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of educational status, religious knowledge and family economy on student prayer practice primary school in Setiu District. Total sample 175 secondary school students (level two) of the study. Data were analyzed using IBM-SPSS-AMOS (SEM) program version 21.0. The findings indicate that the educational status, religious knowledge, and family economy on student prayer practice primary school. Furthermore, Inference analysis findings also show educational status, religious knowledge and family economy, have a positive and significant influence on student prayer practice. This shows that family education, especially in religious knowledge and economic family, plays a role in the practice of prayer in primary schools. In conclusion, the implications of this research, the researchers are aware of the need for cooperation from the school to emphasize the students on the practice of prayer in their daily lives. Although the level of education and family economics is a factor in the practice of prayer in this study, the role of teachers helps to overcome them. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3467647

Impact of educational background on knowledge, attitude, and practice of root canal treatment among male university and high school students of Sakaka Province

Aim: To determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of root canal treatment (RCT) among male university and high school students of Sakaka province and to compare and analyze the impact of educational status on the three parameters mentioned earlier. Materials and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire prepared in Arabic and English was circulated among 600 male participants who consented to participate in the survey. Participants were divided into two groups – Group 1 (University) and Group 2 (high school) students. Pearson Chi-square test was used to analyze the data. Results: Data sheets were received from 500 participants only. Most of the participants, irrespective of the group, visit dentists only on the appearance of pain (84% and 82.8%, respectively). Substantial number of participants had a history of RCT (24.7% and 42.2%, respectively); 8.7 and 17% from respective groups reported that they were uncomfortable during the past RCT. However, majority of the participants (64.7% from either group) mentioned that they would opt for RCT in the future despite the slightly negative experience of the past. Conclusion: Young adults are reasonably well informed about RCT. Exposure to alternative sources like social media seems to be the reason behind this. Hence, internet platforms should be used to further popularize RCT among the youth.

Impact of educational status of Anganwadi worker on their knowledge and practice regarding integrated management of childhood illness

Background: Today, integrated child development services (ICDS) represents one of the world’s largest programs for early childhood development. Most of the evaluation study concentrated on the nutritional and health status of the beneficiaries of ICDS. Less focus has been shifted over to assess the knowledge and awareness among Anganwadi worker (AWW) regarding various health-care services provided by them, who are actually the main resource person. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to study the educational qualification of AWWs and to assess the knowledge and practice of AWWs regarding various components of implementation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMNCI) and correlate them with their educational status. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted in five Talukas of Surendranagar district from August 2012 to January 2013. Sample size included all AWWs of five Talukas of Surendranagar district those who had received basic IMNCI training. Of 833 AWWs, 774 were interviewed. Results: The analysis shows that majority of AWWs were educated up to secondary level (49.49%). 57.4% of AWWs were able to correctly answer about the aims of IMNCI training. Study findings suggest that majority of AWWs having good knowledge about breastfeeding and pneumonia, while their practice related to health-care services regarding IMNCI was found satisfactory. Conclusion: As the AWWs are the key person in the program, her education level and knowledge regarding various health-care services play an important role related to her performance. In addition, the refresher training about IMNCI plays a valuable role in improving their performance.

The Impact of Educational Status on 10-Year (2004-2014) Cardiovascular Disease Prognosis and All-cause Mortality Among Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients in the Greek Acute Coronary Syndrome (GREECS) Longitudinal Study.

Objectives:The association between educational status and 10-year risk for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and all-cause mortality was evaluated.Methods:From October 2003 to September 2004, 2172 consecutive ACS patients from six Greek hospitals were enrolled. In 2013 to 2014, a 10-year follow-up (2004-2014) assessment was performed for 1918 participants (participation rate, 88%). Each patient’s educational status was classified as low (<9 years of school), intermediate (9 to 14 years), or high (>14 years).Results:Overall all-cause mortality was almost twofold higher in the low-education group than in the intermediate-education and high-education groups (40% vs. 22% and 19%, respectively, p<0.001). Additionally, 10-year recurrent ACS events (fatal and non-fatal) were more common in the low-education group than in the intermediate-education and high-education groups (42% vs. 30% and 35%, p<0.001), and no interactions between sex and education on the investigated outcomes were observed. Moreover, patients in the high-education group were more physically active, had a better financial status, and were less likely to have hypertension, diabetes, or ACS than the participants with the least education (p<0.001); however, when those characteristics and lifestyle habits were accounted for, no moderating effects regarding the relationship of educational status with all-cause mortality and ACS events were observed.Conclusions:A U-shaped association may be proposed for the relationship between ACS prognosis and educational status, with participants in the low-education and high-education groups being negatively affected by other factors (e.g., job stress, depression, or loneliness). Public health policies should be aimed at specific social groups to reduce the overall burden of cardiovascular disease morbidity.

The Impact of Educational Status on the Postoperative Perception of Pain

BackgroundPostoperative (PO) pain interferes with the recovery and mobilization of the surgical patients. The impact of the educational status has not been studied adequately up to now.MethodsThis prospective study involved 400 consecutive general surgery patients. Various factors known to be associated with the perception of pain including the educational status were recorded as was the preoperative and postoperative pain and the analgesia requirements for the 1st PO week. Based on the educational status, we classified the patients in 3 groups and we compared these groups for the main outcomes: i.e. PO pain and PO analgesia.ResultsThere were 145 patients of lower education (junior school), 150 patients of high education (high school) and 101 of higher education (university). Patients of lower education were found to experience more pain than patients of higher education in all postoperative days (from the 2nd to the 6th). No difference was identified in the type and quantity of the analgesia used. The subgroup analysis showed that patients with depression and young patients (< 40 years) had the maximum effect.ConclusionsThe educational status may be a significant predictor of postoperative pain due to various reasons, including the poor understanding of the preoperative information, the level of anxiety and depression caused by that and the suboptimal request and use of analgesia. Younger patients (< 40), and patients with subclinical depression are mostly affected while there is no impact on patients over 60 years old.

Impact of Educational Status and Parity of Mother-in-Laws on Practies of Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness in Banke District

&#x0D; Introduction: Pregnancy and childbirth is considered as a physiological process and it is associated with certain risks to the life of mother and newborn baby. Birth-preparedness and complication readiness is a comprehensive strategy to improve maternal and newborn health. This study was done to observe impact of educational status and Parity of mother-in-laws on awareness and practices regarding birth preparedness and complication readiness.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: The study was conducted in Banke district. The duration of study was from August 2011 to August 2012. Descriptive cross-sectional study was followed. One hundred mothers-in-law were selected through simple random procedure. Semi-structure interview schedule was used to collect information.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: The mean age of mothers-in-law was 52.33 (SD=8.96) years. Majority (82.0%) mothers-in-law were illiterate with lack of awareness and practice about birth preparedness and complication readiness.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: Inadequate practices on birth preparedness and complication readiness were prevalent in illiterate mothers-in-laws.

It is premature to test older drivers with the SIMARD-MD

BackgroundA new tool, the SIMARD-MD, has been proposed to help physicians identify cognitively impaired drivers who may be unfit to drive, but little empirical evidence is available to justify its use. We analyzed data from a cohort of older Canadian drivers who had undergone cognitive testing to: (1) correlate the SIMARD-MD with other tools that measure cognition (e.g., trail-making test), (2) identify how many drivers, using published cut-offs on the SIMARD-MD, would be recommended to lose their license, or be considered fit to drive, or be required to undergo further driving assessment, and (3) determine if the SIMARD-MD is biased by level of education as many cognitive tools are. MethodsCross-sectional data from 841 drivers aged 70 and over from seven Canadian sites who are enrolled in a 5-year cohort study were used for the analyses. Scores on the SIMARD-MD were correlated with scores on the other cognitive measures. The recommendations that would be made based on the SIMARD-MD scores were based on published cut-off values suggested by the authors of the tool. The impact of education status was examined using linear regression controlling for age. ResultsCorrelations between the SIMARD-MD and other cognitive measures ranged from .15 to .86. Using published cut-off scores, 21 participants (2.5%) would have been recommended to relinquish their licenses, 428 (50.9%) would have been deemed fit to drive, and 392 (46.6%) would have been required to undergo further testing. We found a difference of 8.19 points (95% CI=4.99, 11.40, p<.001) in favor of drivers with post-secondary education versus those without, representing over 11% of the mean score. DiscussionThe SIMARD-MD is unlikely to be valuable to clinicians because it lacks sufficient precision to provide clear recommendations about fitness-to-drive. Recommendations based solely on the SIMARD-MD may place many seniors at risk of losing their transportation mobility or incurring unnecessary stress and costs to prove they are safe to drive. Furthermore, the education bias may create an unwanted structural inequity. Hence, adoption of the SIMARD-MD as a tool to determine fitness-to-drive appears premature.

Impact of educational status on HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude and misconceptions among pregnant women

The primary objective of this study was to assess the influence of educational level on HIV knowledge, attitude and misperceptions that may act as barriers in HIV prevention. It was a descriptive cross-sectionalstudy conducted among pregnant women who came for antenatal clinic visits in a teaching hospital in Sagamu, a town in Ogun State, Nigeria. The age range of the respondents was 20-59 years. Age range 30-39 yearsaccounted for the highest percentage (53.1%). Majority (76.7%) were of monogamous family. While 63% had tertiary education and above, 29.3% had secondary, 6.5% primary and a minor percentage (1.2%) had noformal education. Respondents with tertiary educational level had the major percentage (89%) of those who indicated that HIV/AIDS is caused by virus, highest percentage on the modes of HIV/AIDS prevention (avoidcausal sex (77.6%), highest knowledge of mother to child transmission (during breast feeding (52%) and a better receptive attitude (willing to care for a HIV positive family member (87%,) towards people living withHIV/AIDS (PLWHA) as compared to other respondents. Structured education in the form of health talks which could be delivered at their different educational levels should be targeted at pregnant women during clinic hours.

The impact of educational status on the clinical features of major depressive disorder among Chinese women

BackgroundYears of education are inversely related to the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), but the relationship between the clinical features of MDD and educational status is poorly understood. We investigated this in 1970 Chinese women with recurrent MDD identified in a clinical setting.MethodsClinical and demographic features were obtained from 1970 Han Chinese women with DSM-IV major depression between 30 and 60 years of age across China. Analysis of linear, logistic and multiple logistic regression models were used to determine the association between educational level and clinical features of MDD.ResultsSubjects with more years of education are more likely to have MDD, with an odds ratio of 1.14 for those with more than ten years. Low educational status is not associated with an increase in the number of episodes, nor with increased rates of co-morbidity with anxiety disorders. Education impacts differentially on the symptoms of depression: lower educational attainment is associated with more biological symptoms and increased suicidal ideation and plans to commit suicide.LimitationsFindings may not generalize to males or to other patient populations. Since the threshold for treatment seeking differs as a function of education there may an ascertainment bias in the sample.ConclusionsThe relationship between symptoms of MDD and educational status in Chinese women is unexpectedly complex. Our findings are inconsistent with the simple hypothesis from European and US reports that low levels of educational attainment increase the risk and severity of MDD.