Impact Of Dietary Restriction Research Articles

The Impact of Dietary Restrictions on Emotional Well-being and College Life

The Impact of Dietary Restrictions on Emotional Well-being and College Life

The impact of dietary restrictions on the expression of FOXO3 as an anti-ageing biomarker

Ageing involves destruction on the molecular, cellular, and organ level, causing disease and death. Previous research has discovered that both diet and genetics can affect ageing. Forkhead helix box (FOXO) transcription factors are found to be the major transcription factors correlated with longevity. In addition, one of the best-known signals that are also capable to affect ageing is a dietary restriction (DR) which is evolutionary conserved. The objective of this paper is to expand our knowledge regarding the FOXO3 gene expression as anti-ageing biomarker, and how DR could impact its expression. This review was written through a rigorous searching process from various databases including Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and PubMed, by utilizing keywords such as the ‘anti-ageing’, ‘dietary restriction’ along with ‘forkhead box O3 gene’. FOXO3 exerts its essential role through the protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) signaling pathway, as well as post-translational modifications, further activating downstream target genes. This would result in cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and other important physiological processes. Relating to diet, the FOXO3 gene is expressed when organisms face low nutrient availability. It can also be downregulated by reducing the amount of circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) level which can be achieved through fasting. Meanwhile, DR can enhance the FOXO3 expression, anti-ageing effects and further establish longevity. However, the research regarding the effect of DR in humans is still limited. Future studies need to investigate the optimal type of DR along with uncovering the molecular mechanism behind the FOXO3 expression and ageing.

Impact of Dietary Restriction and Exercise on Dopamine Transporter Function in Male and Female Adolescent and Adult Rats

Eating disorders, including anorexia, are a major public health concern, compounded by a lack of effective treatments. They are complex illnesses and their etiology remains unclear, however, dysregulation of dopamine (DA) neurotransmission is a consistent finding. The DA transporter (DAT) terminates DA neurotransmission by high‐affinity uptake of DA into neurons and because of this, is a primary regulator of both the strength and duration of DA signaling. Surprisingly, however, few studies have investigated the relationship between DAT and eating disorders. We and others have shown that DAT activity is highly sensitive to diet. An important caveat of these studies is that they have been performed almost exclusively in adult, male rodents; however eating disorders are more prevalent in adolescents and more so in girls than boys. Here we use a modified version of the activity‐based anorexia (ABA) model to investigate the impact of age, gender, exercise and restricted food access on DAT function to gain insight into the potential role of aberrant DAT activity in eating disorders.Male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats aged 30 days (post‐natal (P); adolescent) or P90 (adult) at the start of experiments were placed into one of four conditions, free‐access to food/locked running wheel (cage control, C); free‐access to food and running wheel (exercise control, EX), 1‐hour access to food/locked running wheel (food restriction control (FR) or 1‐hour access to food and free access to running wheel (ABA). During this time body weight of FR and ABA rats, regardless of age or gender, decreased markedly. As expected, wheel running/day in ABA rats increased with time, whereas wheel running/day remained constant in EX rats. Notably, wheel running increased more in ABA females than in males and to a dramatically greater extent in adolescent than in adult rats.As an index of DAT function we used high‐speed chronoamperometry to measure clearance of DA in striatum of anesthetized rats. Maximal velocity (Vmax) for DA clearance was significantly faster in male and female adolescent C and EX rats compared to their adult counterparts. As expected, FR markedly reduced Vmax in both genders and ages. A more complex picture emerged in ABA rats where in adolescent rats, Vmax (relative to C counterparts) was decreased in males, but not in females. In adults, the converse occurred, where both EX and ABA increased Vmax for DA clearance in males, but not in females.To obtain a behavioral readout of DAT activity, we examined cocaine‐induced locomotion. In both male and female adolescent rats, there were marked leftward shifts in the dose‐response for FR and ABA groups. In contrast, preliminary studies suggest no effect of condition on locomotor response to cocaine in adults.Together these data reveal a complex relationship between age, gender, exercise, dietary restriction and DAT function. However, in general, adolescents appear to be more susceptible to the impact of dietary restriction and exercise than adults. These preliminary findings help pave the way for future studies investigating the role of DAT in anorexia and as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of eating disorders.Support or Funding InformationDA038504 (LCD)

The impact of dietary restriction, intermittent feeding and compensatory growth on reproductive investment and lifespan in a short-lived fish.

While dietary restriction usually increases lifespan, an intermittent feeding regime, where periods of deprivation alternate with times when food is available, has been found to reduce lifespan in some studies but prolong it in others. We suggest that these disparities arise because in some situations lifespan is reduced by the costs of catch-up growth (following the deprivation) and reproductive investment, a factor that has rarely been measured in studies of lifespan. Using three-spined sticklebacks, we show for the first time that while animals subjected to an intermittent feeding regime can grow as large as continuously fed controls that receive the same total amount of food, and can maintain reproductive investment, they have a shorter lifespan. Furthermore, we show that this reduction in lifespan is linked to rapid skeletal growth rate and is due to an increase in the instantaneous risk of mortality rather than in the rate of senescence. By contrast, dietary restriction caused a reduction in reproductive investment in females but no corresponding increase in longevity. This suggests that in short-lived species where reproduction is size dependent, selection pressures may lead to an increase in intrinsic mortality risk when resources are diverted from somatic maintenance to both growth and reproductive investment.

Impact of Dietary Restriction on Peroxidative Effects of Nickel Chloride in Wistar Rats

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study, carried out in Wistar rats, was to evaluate the protective effect of dietary restriction (performed by intermittent fasting) against oxidative stress induced by a low concentration of nickel chloride in kidney, liver, uterus, and ovary. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS), catalase activity, and the levels of vitamins E and A in the blood were investigated in rats feed for 1 month either daily (N) or 1 day over two (intermittent fasting, IF) and then injected (NNi, IFNi) or not with nickel chloride (30 μmoles/kg body weight/day) for 10 days. Ni induced a significant increase of TBARS in organs of N rats. Intermittent fasting alone or associated to nickel treatment did not result in TBARS change in IF and IFNi rats. Catalase activity levels were found to be similar in N and IF rats. In Ni-treated rats a transient increase of catalase activity appeared at day 1 in the kidney and days 1 and 3 in the liver. Then, catalase activity was found to be inhibited until day 10. In the uterus and ovary, catalase activity was always found to be inhibited. In IFNi rats, no significant increase of catalase activity was observed as compared to IF rats. Vitamin E was inhibited from the 1st to the 10th day in Ni rats, whereas no significant changes were noted in IFNi rats. A moderate decrease of vitamin A was only found at days 1 and 3 in Ni rats. In conclusion, intermittent fasting is able to protect from oxidative stress induced by low concentration of Ni, but catalase and Vitamins E and A do not seem to be involved.

Is dietary restriction beneficial for human health, such as for immune function?

The impact of dietary restriction on physiologic function in humans is now beginning to be examined. The clinical trials are fueled by decades of animal experiments showing that dietary restriction delays the aging process and decreases the incidence of many age-associated diseases. The critical issue addressed in this article is whether or not dietary restriction long term is feasible or beneficial in humans. Short-term dietary restriction in humans does appear to have beneficial effects at lowering metabolism, especially when examining carbohydrates and weight loss. Dietary restriction long term does, however, have detrimental psychological effects in humans, making its feasibility questionable. Even short-term dietary restriction can negatively impact physical activity and potentially some aspects of immunity. The best avenue for humans to benefit from dietary restriction would be for pharmacological or bioactive food ingredient mimetics to be developed which would be more applicable for long-term use. Dietary restriction per se is unlikely to emerge as a feasible long-term strategy to improve human health. Developing dietary restriction mimetics targeting energy metabolism may prove beneficial, not only in aging, but also in diabetes and obesity.

Strain Differences in the Impact of Dietary Restriction on Fetal Growth and Pregnancy in Mice

The association between suboptimal intrauterine environment and developmental origins of adult health and disease is variable, suggesting that genotype may contribute to eventual outcome. The objective of this study was to characterize maternal and fetal responses to maternal dietary restriction during pregnancy in 2 phylogenetically distant strains of mice. Pregnant A/J (n=35) and C57BL/6J (B6) (n=36) mice underwent either a 30% dietary restriction (DR) from day 6.5 until day 17.5 of gestation or were fed ad libitum. Seven mothers from each strain and diet were randomly selected for dissection on day 18.5 to assess fetal body and organ weights and maternal endocrine status through the collection of serum to measure progesterone, corticosterone, cortisol, and estradiol levels. The remaining mice were allowed to deliver spontaneously to assess gestational effects. Both strains showed similar responses to maternal DR during pregnancy in terms of reductions in maternal weight gain during pregnancy, reductions in fetal body weight, increased pup death within 24 hours of birth, and decreased placental 11beta-HSD2 protein expression. The impact of maternal DR was greater in B6 mice than A/J when assessing reductions in fetal kidney weight, embryo-placenta ratio, increases in placental weight, fetal brain-liver ratio, and maternal corticosterone and cortisol levels. Moreover, preterm delivery was significantly increased in DR B6 mice compared to DR A/J mice. The observed strain variations in response to dietary restriction may offer a unique opportunity to investigate gene-environment interactions associated with developmental origins of adult health and disease.

Alternate day calorie restriction improves clinical findings and reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight adults with moderate asthma

Asthma is an increasingly common disorder responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. Although obesity is a risk factor for asthma and weight loss can improve symptoms, many patients do not adhere to low calorie diets and the impact of dietary restriction on the disease process is unknown. A study was designed to determine if overweight asthma patients would adhere to an alternate day calorie restriction (ADCR) dietary regimen, and to establish the effects of the diet on their symptoms, pulmonary function and markers of oxidative stress, and inflammation. Ten subjects with BMI > 30 were maintained for 8 weeks on a dietary regimen in which they ate ad libitum every other day, while consuming less than 20% of their normal calorie intake on the intervening days. At baseline, and at designated time points during the 8-week study, asthma control, symptoms, and Quality of Life questionnaires (ACQ, ASUI, mini-AQLQ) were assessed and blood was collected for analyses of markers of general health, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) was measured daily on awakening. Pre-and postbronchodilator spirometry was obtained at baseline and 8 weeks. Nine of the subjects adhered to the diet and lost an average of 8% of their initial weight during the study. Their asthma-related symptoms, control, and QOL improved significantly, and PEF increased significantly, within 2 weeks of diet initiation; these changes persisted for the duration of the study. Spirometery was unaffected by ADCR. Levels of serum β-hydroxybutyrate were increased and levels of leptin were decreased on CR days, indicating a shift in energy metabolism toward utilization of fatty acids and confirming compliance with the diet. The improved clinical findings were associated with decreased levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides, striking reductions in markers of oxidative stress (8-isoprostane, nitrotyrosine, protein carbonyls, and 4-hydroxynonenal adducts), and increased levels of the antioxidant uric acid. Indicators of inflammation, including serum tumor necrosis factor-α and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, were also significantly decreased by ADCR. Compliance with the ADCR diet was high, symptoms and pulmonary function improved, and oxidative stress and inflammation declined in response to the dietary intervention. These findings demonstrate rapid and sustained beneficial effects of ADCR on the underlying disease process in subjects with asthma, suggesting a novel approach for therapeutic intervention in this disorder.

Empirical evidence of a trade–off between reproductive effort and expectation of future reproduction in female three-spined sticklebacks

Optimal life-history models generally predict that the reproductive effort of iteroparous organisms may increase with age, as their expectation of future reproduction decreases. The population of three–spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) in the Camargue (Rhone River Delta, France) is annual, all adults dying after their first breeding season. As the three–spined stickleback is a multiple spawner, we tested the hypothesis that reproductive effort may increase during the breeding season on field data. From 1987 to 1998, 653 female sticklebacks were collected in the field during the breeding seasons. The body size, body weight and weights of the liver, gonads and carcass were measured for these individuals. Only gravid females with mature eggs (176 fish) were included in the analysis. Considering the female three–spined stickleback as a capital breeder, the energetic resources available for allocation between soma and gonads were estimated by its body weight. Somatic condition decreased during the breeding season and reproductive effort (gonad weight relative to body weight) increased. These patterns did not vary significantly between years. These observed variations in reproductive effort during the breeding season can be interpreted as empirical evidence of a trade–off between reproductive effort and expectation of future reproduction.

Impact of Dietary Restriction on Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Emerging Findings from Experimental and Epidemiological Studies

Journal of Anti-Aging MedicineVol. 2, No. 4 Impact of Dietary Restriction on Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Emerging Findings from Experimental and Epidemiological StudiesMARK P. MATTSONMARK P. MATTSONSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:29 Jan 2009https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.1.1999.2.331AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byNeurogenesis in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseasesAgeing Research Reviews, Vol. 78Does the Improvement in Insulin Sensitivity Mediate the Beneficial Effects of Weight Loss on Cognitive Function?Hypertension, Vol. 56, No. 3Achieving and Maintaining Cognitive Vitality With AgingMayo Clinic Proceedings, Vol. 77, No. 7 Volume 2Issue 4Jan 1999 To cite this article:MARK P. MATTSON.Impact of Dietary Restriction on Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Emerging Findings from Experimental and Epidemiological Studies.Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine.Jan 1999.331-336.http://doi.org/10.1089/rej.1.1999.2.331Published in Volume: 2 Issue 4: January 29, 2009PDF download