Impact Of Colonial Rule Research Articles

Impact of Colonial Rule on Ayurvedic System of Medicine: In Context of Garhwal Uttarakhand

Impact of Colonial Rule on Ayurvedic System of Medicine: In Context of Garhwal Uttarakhand

Exploring the Unexplored- Postcolonial Issues in the novels of Upmanyu Chatterjee and Arvind Adiga

Indian English fiction writings have flourished after the post-independence period. Most of the Indian English novels were dealing with post-partition, changing social-political values and impact of colonial rule on Indian Psyche. Upmanyu Chatterjee wrote some of the prominent novels focusing on changing values of Indian society in postcolonial India were having high education and all comforts of life, characters in novels finds themselves in a cultural dilemma. Postcolonial literature of India which deals with the decolonization of the minds of colonized communities. Important issues like socio-economic disparities, cultural domination, ethical subjugation, identical marginalization, political nepotism, and corrupt bureaucracy have been brought to the forefront by Arvind Adiga in postcolonial Indian English fictions. This research article examines the different aspect of postcoloniality as reflected in the selective novel writing of Upmanyu Chatterjee and Arvind Adiga.

The Persistence of Slavery: An Economic History of Child Trafficking in Nigeria by Robin Phylisia Chapdelaine

Reviewed by: The Persistence of Slavery: An Economic History of Child Trafficking in Nigeria by Robin Phylisia Chapdelaine Christine Whyte The Persistence of Slavery: An Economic History of Child Trafficking in Nigeria. By Robin Phylisia Chapdelaine. Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2021. xiv + 238 pp. Cloth $ 90, paper $26.95. In this book, Robin Chapdelaine introduces a new conceptual framework—"the social economy of a child"—to help historians and others to understand how "children functioned as transmitters of wealth" (2–3). The book's introduction promises to detail "ongoing methods of appropriating children's bodies and their labor through the institutions of slavery, pawning, and child marriage" in the colonial period of the Bight of Biafra (2). While the focus is on the early twentieth century and the effects of British colonial rule, the first chapter sets the context in the last century of the transatlantic slave trade, using the biographies of two enslaved children, Olaudah Equiano and Peter Nicholls (27). This use of texts produced in adulthood to illuminate enslaved childhoods responds to Sánchez-Eppler's call to think through life-stage when working with slave narratives.1 This region was selected both because of the paucity of scholarship on childhood and because of the particular impact of colonial rule on politics and the economy. Colonial legislation deliberately excluded "canoe houses" (trading centers) from antislavery legislation in the early twentieth century, indirectly acknowledging the central role unfree labor played in systems of trade (37). Increasing integration into global commodity markets, exacerbated by a shift in agricultural production to the plantations of West Africa, especially for palm oil, increased labor demands (36). At the same time, new pressures of colonial rule, taxation, and the increasing corruption of provincial courts forced people to take desperate measures, including pawning their children to acquire cash. Governor-General Lugard's policies—which strengthened the powers of local courts—in tandem with the ballooning labor demands and the introduction of sterling and paper notes to replace the existing monetary system, [End Page 461] greatly increased slave-dealing in the southeastern region (57). Children were particularly vulnerable, as their parents and guardians "pawned" them to access cash to pay taxes and court fees. Pawning, once a relatively secure means of raising collateral, became increasingly risky, as pawned children were sold into slavery with relatively little hope for redress (59). The chapter on colonial policy brings out the ironies and contradictions between antislavery rhetoric and the realities of labor demands, building on and updating Lovejoy and Hogendorn's Slow Death for Slavery.2 The analysis of court case material is particularly compelling, offering both a broad view of the trends—widespread and frequent litigation over debts and contracts—and a microlens on individual cases, which show how debt, slavery, and child trafficking were intertwined (65–7). As well as the risk of being trafficked into slavery, pawned girls were sometimes retained as creditors' wives on nonpayment of a debt (80). This linkage between pawning, enslavement, and child marriage drew the attention of the successors of the Victorian prostitution abolition movement. Here the book combines the documentary evidence generated by various colonial enquiries into child pawning and marriage with oral history evidence collected in cooperation with Nigerian researchers. Discussion draws out some of the rituals and beliefs around pawning that reinforced the notion of it as a temporary state, from which parents or guardians would eventually redeem the children (95). The moral unacceptability of enslaving children, as opposed to pawning them, was emphasized by informants (97). This study of child trafficking launched from Chapdelaine's careful reading of the testimony taken after the 1929 Ogu Umunwaanyi (Women's War). In the accounts of Igbo women involved in the rebellion, the women highlighted threats to their children as a primary concern (109–10). It was these women who organized and orchestrated the revolt. The oral histories point to the initiative taken by the women, refuting prejudicial colonial notions that men must have played a leading role. Their testimonies provide rich detail on the hardships wrought by the imposition of direct taxation. Chapdelaine argues that the women of the 1929 Ogu Umunwaanyi were willing to fight...

THE THOMBO TREASURE. COLONIAL POPULATION ADMINISTRATION AS SOURCE FOR THE HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY OF EARLY MODERN SRI LANKA

During their occupation of Sri Lanka (1640–1796) and following Sinhalese and Portuguese practices, the Dutch created an elaborate registration of people, estates, and labour services. The administrative records known as the thombos are incomparable in their level of detail, yet they have hardly been used for the purposes of demographic or economic history. This article describes the challenges involved in ‘decoding’ the thombos, that is, reconstructing the meaning of particular variables in the light of the prevailing legal pluralism in which Sinhalese common law and Roman‐Dutch law co‐existed uncomfortably. It also summarises research findings from a pilot study involving about two hundred small villages in Colombo province. Finally, it sketches research horizons, as the thombo ‘treasure’ holds great prospects for (comparative) studies into family systems and the impact of colonial rule on fertility and mortality.

Eric Tagliacozzo, Helen F. Siu, and Peter C. Perdue, editors.Asia Inside Out: Changing Times.Eric Tagliacozzo, Helen F. Siu, and Peter C. Perdue, editors.Asia Inside Out: Connected Places.

In 1961, John R. W. Smail published his seminal essay, “On the Possibility of an Autonomous History of Modern Southeast Asia” (Journal of Southeast Asian History 2, no. 2: 72–102). Smail sought the contours of an “autonomous history of Southeast Asia, hitherto largely hidden by our preoccupation with the impact of colonial rule” (100). He insisted, quoting the British geographer D. G. E. Hall, that Southeast Asia was “an area worthy of consideration in its own right, and not merely when brought into contact with China, India or the West” (77). Smail’s intervention remains a touchstone—a reminder of how much we miss when we lose sight of local perspectives and local experiences. In its own way, his was a call to look at Asia from the “inside out.” But Smail and his colleagues were also committed to treating Southeast Asia as a clearly defined, coherent region—one with clear boundaries, easily distinguishable from “East” and “South” Asia.

The spread of empire: Clio and the measurement of colonial borrowing costs1

Modern cliometric studies use dummy variables to measure the effects of institutions. The dummy variable approach can be misleading, as illustrated by recent research on the impact of colonial rule on borrowing terms. We show how trying to measure a ‘colonial effect’ without an analysis of the financial consequences of political subjection can be misleading. The main effect of the British Empire was to remove the default risk. Establishing how this was done, and with what effects, should take us closer to a proper understanding of the effect of empire.

Reading the Texture of History and Memory in Early-Nineteenth-Century Punjab

This article examines two early-nineteenth-century Punjabi histories to demonstrate how these texts reflect ruptures in the recording and reordering of Sikh historical memories in the decades prior to colonization. An awareness of the East India Company's interest in the records of the recent Sikh past is reflected in the works of Ratan Singh Bhangu, the author of the hagiographic work Gur Panth Prakash, and Ram Sukh Rao, the court historian of the Sikh kingdom of Kapurthala. The works on these Punjabi authors reveal anxieties about how the recent past would be recorded and understood not only by the colonial state but also by the larger Punjabi-speaking Sikh community. A close contextual reading of both texts reveals the complex impact of colonial rule on local modes of historical narration. Each author crafted competing discourses about the nature of Sikh sovereignty for the new audiences of Sikh courts and the Khalsa warrior community. Reading these two texts together destabilizes our understanding of these two important and widely used sources of Sikh history and raises methodological concerns about how such precolonial sources should be read. In particular, analyzing the expressive and literary forms of such narratives to understand the ways in which they simultaneously created and engaged new audiences in vernacular languages such as Punjabi, mobilizing such groups through the forging of new political and cultural identities, is extremely important.

QUAH, Stella R., HOME AND KIN: Families in Asia

"QUAH, Stella R., HOME AND KIN: Families in Asia." Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 36(2), pp. 346–347

New Guinea: crossing boundaries and history

New Guinea, the world's largest tropical island, is a land of great contrasts, ranging from small glaciers on its highest peaks to broad mangrove swamps in its lowlands and hundreds of smaller islands and coral atolls along its coasts. Divided between two nations, the island and its neighboring archipelagos form Indonesia's Papua Province (or Irian Jaya) and the independent nation of Papua New Guinea, both former European colonies. Most books on New Guinea have been guided by these and other divisions, separating east from west, prehistoric from historic, precontact from postcontact, colonial from postcolonial. This is the first work to consider New Guinea and its 40,000-year history in its entirety. The volume opens with a look at the Melanesian region-the basic physical geography and prehistoric periods of settlement, agricultural development, and expansion and the nature of trade networks and population movements. Succeeding chapters review the history of encounters between outsiders and New Guinea's populations. The impact of colonial rule, economic and social change, World War II, decolonization, and independence are discussed in the final chapter.

Refreshing Historical Accounts of Human Rights in Africa

Lakshman Marasinghe (1984), in his examination of judicial confusion in post-junta Nigeria surrounding matters of human rights and family rights, presents an unusual and alternative account of the place of human rights in African history and cultures. He is determined to reenergize the study of social forces in pre-colonial Africa. Marasinghe holds that minority issues are universal concerns and self-determination a socio-political problem in all periods and cultures. He views the central issue as one of understanding the systems of law and custom peculiar to each African culture. This reformulation is significant because it suggests a connection between universalism and pre-colonial cultural heterogeneity. He lays out a plausible framework for examining pre-colonial and customary law through colonial and post-colonial lenses. His conclusion is to reinterpret “rights” as “powers,” which are exercised in all systems of law, Western or otherwise. This drives another nail into the coffin that previously held human rights to be solely Western in origin, expression, and tradition. In this historiographical essay, I explore the limitations to work in the mold of Marasinghe and unpack the complex set of issues presented by human rights in the non-Western historical context. My goal is not to provide a definition of human rights in Africa, but to challenge the argument that human rights and the deployment of rights concepts have no historical basis in the African continent, and to suggest a strategy for future research. For too long non-historians have dominated this sub-field of research. Historians of Africa, whose work focuses on change over time, have been reticent to engage in this debate on the grounds that empirical data are unavailable. Some feel that such debate is politically motivated, anachronistic, or open to misappropriation by political agitators. Marasinghe’s enlightening project suggests that there may, however, be ways to overcome such obstacles. In contrast to previous scholarship, I draw on Marasinghe’s research to redirect scholarly attention to the fluid legal subjectivity afforded Africans during the colonial period. This subjectivity I describe as “rights opportunism.” I then utilize this concept as a bridge to the contemporary present, and to a new line of inquiry in the historicity of cross-cultural universals in Africa.In this essay I offer two complementary explanations of the difficulty of approaching human rights in the African historical past. On a conceptual level, the scholarship about concepts of rights reveals itself to be reductivist and teleological. One view holds that “African” forms of rights can be uncovered in the pre-colonial past. In contrast, the opposing view insists that the discourse of rights is a Western imposition with little organic cogency in Africa, and the continuity of the discourse requires the continuing imposition of an outside force. Subordinate to this, and on a broadly ontological level, the impasse with respect to investigating rights discourse in the historical past is interpreted as a function of the complex historical relationship between Africa and the West. Two key forces are significant in this regard. First, a reification of the impact of colonial rule and European presence has disrupted any serious investigation of cultural forms and political relations during the pre-colonial period. Second, the very antithesis of an effective modern governmental human rights regime, the South African apartheid state, has long served to reinscribe view that human rights and the contemporary African milieu are incompatible.

Southeast Asia: An Introductory History

This is a lively and lucid guide to Asia, written by one of the world's pre-eminent historians of the area. It features dedicated mailing and e-mail campaign to targeted history and travel related media. The first edition of Southeast was published in 1979 and immediately filled a need for travellers and students interested in a tantalisingly different part of the world. Subsequent editions have continued to document with exceptional perception the radical changes and dramatic growth experienced in the region. Milton Osborne has been a resident, student and fascinated observer of Asia for over 40 years. This familiarity has resulted in a highly readable and lively chronicle. Whilst giving due regard to the early history of the region, Osborne concentrates on the changes that have taken place since the eighteenth century: the impact of colonial rule, economic transformations of the 19th and 20th centuries, the emergence and triumph of the independence movements, the impact of social change and the pivotal roles played by religion, ethnic minorities and immigrant groups. Clearly written and extensively illustrated, this fully revised edition of Southeast remains a classic in the field.

Partition, Pakistan, and South Asian History: In Search of a Narrative

Few events have been more important to the history of modern South Asia than the partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947. The coming of partition has cast a powerful shadow on historical reconstructions of the decades before 1947, while the ramifications of partition have continued to leave their mark on subcontinental politics fifty years after the event.Yet, neither scholars of British India nor scholars of Indian nationalism have been able to find a compelling place for partition within their larger historical narratives (Pandey 1994, 204–5). For many British empire historians, partition has been treated as an illustration of the failure of the “modernizing” impact of colonial rule, an unpleasant blip on the transition from the colonial to the postcolonial worlds. For many nationalist Indian historians, it resulted from the distorting impact of colonialism itself on the transition to nationalism and modernity, “the unfortunate outcome of sectarian and separatist politics,” and “a tragic accompaniment to the exhilaration and promise of a freedom fought for with courage and valour” (Menon and Bhasin 1998, 3).

Caste and Capitalism in Colonial India: The Nattukottai Chettiars.

This detailed ethnographic and historial analysis of a southern Indian merchant-banking caste provides an analysis of the links between Indian business practice and social and religious issues. It explores non-capitalist economic formations and the impact of colonial rule on indigenous commercial systems, and argues that caste and commerce are inextricably linked to the formation and distribution of capital. The author challenges the assumptions that all castes are organized either by marriage alliances or status hierarchy, and that caste structures are incompatible with the conduct of business.

Manipulating Tradition: The State, Adat, Popular Protest, and Class Conflict in Colonial Lampung

Throughout the colonized world, colonial administrators sought to articulate their policies in the idiom of indigenous traditions and institutions. This process of manipulating tradition to serve the interests of the state was designed to gain legitimacy among the colonized and to enable small numbers of colonizers to augment and project their limited power more effectively. As Dutch colonial rule spread through Sumatra in the nineteenth century, administrators encountered a complex system of institutions, customs, and laws known as adat. This article elucidates the processes and consequences of this encounter in a region at the southern tip of Sumatra that was finally brought under colonial rule in 1856 after nearly a half-century of intermittent campaigns. Lampung case is particularly interesting because in the late 1920s a popular political movement known as the Comite Tani Lampung led protests against the establishment of a new administrative system; the Dutch unveiled this new administrative system as a reflection of indigenous adat, whereas protestors suggested that it was a distorted version of adat at odds with the indigenous community's interests. manipulated tradition was exposed as such and protests focused on class connotations; the Dutchified adat system and its leaders were viewed as feudal remnants blocking the path to progress. By examining the processes and implications of nurturing a hybrid tradition, the means and impact of colonial rule come into sharper focus, providing insights on the role of adat in mediating the forces of change and conflict. Deconstructing In Minangkabau historiography, an active discussion of the impact of colonialism on adat and indigenous institutions carries telling insights for understanding Lampung's expeMaterial for this article is drawn from Jeffrey B. Kingston, The Manipulation of Tradition in Java's Shadow: Transmigration, Decentralization and the Ethical Policy in Colonial Lampung, (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1987). A Fulbright-Hays doctoral research grant and subsequent funding from the Japan Society for the

Ethnicity and Decentralisation in Melanesia: A Review of the 1980s

Ethnicity and Decentralisation in Melanesia: A Review of the 1980s

Agricultural Trends in Bombay Presidency 1900–1920: The Illusion of Growth

The subject of agricultural growth is a matter of central importance in the evaluation of the impact of colonial rule on India. Given that the agricultural sector provided a very large share of total output and employment, movements in theper capitaagricultural output would be a good indicator of changes inper capitaincome. Despite the usual caveats made about the dangers of usingper capitaincome as a measure of welfare, a sustained fall in such income would imply a failure of state economic policy in a crucial respect.

Colonial Administration in Benin - Benin under British Administration: The Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom 1897–1938. By P. A. Igbafe. London: Longman, 1979. Pp. xvi + 432.

Colonial Administration in Benin - Benin under British Administration: The Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom 1897–1938. By P. A. Igbafe. London: Longman, 1979. Pp. xvi + 432. - Volume 23 Issue 1

Benin under British Administration: The Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom, 1897-1938

Benin under British Administration: The Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom, 1897-1938

Benin under British Administration: The Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom, 1897-1938

Benin under British Administration: The Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom, 1897-1938

Benin under British Administration: The Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom 1897-1938

Benin under British Administration: The Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom 1897-1938