Impact Of Breaches Research Articles

Insurers’ responses to cyber crime: Evidence from Russia

This study aims to identify effective responses to cyber crime in the insurance industry. Survey responses from Moscow-based employees holding key positions in the leading insurance companies have been collected. The study analyses awareness of, attitudes to, and approaches to cyber security, as well as the incidence and impact of breaches or attacks. According to the experts, complying with laws or regulations and preventing fraud or theft are the main reasons for investing in cyber security. Phishing, viruses, and unauthorised use of computers, networks or servers by staff are the most widely spread threats to cyber security. Russian insurers often undertake additional staff training or change their policies in response to cyber breaches. Strategic recommendations were elaborated for industry professionals.

Psychological Contract Breach and Work Performance in the Public Sector in Ghana

Work in organizations entails an exchange relationship between employees and organization. Apart from the written employment contract, there still exists a set of mutual expectations from the two parties (employer and employee) which remain unwritten and unvoiced and yet drives the behavior of both workers and organizations alike, and this is what is referred to as the psychological contract. Psychological contract refers to the employees’ subjective interpretations and evaluations of their deal with the organization. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of breaches or violations in the psychological contract on the performance of employees. It aims to present two concurrent hypotheses, based on theoretical interaction effects of social exchanges (conceptualized as social exchange relationships, fairness, and job security).Data were collected from a sample of 150 employees from both Public and Private Banks in Ghana. Regression analysis was used to explore the moderating effects of social exchanges on the relationships between psychological contract breach and work performance (operationalized as in- role behaviors and organizational citizenship behaviors).It was found that the negative relationship between psychological contract breach and work performance was moderated by social exchanges, such that the relationship was stronger for employees with high social exchange relationship, perceived organizational support, and job security which means that psychological contract breach will negatively affect employees with higher expectations in social exchanges.
 Keywords: Breach of contract; Social interaction; Psychological contracts; Job satisfaction

Economically optimal safety targets for riverine flood defence systems

A breach in a flood defence will affect the downstream water levels in a riverine system, and therefore the flood risk of the system. The effect of this changed flood risk is used in an economical optimization to assess if this significantly changes the economically optimal safety targets of the flood defences in a riverine system. The impact of breaches on the flood risk and the economically optimal safety targets is modelled using simplified hydrodynamic relations and a number of conceptual case studies for small systems. Significant differences were found, but are limited to cases with a relatively high chance of breaching and/or high impact breaches. These differences seem to mostly affect the optimal heights of the flood defences, which means that including the effect of breaches can result in a different-optimal investment path.