Impact Of Captivity Research Articles

Population changes in Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) vary spatially in Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Gharials, large crocodilians found only in South Asia, are widely seen as a flagship species for river conservationin Nepal, especially in Chitwan National Park, where a headstart program has supplemented the populationsince 1981. The population has shown signs of recovery only in the last decade, so continued monitoring of populationtrends is vital for conservation. We conducted annual winter population surveys for gharial in Chitwan between 2017and 2022, during which we also characterized riverbank substrate availability and basking preferences. We documentedpotential threats to the species in Chitwan throughout the year. Overall, we counted an increasing number of Gharialsin Chitwan; however mixed-effects modelling of Gharial encounter rate showed that increasing encounters rates are notevenly distributed throughout available habitat, with some river stretches having stable or decreasing trends. Encounterrates on the Rapti River increased in all transects, compared to more variable results on the Narayani River, likelyattributable to higher levels of human disturbance and the impact of captivity on habitat selection. Fewer Gharials wereseen in transects with high levels of disturbance due to sand mining and the extraction of river substrates, highlightingthis threat as a major concern. Regular reports of bycatch in illegal gillnets was the major observed source of mortality.A lack of an increasing population trend in the stretch above a large barrage suggests that recruitment is minimal inthis area, and the dam likely has a negative impact on upstream Gharial recruitment. We cautiously suggest that theChitwan population is recovering, but that recovery is hampered by threats, especially substrate extraction, illegal gillnetfishing, and river fragmentation by a dam.

"I'm not gonna be able to do anything about it, then what's the point?": A broad group of stakeholders identify barriers and facilitators to HCV testing in a Massachusetts jail.

Despite national guidelines promoting hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing in prisons, there is substantial heterogeneity on the implementation of HCV testing in jails. We sought to better understand barriers and opportunities for HCV testing by interviewing a broad group of stakeholders involved in HCV testing and treatment policies and procedures in Massachusetts jails. We conducted semi-structured interviews with people incarcerated in Middlesex County Jail (North Billerica, MA), clinicians working in jail and community settings, corrections administrators, and representatives from public health, government, and industry between November 2018-April 2019. 51/120 (42%) of people agreed to be interviewed including 21 incarcerated men (mean age 32 [IQR 25, 39], 60% non-White). Themes that emerged from these interviews included gaps in knowledge about HCV testing and treatment opportunities in jail, the impact of captivity and transience, and interest in improving linkage to HCV care after release. Many stakeholders discussed stigma around HCV infection as a factor in reluctance to provide HCV testing or treatment in the jail setting. Some stakeholders expressed that stigma often led decisionmakers to estimate a lower "worth" of incarcerated individuals living with HCV and therefore to decide against paying for HCV testing.". All stakeholders agreed that HCV in the jail setting is a public health issue that needs to be addressed. Exploring stakeholders' many ideas about how HCV testing and treatment can be approached is the first step in developing feasible and acceptable strategies.

The neurobiology of environmentally induced stereotypic behaviours in captive animals: assessing the basal ganglia pathways and cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuitry hypotheses

Abstract The neurobiology of environmentally induced stereotypic behaviours (SBs) (e.g., pacing in zoo carnivores, crib-biting in horses, tail chasing in dogs) is hypothesized to involve altered functioning within the basal ganglia (‘Basal Ganglia (BG) Pathways Hypotheses’) and/or between the basal ganglia and cortex (‘Cortico-Striatal-Thalamo-Cortical (CSTC) Circuits Hypotheses’). We review four decades of relevant studies, critically assessing support for both hypotheses. Currently no BG Pathways or CSTC Circuits hypothesis is fully supported. While some results are partially consistent with some hypotheses (decreased subthalamic nucleus activity in deer mice and C58 mice); others (nucleus accumbens activity in mink and C57 mice) seem to reflect individual differences in SB, but not environmental effects. Yet others can be tentatively rejected: neither elevated striatal dopamine nor the cortico-striatal connection of the sensorimotor circuit seem to be involved for most species studied to date. Further research is now important for understanding the impact of captivity on animals’ functioning.

Hatchling short-necked turtles (Emydura macquarii) select aquatic vegetation habitats, but not after one month in captivity

Knowledge of turtle hatchling ecology is fundamental for managing wild populations. Information on habitat selection by turtle hatchlings is particularly important to ensure that conservation programmes that release hatchlings into the wild give them the best chances of surviving to adulthood. Currently, knowledge of the ecology of turtle hatchlings worldwide is limited, which restricts evidence-based management for threatened species. Here, we used laboratory and field experiments to test for effects of captivity on habitat selection, movement, and short-term survival of Murray River turtle hatchlings (Emydura macquarii). This species has declined > 60% since the 1970s, and a conservation plan is urgently needed to manage their recovery. In both the laboratory and field, we found that hatchlings select aquatic vegetation when it is available. Hatchlings raised in captivity for a month, however, were radio-tracked in habitats significantly further from vegetation after release, and over three times as many of these hatchlings were attacked by predators, compared to those released immediately after hatching. Aquatic vegetation is clearly an important habitat for hatchling E. macquarii, and therefore, (i) hatchling conservation should prioritise areas with appropriate aquatic vegetation, and (ii) aquatic vegetation restoration should be prioritised to ensure E. macquarii hatchling survival in the wild. Moreover, since captivity affects hatchling habitat selection, E. macquarii hatchlings should be released immediately upon hatching. Further research on soft release techniques and longer-term captivity is required to determine whether the impact of captivity can be reduced.

Lives on hold: the Dampierre family, captivity and the crusades in thirteenth-century Champagne

ABSTRACTCaptured outside Latakia in 1203, the Fourth Crusader Renard II de Dampierre was imprisoned in Aleppo for 30 years. The families of captured crusaders lost contact with their imprisoned sons, husbands and fathers for years, even decades, at a time. Such prolonged absences presented significant challenges, and life was delayed for both the imprisoned and their families. The landholdings of captured crusaders could not be alienated or mortgaged, marriages could not be made, nor could inheritances be divided without their permission. This state of affairs became less feasible the longer imprisonment continued. Eventually titles were apportioned between the rightful heirs, wives remarried and families moved on. Although Renard’s case is often cited as an extreme example, it also furnishes extensive evidence of the impact of captivity on a crusading family, the trials they endured in the prolonged absence of their patriarch and the strategies they used to overcome them.

The Impact of Captivity and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Cognitive Performance Among Former Prisoners of War: A Longitudinal Study.

War captivity is a potent pathogen for various aspects of mental health, including cognitive impairments. However, little is known about the long-term impact of war captivity and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on cognitive functioning among former prisoners of war (ex-POWs). This study assesses the effect of captivity, PTSD trajectories, and the accumulating differential effect in the prediction of cognitive performance. This longitudinal research includes 4 assessments (1991 [T1], 2003 [T2], 2008 [T3], 2015 [T4]) of Israeli ex-POWs and comparable combatants from the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Accordingly, 95 ex-POWs and 26 comparable combatants were included in this study. PTSD was assessed according to the DSM-IV, and cognitive performance was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Ex-POWs reported higher levels of PTSD symptoms compared to controls (P = 0.007). No difference was found between the groups regarding MoCA total score. Ex-POWs with chronic PTSD were found to have more difficulty in overall cognitive functioning, compared to ex-POWs with delayed, recovery, and resilient trajectories (P = 0.03). Finally, physical and psychological suffering in captivity and intrusion symptoms predicted cognitive performance (P < .001, R² = 37.9%). These findings support the potent pathogenic effects of war captivity on cognitive abilities, more than 4 decades after the end of the traumatic event. Our results showed captivity to be a unique and powerful traumatic experience, leading to PTSD and long-lasting and enduring neuropsychological implications. These findings highlight the importance of viewing ex-POWs, in particular those suffering from chronic PTSD, especially as they age, as a high-risk population for cognitive disorders. This requires the appropriate diagnosis and cognitive therapy as a way to preserve cognitive abilities among this population.

Twenty-Seven-Year Follow-Up of Vietnam Air War USAF POWs and Matched Controls Not Captured: A Qualitative Study

Objective: To provide a follow up of a 1976 study of the impact of captivity on U.S. Air Force (USAF) POWs and USAF Controls matched for time in Southeast Asia, military rank and aircraft crew position. Method: Qualitative study of replies to open ended questions of positive and negative changes due to their captivity/combat experiences made by participants (POWs and Controls) who replied in both 1976 and in 2003. Results: Both groups acknowledged positive and negative effects of the experiences in 1976. In 1976 and 2003 the POWs mainly reported negative effects on career and family domains but positive effects of individual development and growth. Controls reported mild negative effects on family in 1976, and benefits to their careers and sense of self in both 1976 and 2003. Conclusion: Captivity during the Vietnam War for USAF included two types of extreme duress which were the incarceration itself; and the repatriation experience which entailed re-assimilation despite loss of occupation and disrupted families. Despite these obstacles, POWs exhibited substantial resilience in achieving self-growth and how they regarded themselves psychologically in comparison to their matched control fellow aviators who while also suffering a lesser separation from family, tended to prosper in their careers and were proud of their accomplishments. Long term separation from work, family and friends and the inability to return to their families and careers with the effectiveness demanded by their ambition were a more devastating ongoing consequence of their captivity than the immediate suffering of their imprisonment.

Impact of Captivity and Domestication on our Perspectives of Primate Anatomy and Behavior

Do domestication and captivity have dL'erent implications or are they simply parts of a spectrum related to extraction from natural habitats? While the former is traditionally associated with “directed” character development through selected breeding, such approaches have permeated much of captive animal husbandry.

Abstract P366: Examining the Impact of Captivity in Men and Women on the Slaves Returning to South Sudan

Background: South Sudan became an independent state on July 9 2011, after having endured two civil wars with Republic of the Sudan lasting 51 years. Over the 51 years approximately 300,000 South Sudanese were abducted and in held in captivity in the Republic of the Sudan. The South Sudanese abductees suffered abuse and deprivation. Presently it is estimated that 35,000 are still in captivity. Assessing the health status of returning South Sudanese citizens immediately after their return is imperative. The aim of this report is to examine the effect of captivity on heart rate, (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and basic chemistry panel between men and women. Methods: In March of 2013, an American medical team performed health assessments for 48 hours in the state of Bahr el Gazal located in the northwest region of South Sudan. All returnees received health assessments within four days of their return. Health assessments defined as returnees’ demographics, along with their full history and physical examination. During physical exam height, weight, SBP, DBP, and HR, electrolytes and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were recorded and analyzed. Results: Analysis was run on 186 participants, 50.5% (94) male, and 49.5% (92) female. Females were significantly younger at age of abduction, whereas men spent a significantly longer time in captivity (Table). SBP and DBP were significantly higher in males compared to females, even after adjusting for Age (p = 0.002, p = 0.036). HR was significantly less in males compared with females, even when adjusting for age (p &lt; 0.001). BUN was significantly lower in females compared to males adjusting for age (p &lt; 0.001) Conclusion: Although a majority of measurements in both men and women slaves returning to South Sudan fell within normal ranges, it is crucial to continue to monitor this group’s cardiovascular health because their deprivation while in captivity may have significantly impacted their health and risk for long term cardiovascular disease.

Captives and Countrymen: Barbary Slavery and the American Public, 1785–1816 (review)

Captives and Countrymen: Barbary Slavery and the American Public, 1785-1816. By Lawrence Peskin. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. Cloth, $55.00.)Reviewed by Bethel SalerLawrence Peskin's Captives and Countrymen adds to a rich vein of recent scholarship exploring the foreign relations of the early American republic with the Islamic North African states of Morocco, Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis - together composing the Barbary Coast. Given the number of excellent studies that focus on the formation of an early American Islamic Orientalism such as Timothy Marr's The Cultural Roots of American Islamicism (Cambridge, UK, 2006) and Robert Allison's The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 1776-1815 (Chicago, 2000), Peskin bypasses the religious aspects of the clashes between North Africa and the United States. Instead, he relies primarily on newspapers, American state papers, eyewitness and fictional captivity narratives, and other forms of creative expression (songs, poems, plays) to supply a fresh, systematic examination of the influence on domestic affairs of American entanglements with the different Barbary nations from 1785 to 1816. Peskin credits American captivity and warfare against these Islamic city-states with aiding the construction of an American sphere, early antislavery arguments, the rise of party politics, the first American navy, and, more broadly, a distinct national identity. Further, Peskin mixes cultural with political questions, tying, for instance, anxieties about republican masculinity to Americans' concerns about their third-rate status within international diplomatic and commercial circles. The study largely fulfills its ambitious agenda by dint of careful research and straightforward, clear narration.Peskin divides his case for the influence of North Africa on the early American republic into three thematic sections. In Part I: Captivity and the Public Sphere, he establishes the underlying structure of what he terms the late-eighteenth century world wide web (13), the source for news about Americans' captivity in Algiers that joins the global to the local. Deeming this earlier WWW surprisingly vast and inclusive (23), Pe skin cites oral and written communication and newspapers as its core - the oil fueling the American sphere. In the next two chapters, he details the campaigns for redemption waged from Algiers by the American captives themselves as well as endeavors made on their behalf by uncertain federal officers and by the impassioned David Humphreys, poet, U.S. minister to Lisbon, and self-appointed publicist for the captives.Although this entire first section details the circulation of news, debates, and publicity about Barbary captivity within the early national sphere, Peskin does not fully define Jurgen Habermas's concept of the public until the third chapter of the section. Moreover, in the earlier chapters, he often invokes this theoretical concept as a concrete if recently invented thing, a fact rather than a phenomenon. By his third chapter, however, Peskin conveys that the early national sphere is something emergent rather than established. Even in this chapter and throughout the book, though, I would have liked a more nuanced application of Habermas's concept, one that recognizes the very contingent constitution of a sphere as a shifting set of discursive networks and venues.Peskin's subsequent two sections, Part II: The Impact of Captivity at Home, and Part III: Captivity and the American Empire, address how Americans' captivity in the Barbary Coast shaped domestic affairs and, not least, the young republic's struggles to establish itself within the world as a nation distinct from its former patrons and colonizers, France and England. Here and throughout, Peskin is careful to claim only that the North African captivity crises contributed to and intensified a range of political conflicts, not that they generated those debates. …

Behavioural and physiological effects of absence of ultraviolet wavelengths on European starlings Sturnus vulgaris

As ultraviolet wavelengths are used in normal avian colour perception, the maintenance of captive birds under artificial lighting (which is normally UV‐deficient) may have welfare implications. European starling Sturnus vulgaris juveniles kept in UV‐deficient light environments had significantly higher basal plasma corticosterone concentrations than those kept under full spectrum lighting, in the second of two experimental blocks. UV‐deficient conditions also led to significant changes in behaviour indicative of escape (less perching and more hanging on the cage and pecking at it). However, the birds from the first block, where the interval between transfer to the experimental set‐up from the wild was short (2 days), showed significantly higher basal and maximum plasma corticosterone concentrations than those in the second block and no additional effect of light environment on either corticosterone or behaviour. We hypothesise that this difference between blocks was due to the overriding initial stress of being in captivity swamping any treatment effects. Capture stress had declined in the second set of birds, which entered the experiment after 7–14 days in captivity. Stress effects of UV‐deficient lighting appear small relative to the overall impact of captivity, but may nevertheless become apparent after the initial effects of capture subside.