Impact Of Rule Changes Research Articles

Modelling Strategies in Sports

This paper presents a model that examines sports teams’ strategic choices about the extent of offense/defense to adopt in competing with other teams. The mathematical formulation adopted permits the derivation of a team’s optimal strategy under different game scenarios (current score and time left to play), and team characteristics (playing at home or away, and each team’s quality). A novel feature of the model is that teams can choose a strategy at several moments in the game, thereby incorporating a comprehensive dynamic element. The National Hockey League is used as an application. Optimal coaching behavior is derived in this setting, and the impact of rule changes is assessed. The study found that removing the overtime period, disproportionally increasing the rewards for a win, or removing the point that is currently awarded to the team that loses the shootout at the end of overtime, would all lead to the adoption of more offensive strategies during the game. That outcome is aligned with higher fan interest and team revenue.

Is prorationing efficiency-enhancing or rent-seeking?: Evidence from a natural experiment

Prorationing is used as a textbook definition of a solution to the market failure presented by the common pool aspects of oil and natural gas (see, for example, Spulber, 1989, 59). Yet, at the same time, the academic literature on this question is severely limited. To fill this void, we analyze a recent natural experiment in Oklahoma to determine the impact of rule changes that increased the stringency of prorationing and constrained natural gas production at the well level for one year. Prorationing in Oklahoma no longer serves to address common pool problems, as the affected hydraulically fractured wells do not suffer from common pool problems. Instead, we show that prorationing reduced natural gas production by large companies but had a significantly weaker impact on the production by small companies as well as those headquartered in Oklahoma. This gave the less affected companies an important competitive advantage. These findings are generally consistent with the positions that companies took to advocate for and against prorationing. The regulations can therefore be interpreted as a form of rent-seeking, with their proponents benefitting by imposing production limitations on their rivals. This work stimulates questions about the implications of prorationing in other states.

A Longitudinal Study of Changes in the Shot Characteristics of Women Table Tennis Players: Analysis of the Olympic Semifinals and Finals of Women's Singles.

This study aims to evaluate the changes in shot characteristics of elite women table tennis players through the longitudinal analysis of women's singles finals and semifinals from 2004 to 2021 Olympic Games. A total of 13 games were selected, and the stroke position, stroke type, ball placement, and stroke efficacy of 5,877 shots were analyzed using the notational analysis method. A chi-square test was used to test whether the shot characteristics had changed between game years, and the adjusted residual was calculated to judge these changes. In the four dimensions, namely, stroke position, stroke type, ball placement, and stroke efficacy, the shot characteristics of women table tennis players have changed with the year of the Olympic Games. The backhand stroke position has an upward trend from 55.0 to 58.1%, and the type of flip stroke has a downward trend from 7.6 to 2.1%. The ball placements of forehand and middle long have two fluctuations first rising from 11.2 to 12.7% and 20.3 to 23.7% and then falling from 12.7 to 5.3% and 23.7 to 16.0%. Moreover, backhand long is being increasingly used. In the year of equipment change, the proportion of neutral stroke increases from 40.0 to 61.5%. Once the players have become adapted to the equipment, the proportion of neutral stroke decreases from 61.5 to 48.5%. The development trend of women table tennis players is that the extreme stroke will be further increasingly used. Results suggest that elite women table tennis coaches and players should focus on the technical training in the forehand and backhand positions, strengthen the practice of topspin and block, and pay attention to the backhand long landing area. Women's table tennis coaches and players also need to pay close attention to the possible impact of changes in rules and equipment and carry out targeted training in advance to minimize the impact on the stroke efficacy of players.

Regulatory reform and trade settlement failures in USA equity markets: Does regulatory reform matter?

<abstract> <p>Stock trades pass through several phases before completion, from placing an order via a brokerage firm, to the delivery of securities versus payment. This paper sheds light on the later phases of the trading process for equity securities in USA capital markets. In a continuous effort to improve the settlement process, the National Securities Clearing Corporation makes several substantial changes every year to the rules and regulations that govern the settlement process. This paper investigates the impact of rule changes on the efficiency of settlement, based on the volume of shares that failed to deliver from 2004 to 2017. The rule changes are modeled with a dummy variable in a vector autoregressive (VAR) model, where the quantity of fails and market returns are both included in the VAR model as endogenous variables. The results show a considerable impact of rule and regulation changes on the quantity of shares failed to be delivered in time for settlement; especially, the regulations implemented to improve short selling had a statistically significant impact on reducing settlement failures and improving market returns. The finding of this study provides important information for regulators and investors with regard to the settlement process and investment strategies.</p> </abstract>

Rule Changes in Water Polo – History, FINA 2018 New Rules, and Literature Review

Water polo has recently encountered extensive challenges, including possible banishment from the Olympics. To meet the challenges, major rule changes have been implemented. This perspective is to provide a literature review of the impact of rule changes on water polo gameplay. An emerging and relatively small body of research has demonstrated significantly enhanced game dynamics and outcomes as intended by recent rule changes. The water polo community needs more analytical research on the impact of the latest rule changes approved in 2018.

The Chain Reaction Between the Media and Sport. The Impact of Rule Changes in Handball

Abstract A long, historical cooperation exists between sport and the media. The media can lift up the profile of a sport, and sport provides a marketable topic/product to talk about. Rules have been changed and playing conditions adapted to add to the glamor and spectacle of sport, thus making sport more marketable, enhancing media coverage and making it more appealing for the viewer. In the history of handball, rule changes have been introduced for the same purpose. However, changing the rules has a great effect on the team’s performance, and thus on the coaches’ work as well. There is no doubt that among the rule modifications introduced by the International Handball Federation (IHF) in 2016, substituting the goalkeeper for another court player during an attack without wearing a special shirt has had the greatest impact on the game in recent times. The main aim of the study was to carry out empirical research in order to analyze the recent rule modifications by the IHF, particularly when substituting the goalkeeper for an extra court player during an attack. The 2017 World Championship in France provided an ideal opportunity to collate data in order to explore how often and effectively teams used this rule change at the latest world event. In addition, we have also sought out the opinions of elite coaches concerning the state of current rules in handball and what they would change in order to make this sport discipline more marketable for the media and for spectators. The results show that teams substituted their goalkeeper for an extra court player when in numerical inferiority on average twice as much as when in numerical superiority and on average twice as often when losing as when winning. Surprisingly, the teams’ average scoring effectiveness was a little bit higher than when they played in numerical superiority or with an evenly reduced number of players. In addition, the outcome of focus group interviews shows that most coaches think that measuring the attacking time, introducing the third referee into the game, and having better judgment concerning the fast start-off is necessary for the betterment of the game.

Impact of the national prevention policy and scrum law changes on the incidence of rugby-related catastrophic cervical spine injuries in French Rugby Union

Background and aimsCatastrophic cervical spine injuries are rare in rugby union but require close monitoring. The aim of this study was to analyse the incidence of severe cervical spine injuries...

The evolution of Australian football

Australian football has undergone considerable change over the past century. This evolution seems to have accelerated more recently since the introduction and major influence of the media, increased professionalism and the start of a national competition. In this study we have attempted to quantify the evolution in game 'style' by measuring events during elite football games (from video analysis) and gathering physical information on players involved at the highest level. These data are important to gain insight into the game demands so that player preparation may be enhanced and when predicting the nature of the game in the future. Understanding the patterns of play within the game may also be useful when assessing the possible impact of rule changes, for example, increasing the number of interchange players on the potential for injury. Four games were selected, one from each of the past 4 decades to determine the rate at which specific, measurable events occurred in the games. Height and mass data on players were also obtained from official records of registered players in the VFL/AFL competitions. The results indicate the 'speed' of the game has approximately doubled in the period 1961-1997. The proportion of the total game which involves 'play' time has been reduced significantly while breaks in play are more frequent and longer. Despite this pattern, however, the average game tempo has increased along with player height and mass and we present a case which suggests these are likely determinants of the increased incidence of player injuries and lost match time.

Common American Football Injuries

As many as 1.5 million young men participate in American football in the United States. An estimated 1.2 million football-related injuries are sustained annually. Since the 1970s epidemiological studies have shown that the risk of injury is higher in older athletes and lower in teams with more experienced coaches and more assistant coaches. 51% of injuries occurred at training; contact sessions were 4.7 times more likely to produce injuries than controlled sessions. Injury rates were reduced by wearing shorter cleats and preseason conditioning. Overall, lower extremity injuries accounted for 50% of all injuries (with knee injuries accounting for up to 36%). Upper extremity injuries accounted for 30%. In general, sprains and strains account for 40% of injuries, contusions 25%, fractures 10%, concussions 5% and dislocations 15%. Cervical spine injuries have the potential to be catastrophic, but they declined dramatically in the decade 1975 to 1984, due to the impact of rule changes modifying tackling and blocking techniques and improved fitness, equipment and coaching. Appropriate diagnostic evaluation of cervical injuries is mandatory. The evidence supporting prophylactic knee bracing is not compelling and does not mandate compulsory or routine use. Return to play criteria include: full range of motion; normal strength; normal neurological evaluation; no joint swelling or instability; ability to run and sustain contact without pain; no intake of pain medication; player education about preventive measures and future risks. These criteria should be strictly observed. In addition to ankle and knee rehabilitation, lumbar spine injuries present a challenge for the physician. Repetitive flexion, extension and torsional stresses predispose the lumbar spine to injury. Rehabilitation consists of pain control and training. The training phase aims to eliminate repetitive injuries by minimising stress at the intervertebral joint. Football is a high risk sport. Coaches, players, trainers and physicians must all become aware of the proper means to prevent injuries.