Impact Of Early Life Experiences Research Articles

The Impact of Early Life Experiences on Stress Neurobiology and the Development of Anxiety.

We examine the association between stress exposure during early development (i.e., the prenatal period through the first two postnatal years) and variation in brain structure and function relevant to anxiety. Evidence of stress-related effects occurring in regions essential for emotional processing and regulation may increase susceptibility to anxiety.

Overview on Histrionic Personality Disorder

Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) is a mental disorder characterized by the excessive expression of emotions and attention-seeking behavior. This paper provides an overview of HPD, including its diagnostic criteria, prevalence, etiology, and treatment options. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for diagnosing HPD are being talked about. The article also explores the etiology of HPD, including the role of genetic factors and environments, and analyzes the impact of early life experiences on the development of the disorder. Besides, the paper outlines various treatment options for HPD, including psychotherapy and medication management, and highlights the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in improving outcomes for individuals with this disorder. Finally, this paper also gives some suggestions on the field of HPD. Through this paper, people can gain a better understanding of histrionic personality disorder. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of HPD and its associated features, with the goal of increasing understanding and awareness of this often-misunderstood condition.

The Impact of Early Life Experiences and Gut Microbiota on Neurobehavioral Development in Preterm Infants: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of early life experiences and gut microbiota on neurobehavioral development in preterm infants during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization. Preterm infants were followed from NICU admission until their 28th postnatal day or until discharge. Daily stool samples, painful/stressful experiences, feeding patterns, and other clinical and demographic data were collected. Gut microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing, and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were selected to predict the neurobehaviors. The neurobehavioral development was assessed by the Neonatal Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) at 36 to 38 weeks of post-menstrual age (PMA). Fifty-five infants who had NNNS measurements were included in the sparse log-contrast regression analysis. Preterm infants who experienced a high level of pain/stress during the NICU hospitalization had higher NNNS stress/abstinence scores. Eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified to be associated with NNNS subscales after controlling demographic and clinical features, feeding patterns, and painful/stressful experiences. These OTUs and taxa belonging to seven genera, i.e., Enterobacteriaceae_unclassified, Escherichia-Shigella, Incertae_Sedis, Veillonella, Enterococcus, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and Streptococcus with five belonging to Firmicutes and two belonging to Proteobacteria phylum. The enriched abundance of Enterobacteriaceae_unclassified (OTU17) and Streptococcus (OTU28) were consistently associated with less optimal neurobehavioral outcomes. The other six OTUs were also associated with infant neurobehavioral responses depending on days at NICU stay. This study explored the dynamic impact of specific OTUs on neurobehavioral development in preterm infants after controlling for early life experiences, i.e., acute and chronic pain/stress and feeding in the NICU. The gut microbiota and acute pain/stressful experiences dynamically impact the neurobehavioral development in preterm infants during their NICU hospitalization.

Exploring Memory—An Exploration of the Relationship between Childhood Experience and Artist's Art Creation

The artist's route of artistic growth is determined by early experiences in their life, particularly those from their childhood. The many childhood experiences that an artist has might have a significant influence on his or her own work. This essay examines the impact of childhood experiences on artistic creativity from three angles: the impact of early life experiences on the subject matter, the impact of early memories on the artistic style, and the impact of early development experiences on artistic inspiration. The experience gathered in the cognitive and psychological processes of experience as the major body is the source of creativity, and the retrospection of experience with emotional colour is also a source. Childhood experience serves as the foundation for art creation. Therefore, art creation can be said to be an expression of personal experience, a sublimation of personal experience.

TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL MEN EROTIC CODE

The article is devoted to the current definition and justification of the men’s individual erotic code typology. Significant expansion and development of psychologists’ professional activity necessitate creating of generalized classification of individuals and married couples’ behavioral erotic types. The study of sexual- psychological characteristics of behavioral patterns of men in erotic relationships is very important in this regard.The new material on the topic under study is generalized. Erotic imagination functions and erotic images impact the process of forming a fixed erotic Image of a sexual partner in men are determined. The impact of early life experience (imprinting) influenced on the individual erotic code formation is described.Attention is concentrated on analysis of the phenomenon individual men erotic code. The types of men individual erotic code, based on the concept of archetypes (K. G. Jung, D. S. Bolen) study are defined. Types of individual erotic code were named after the ancient Greek gods: Zeus, Apollo, Hermes, Ares, Hephaestus, Dionysus, Hades. The attention is focused on the deep analysis of individual women erotic code stages realization, such as, the genesis of erotic impulse, the tempting process, the sexual act behavior, the pregnancy, the caring of posterity.

TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL WOMEN EROTIC CODE

The article is devoted to the current issue of sexuality. Significant expansion and development of psychologists’ professional activity necessitate creating of generalized classification of individuals and married couples’ behavioral erotic types. The destruction of self-reflection, self-perception and the difficulty of interpersonal understanding are due to the substitution of concepts. The study of sexual-psychological characteristics of behavioral patterns of women in erotic relationships is very important in this regard. The new material on the topic under study is generalized. Erotic imagination functions and erotic images impact on the process of forming a fixed erotic Image of a sexual partner in women are determined. The impact of early life experience (imprinting) influenced on the individual erotic code formation is determined. Several motivational schemes of sexual behavior are described. Authors submit the definition of «individual erotic code» for the first time. «Individual erotic code» is found out as the unified recording system of the individual model erotic behavior and her «ideal partner» reactions on this behavior. The types of women individual erotic code, based on the concept of archetypes (K.G. Jung, D. S. Bolen) study are defined. Types of individual erotic code were named after the ancient Greek goddesses: Artemis, Athena, Hestia, Hera, Demeter, Persephone, Aphrodite. The attention is focused on the deep analysis of individual women erotic code stages realization, such as, the genesis of erotic impulse, the tempting process, the sexual act behavior, the pregnancy, the caring of posterity. Materials of research can be used in the practical work of psychologists and psychotherapists which working both with married couples, as well as in individual work with the client.

Impact of early life experience on adult health.

Early life stress (ELS) causes multiple epigenetic modifications (e.g. methylation of genes and histones) in a developing child’s genome. Early life stress comes in various forms: Serious physical and mental abuse for example by parents, relatives, or caregivers; a poor social environment involving drug addicts and gang warfare; or loss of all parents and close relatives. This brief review is an attempt to update the information in the above-mentioned opus with a focus on in part on events in the brain and emphasizes that dissociable domains compose executive function

Dermatological diseases and cumulative life course impairment

Dermatological diseases and cumulative life course impairment

Developmental risk factors distinguish violent sexual offending, violent non-sexual offending and versatile violent offending in adulthood

The continuity of developmental risk factors from childhood into adolescence to predict criminal adult offending has not been investigated. From a developmental and life-course perspective, the issue is of both theoretical and practical importance, as understanding the long-term impact of early life experiences on adult outcomes that carry forward across major developmental periods can assist clinicians with the identification of targets for early intervention and prevention. The aim of the present study was to examine the extent to which childhood and adolescent risk factors distinguish among three offender subgroups in a sample of adult male offenders. The results indicated that the groups were more clearly distinguished on adolescent risk factors, giving greater prominence to proximal than distal predictors. As well, from a dose-response perspective, the pure sex offenders showed the most adverse developmental history and were differentiated from both the versatile violent sex offenders and the violent non-sex offenders.

Early Experience and Incentive Relativity in Adulthood

Human and animal studies have shown the long-lasting impact of early life experiences on the development of individual differences in stress responsiveness in later life. Despite the numerous works that evaluate the effect of early experiences on different behavioral paradigms, which for the most part are related to aversive situations, there are few studies that assess the effects on the unexpected downshift or omission of positive rewards. The purpose of this article is to present several independent lines of research into how frustration responses during adulthood may be influenced by early experiences. Very few works have been found on the subject, and in most cases the results were negative or controversial. However, more recent investigations suggest that the responses in adults to frustration or euphoria may be modulated by early experiences.

Developmental programming: Variations in early growth and adult disease

Suboptimal conditions in utero are associated with the development of adult-onset diseases in offspring. Uteroplacental insufficiency in rats is a well-established animal model used to mimic and study the effects of developmental insults relevant to countries of abundant nutrient supply. However, wide-ranging outcomes for the offspring are apparent between the different investigators that use this model and also between cohorts generated in our laboratory. We aimed to explore the reasons for variability in rat models of uteroplacental insufficiency between different investigators and also between our own animal cohorts. We suggest differences in growth and disease development reflect uniqueness in susceptibility and highlight the complexity of interactions between genetic potential and environmental exposures. The impact of adverse exposures in utero has been described as having far-reaching effects that extend well beyond the first, directly exposed generation. However, the resulting phenotypes are not consistent between generations. This suggests that programmed effects are established de novo in each generation and challenges the prediction of disease. Characterization of growth and disease in the numerous rat models has led to our understanding of the impact of early life experiences on adult health. In order to drive the development of preventative and/or treatment strategies, future studies should focus on identifying the initial cause(s) of uteroplacental insufficiency, including genetic origins and the influence of poor diets.

Temperamental sensitivity moderates the effects of maternal love-withdrawal on perception of infant crying

Parenting has an impact on the offspring's social and behavioral outcomes. However, not all individuals are affected equally; according to the differential susceptibility hypothesis, temperamental traits may moderate the effects of early life experiences. We examined the association between young adults’ experiences of maternal love-withdrawal and their perception of infant crying, and the potentially moderating role of temperamental orienting sensitivity. In an ecologically valid but standardized setting, 132 female participants spent two consecutive evenings taking care of an infant simulator. Orienting sensitivity moderated the relation between experienced love-withdrawal and the perception of infant crying: Participants with high orienting sensitivity who experienced low levels of love-withdrawal perceived the crying bouts as less negative than others. We conclude that the long-term impact of early life experiences may be moderated by temperamental characteristics, with implications for individual dif...

Development of individual differences in stress responsiveness: an overview of factors mediating the outcome of early life experiences

RationaleHuman epidemiology and animal studies have convincingly shown the long-lasting impact of early life experiences on the development of individual differences in stress responsiveness in later life. The interplay between genes and environment underlies this phenomenon.ObjectivesWe provide an overview of studies investigating the impact of early life experiences on the development of individual differences in neuroendocrine stress responsiveness in adulthood and address (1) impact of environment on later stress phenotypes, (2) role of genetic factors in modulating the outcome of environment, and (3) role of nonshared environmental experience in the outcome of gene × environment interplays. We present original findings where we investigated the influence of nonshared experiences in terms of individual differences in maternal care received, on the development of stress phenotype in later life in rats.ResultsEnvironmental influences in early life exert powerful effects on later stress phenotypes, but they do not always lead to expression of diseases. Heterogeneity in response is explained by the role of particular genetic factors in modulating the influence of environment. Nonshared experiences are important in the outcome of gene × environment interplays in humans. We show that nonshared experiences acquired through within-litter variation in maternal care in rats predict the stress phenotype of the offspring.ConclusionThe outcome of early experience is not deterministic and depends on several environmental and genetic factors interacting in an intricate manner to support stress adaptation. The degree of “match” and “mismatch” between early and later life environments predicts resilience and vulnerability to stress-related diseases, respectively.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2118-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Maternal environment influences cocaine intake in adulthood in a genotype-dependent manner.

BackgroundAccumulating epidemiological evidence points to the role of genetic background as a modulator of the capacity of adverse early experiences to give rise to mental illness. However, direct evidence of such gene-environment interaction in the context of substance abuse is scarce. In the present study we investigated whether the impact of early life experiences on cocaine intake in adulthood depends on genetic background. In addition, we studied other behavioral dimensions associated with drug abuse, i.e. anxiety- and depression-related behaviors.Methodology/Principal FindingsFor this purpose, we manipulated the maternal environment of two inbred mouse strains, the C57BL/6J and DBA/2J by fostering them with non-related mothers, i.e. the C3H/HeN and AKR strains. These mother strains show respectively high and low pup-oriented behavior. As adults, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J were tested either for cocaine intravenous self-administration or in the elevated plus-maze and forced swim test (FST). We found that the impact of maternal environment on cocaine use and a depression-related behavior depends upon genotype, as cocaine self-administration and behavior in the FST were influenced by maternal environment in DBA/2J, but not in C57BL/6J mice. Anxiety was not influenced by maternal environment in either strain.Conclusions/SignificanceOur experimental approach could contribute to the identification of the psychobiological factors determining the susceptibility or the resilience of certain individuals to develop psychopathologies.

The Dawning of a New Decade

The Dawning of a New Decade

The International Society for Developmental Psychobiology annual meeting symposium: Impact of early life experiences on brain and behavioral development.

Decades of research in the area of developmental psychobiology have shown that early life experience alters behavioral and brain development, which canalizes development to suit different environments. Recent methodological advances have begun to identify the mechanisms by which early life experiences cause these diverse adult outcomes. Here we present four different research programs that demonstrate the intricacies of early environmental influences on behavioral and brain development in both pathological and normal development. First, an animal model of schizophrenia is presented that suggests prenatal immune stimulation influences the postpubertal emergence of psychosis-related behavior in mice. Second, we describe a research program on infant rats that demonstrates how early odor learning has unique characteristics due to the unique functioning of the infant limbic system. Third, we present work on the rodent Octodon degus, which shows that early paternal and/or maternal deprivation alters development of limbic system synaptic density that corresponds to heightened emotionality. Fourth, a juvenile model of stress is presented that suggests this developmental period is important in determining adulthood emotional well being. The approach of each research program is strikingly different, yet all succeed in delineating a specific aspect of early development and its effects on infant and adult outcome that expands our understanding of the developmental impact of infant experiences on emotional and limbic system development. Together, these research programs suggest that the developing organism's developmental trajectory is influenced by environmental factors beginning in the fetus and extending through adolescence, although the specific timing and nature of the environmental influence has unique impact on adult mental health.

The Cohort Effect: Insights and Explanations

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the report is to achieve a greater understanding of the United Kingdom ‘cohort effect’ by exploring research in other fields and analysing population mortality data by cause of death in more detail. The ‘cohort effect’ in this context is the observed phenomenon that people born in the U.K. between 1925 and 1945 (centred on the generation born in 1931) have experienced more rapid improvement in mortality than generations born either side of this period.In a Continuous Mortality Investigation (CMI) Bureau working paper published in 2002, a similar trend was noted in the mortality experience of male pensioners and males with life assurance policies. The CMI Bureau investigation showed peak rates of improvement for the cohort born in 1926. Interim projection bases for future mortality experience were produced as a result of the study. The projections made various assumptions about the extent to which the observed cohort effect would continue to shape the pattern of future mortality improvement.This report suggests that it is highly likely that the cohort effect has been caused by a number of different factors in combination. Prevalence of smoking from one generation to the next has certainly been one such factor. Furthermore, an analysis of patterns of cigarette smoking suggests that there is a degree of inevitability in some element of likely future improvement, especially for mortality at older ages from conditions strongly linked to smoking.However, trends in heart disease and breast cancer mortality suggest that smoking is not the only factor. The differences between lung cancer and heart disease trends by year of birth are especially interesting. The report shows that there are two ‘sub-cohorts’ of the 1925 to 1945 cohort: an earlier group where the improvements may be largely due to smoking; and a later one where other factors, such as diet in early life, may have played a greater role.Historic patterns of smoking behaviour by socio-economic class provide an explanation for the five-year difference in the year of birth showing the fastest improvements, i.e. the difference between 1926 for the CMI Bureau investigation and 1931 for the general population. It is also notable that the second ‘sub-cohort’ of high improvement, applying to people born in the early 1940s, can be seen in both population and CMI experience.A case study examining Japanese mortality experience shows that strong cohort trends can be projected well into old age. This does not provide proof that the U.K. cohort effect will do the same. However, it does counter arguments that year of birth effects will inevitably wear off with age. It is especially interesting given recent epidemiological research linking early life experience with markers of ageing.There are a number of reasons to believe that the U.K. cohort effect will have an enduring impact on rates of mortality improvement in future decades. These include historical patterns of smoking behaviour and the impact of early life experience on health in later life. There appears to be little evidence to support the idea that the width of the generation experiencing rapid improvement will reduce with time.

Short- and long-periods of neonatal maternal separation differentially affect anxiety and feeding in adult rats: gender-dependent effects

Environmental manipulations during early development can induce permanent alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and behavioral responses to stressors. However, little is known about the impact of early life experiences on appetitive responses. The present investigation assessed the effects of brief handling/separation or protracted separation from the dams, on feeding and anxiety responses during development. During the first 3 weeks post-partum, Sprague–Dawley rat pups were exposed daily to either brief (15 min) handling/isolation (H), a more protracted (3 h) period of maternal separation (MS), or were not handled (NH). When tested on the elevated plus-maze (at 5–6 weeks) H groups displayed less anxiety than NH gender-matched controls. Surprisingly, so did the MS females. At weaning (Day 22), the MS rats weighed significantly less than both the H and NH animals; the difference between the H and MS was more robust and persisted throughout the experiment (D 62). The H animals of both genders, and the females of the MS group, consumed more of the palatable `snack' than their NH counterparts. The feeding suppressant response to the various satiety peptides (bombesin, cholecystokinin, and amylin) was not affected by the early life experience, with exception of cholecystokinin (CCK) effects, which were more pronounced in H and MS males. These results suggest that early life events may contribute to anxiety and/or ingestive disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia and obesity.