Impact Of Bacterial Infections Research Articles

Exploring the Prevalence, Predictors and Impact of Bacterial Infections and Guiding Empiric Antimicrobial Decisions in Acutely Decompensated Cirrhosis (EPIC-AD): A-seminal

Exploring the Prevalence, Predictors and Impact of Bacterial Infections and Guiding Empiric Antimicrobial Decisions in Acutely Decompensated Cirrhosis (EPIC-AD): A-seminal

Impact of bacterial infections and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis prophylaxis on phage-bacterial dynamics in cirrhosis.

Gut microbiota, including bacteria and phages, are altered in cirrhosis, but their role during infections and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) prophylaxis is unclear. Our aim was determine metagenomic changes in gut bacteria; phages and their linkages centered around Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathobionts in patients with cirrhosis with/without infections or SBP prophylaxis. We included uninfected (n = 231) and infected (n = 30, SBP n = 19 and urinary tract infection n = 11 before antibiotics) patients who gave stool for bacterial and phage metagenomics. We matched uninfected to infected patients 1:1 on a model for end-stage liver disease (MELD). We also analyzed subgroups of patients with ascites matched on an MELD (n = 73) to patients on SBP prophylaxis (n = 7) and then to SBP infection. Phage and bacterial taxa differences (DESeq2) and correlation networks centered around Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium were analyzed. Infections were mostly due to Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus spp. On metagenomics, higher fold changes of Enterobacteriaceae members, Enterococcus and Streptococcus spp., and Escherichia phages were seen in infected patients. Correlation networks showed more complex bacteria-phage linkages in infected patients compared with uninfected ones overall and centered around E. coli and E. faecium. SBP prophylaxis induced higher Gram-positive bacteria. In SBP, Enterococcus and Escherichia were higher versus ascites. Correlation networks around E. coli were complex in ascites but sparse with SBP prophylaxis, whereas the reverse was seen with E. faecium. Lytic phages and those associated with antibiotic resistance were correlated with E. faecium. In cirrhosis, there are significant changes in phage-bacterial linkages in infected patients and those on SBP prophylaxis compared to the remaining patients. SBP prophylaxis enriches complexity of E. faecium-centered but induces a collapse in E. coli-centered phage-bacterial correlations.

Impact of Bacterial Infections and Antibiotic Use on Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: An Emerging Infections Network Survey

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had a significant impact on the United States healthcare system. This is exacerbated by antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens endemic to healthcare settings. Respiratory viral infections are known to predispose patients to bacterial infections, which were a major contributor to mortality in previous pandemics. This study’s goal was to gain an understanding of bacterial infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A case form for COVID-19 patients with bacterial infections was developed and sent to clinicians on the Emerging Infections Network listserv. The case form included 22 questions on patient demographics, COVID-19 and bacterial infection and treatment, and patient outcome. One hundred and nine patient cases were collected and analyzed. The majority of patients (59.6%) were critically ill, and 66.9% of patients were diagnosed with sepsis. Empiric and directed antibiotics were administered to 81.6% and 94.5% of patients, respectively. Thirty-one infections were not resolved with antibiotics, and of those patients, 74.2% died. Unresolved bacterial infections were found to be a significant contributor to mortality in this case series. These bacterial infections can most likely be attributed to long hospital stays and exposure to nosocomial pathogens. Thus, unresolved nosocomial bacterial infections warrant additional attention during future events where there is a strain on the US healthcare system.

The impact of bacterial infections on cirrhosis complications in a cohort of cirrhotic patients in a northern Italian hospital

The impact of bacterial infections on cirrhosis complications in a cohort of cirrhotic patients in a northern Italian hospital

Prediction of 28-day mortality in acute decompensation of cirrhosis through the presence of multidrug-resistant infections at admission.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the epidemiology and impact of bacterial infections at admission in patients with acute decompensation (AD) of cirrhosis. A cohort with AD of cirrhosis (European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria) admitted at a tertiary center was evaluated between 2013 and 2014 for the presence of bacterial infections at admission. Clinical, demographic, and microbiological data were collected prospectively till death, transplant, or 90 days. Of 179 patients with AD, 102 (56.9%) had bacterial infections at admission. The commonest infections were spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) (n = 65; 63.7%), spontaneous bacteremia (n = 10; 9.8%), pneumonia (n = 9; 8.8%), urinary tract infection (n = 8; 7.8%), spontaneous bacterial empyema (n = 4; 3.9%), and cellulitis (n = 2; 1.9%). The commonest source was community acquired (n = 85; 83.3%). Serum albumin and sodium levels were lower in infected as compared with non-infected cohort (P = 0.015; for both). Escherichia coli was the commonest organism isolated from SBP (n = 14; 21.5%), urinary tract infection (n = 5; 45.5%), and bacteremia (n = 3; 20%). There was a trend toward higher 28-day mortality in infected cohort as compared with non-infected cohort (48 [52.7%] vs 28 [32%]; P = 0.152). Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) were isolated in 63% of all culture-positive infections. The presence of MDRO was an independent predictor of 28-day mortality. Infections are the leading reason for the occurrence of AD; SBP is the most common infection, and E. coli is the commonest microorganism based on this single-center study of Indian patients with AD of cirrhosis. There is a high prevalence of MDROs among culture-positive infections that independently predict 28-day mortality in AD of cirrhosis.

Bacterial and fungal infections in acute-on-chronic liver failure: prevalence, characteristics and impact on prognosis

Bacterial infection is a frequent trigger of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), syndrome that could also increase the risk of infection. This investigation evaluated prevalence and characteristics of bacterial and fungal...

Epidemiology, risk factors, and impact of bacterial infections on outcomes for pancreatic grafts

We aimed to determine the epidemiology, risk factors, and impact of bacterial infection on pancreatic function after pancreas transplantation. Data for pancreas transplant recipients were retrospectively reviewed between 2000 and 2014 for at least 1year. We collected and analyzed post-transplant data for bacterial infection, morbidity, and mortality. During the study period, 312 pancreas transplants were performed. In total, 509 episodes of bacterial infection were diagnosed in 191 patients (61%). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms were present in 173 of the 513 isolated microorganisms (33%). Risk factors independently associated with bacterial infection were acute allograft rejection (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.1-3), the need for post-transplant hemodialysis, (OR 5.3, 95%CI 1.8-15.7) and surgical re-intervention (OR 2.8, 95%CI 1.5-5.1), which was also considered a risk factor for infections caused by MDR bacteria. Graft survival was associated with the occurrence of one or more episodes of bacterial infection (log-rank test=0.009). Surgical re-intervention was independently associated with graft loss (OR 2.5, 95%CI 1.3-4.7). To conclude, pancreas recipients frequently experienced bacterial infections associated with the need for hemodialysis or surgical re-intervention. Infection by MDR organisms is a growing concern in these patients and was related to graft survival. Graft loss was independently associated with surgical re-intervention.

Prevalence and Impact of Bacterial Infections in Children With Liver Disease—A Prospective Study

Risk of infections is increased in patients with Acute Liver Failure (ALF) and Decompensated Chronic Liver Disease (DCLD). We evaluated the frequency, site, type and risk-factors for bacterial infections in children with ALF and DCLD and its effect on outcome. ALF or DCLD children were enrolled prospectively. Clinical and laboratory details were recorded. Cultures (blood, urine and ascites) and chest X-ray were done at admission followed by weekly surveillance cultures. 173 patients, 68 ALF and 105 DCLD were enrolled. Infections were more common in DCLD than ALF (60/105 [57.1%] vs. 27/68 [39.7%]; P=0.02). Ascitic fluid infection, pneumonia, urinary tract infection and bacteremia were seen in 19%, 17.9%, 13.2% and 12.1% patients respectively. Healthcare-Associated (HCA) infections were most frequent (39/87, 44.8%), followed by Nosocomial (NC, 32%) and Community-Acquired (CA, 23%). Nearly 3/4th of bacterial isolates were resistant to cephalosporins and quinolones, 23% being Multiresistant Bacteria (MRB). DCLD patients with infection had higher Child-Pugh Score (10 [6-14] vs. 7 [6-14]; OR 3.2 [1.77-5.10]: P=0.007), need for ICU care (26/60 vs. 3/45; OR 10.70 [2.98-38.42]: P=0.01), in-hospital mortality (24/60 vs. 8/45;OR 3.08 [1.22-7.75]: P=0.04) and mortality at 3 month follow-up (32/60 vs. 9/45; OR 4.57 [1.87-11.12]: P=0.00). Infection did not affect the outcome in ALF. Infections develop in 40% ALF and 57% DCLD children. HCA and NC infections account for 77% of infections. Most culture isolates are resistant to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones and 23% have MRB. Risk of infections is higher in DCLD patients with advanced liver disease.

The Impact of Bacterial Infections on Human Spermatozoa

The Impact of Bacterial Infections on Human Spermatozoa

Technological scoring of sugar beets which were infected by the pathogen of the vascular bacteriosis during vegetation period

Efficiency of the sugar production from sugar beets is close connected with quality of the raw material which uses for the processing. Quality of the raw material depends on complex impact of number of factors, like natural, climatic, agritechnical, and varietal. Currently, there are some negative factors, like decreasing of soil fertility, increasing of soil's infectious background, prevalence of the foreign hybrid sorts of sugar beets which are vulnerable for local pathogens. These factors cause the increase of the diseases of sugar beets' root system – fusarium decay and vascular bacteriosis. The explorations of sugar beets' crops for many years in different areas of Central-Chernozem region have revealed high damage for yield from these diseases. In some years the loss of yield was up to 50%. The determination of impact of bacterial infections on the processes of forming of the chemical composition of sugar beets' roots and the accumulation of sugar in sugar beets' roots is the very important task for science and production. The researches have been done in the laboratory of store and production raw materials, in the Laboratory of immunity, in the department of biotechnology of the FSTSO “All-Russian research institute for sugar beet and sugar named after A.L. Mazlumov”, and in the department of technology of fermentation and sugar productions of the Voronezh state university of engineering technologies. Was revealed, that increasing the level of the disease of sugar beets by vascular bacteriosis causes the rise amount of dry substances from 26.04% (healthy roots) up to 32.75% (damage of roots is 5 scores). And the sugar content decreases from 18.77% up to 16.83%. Proportion of sucrose in dry substances also decreases from 72.08% (healthy roots) up to 51.39% (damage of roots is 5 scores), because part of sucrose is utilized by bacteria in affected roots. Content of reducing substances increases by a factor of 1.2–4.9. Also was revealed that the pathogens of vascular bacteriosis make negative impact for quality of beets' juice and cleaned juice, and them purity decreases by 0.7–7.5% and 0.4-7.6%. The researches for determination of peroxidase activity in sugar beets' roots, which have different levels of damage by vascular bacteriosis, allowed to reveal enhancing common and specific activity of ferment if disease increases. Was determined that pathogens of vascular bacteriosis make negative impact on the factor of sugar exit which decreases by 1.0–5.5%.

Predictors of mortality among patients with compensated and decompensated liver cirrhosis: the role of bacterial infections and infection-related acute-on-chronic liver failure

Objective. Population-based data on the impact of bacterial infections on the course of compensated and decompensated cirrhosis as well as the occurrence, predictors of infection-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and its fatal outcome are limited. Material and methods. All patients with incident cirrhosis in the period 2001–2010, residing in an area of 600,000 inhabitants, were retrospectively identified. All serious bacterial infections (resulting in or occurring during an inpatient hospital episode) during this period were analyzed. Infection site and acquisition type, comorbid illness (Charlson comorbidity index) and infection severity features were analyzed. Patients were followed up until death, transplant, or the end of 2011. Results. Overall, 398 serious bacterial infections occurred in 241/633 (38%) patients (106/332 diagnosed with compensated and 135/301 with decompensated disease; follow-up time was 2276 patient-years). ACLF occurred in 95/398 (24%) serious infections with an in-hospital mortality of 50%. In logistic regression analysis, the model for end-stage liver disease score, active alcohol misuse and healthcare-associated infections were predictors of infection-related ACLF (p < 0.05 for all). In-hospital mortality in infections with ACLF was related to albumin levels, Charlson comorbidity index >1 and occurrence of one or more organ failures (p > 0.05 for all). In Cox regression analysis, infection-related ACLF was an independent negative predictor of transplant-free survival in decompensated patients (p = 0.049). Conclusions. In a population-based cirrhotic cohort, infection-related ACLF was a negative predictor of survival in decompensated disease. Infection-related ACLF was frequent and related to cirrhosis severity and infection acquisition type, as well as to high inpatient mortality, in particular in patients with significant comorbidity.

Impact of bacterial infections on aging and cancer: Impairment of DNA repair and mitochondrial function of host cells

The commensal floras that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract play critical roles in immune responses, energy metabolism, and even cancer prevention. Pathogenic and out of place commensal bacteria, can however have detrimental effects on the host, by introducing genomic instability and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are hallmarks of both aging and cancer. Helicobacter pylori and Enterococcus faecalis are bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract that have been demonstrated to affect these two hallmarks. These, and other bacteria, have been shown to decrease the transcription and translation of essential DNA repair subunits of major DNA repair pathways and increase production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Defects in DNA repair cause mutations and genomic instability and are found in several cancers as well as in progeroid syndromes. This review describes our contemporary view on how bacterial infections impact DNA repair and damage, and the consequence on the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. We argue that in the gastrointestinal tract, these mechanisms can contribute to tumorigenesis as well as cellular aging of the digestive system.

The bacterium, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, enhances host antiviral response by inducing Toll‐like receptor 7 expression

The incidence of mixed viral/bacterial infections has increased recently because of the dramatic increase in antibiotic-resistant strains, the emergence of new pathogens, and the resurgence of old ones. Despite the relatively well-known role of viruses in enhancing bacterial infections, the impact of bacterial infections on viral infections remains unknown. In this study, we provide direct evidence that nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), a major respiratory bacterial pathogen, augments the host antiviral response by up-regulating epithelial Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) expression in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, NTHi induces TLR7 expression via a TLR2-MyD88-IRAK-TRAF6-IKK-NF-kappaB-dependent signaling pathway. Interestingly, CYLD, a novel deubiquitinase, acts as a negative regulator of TLR7 induction by NTHi. Our study thus provides new insights into a novel role for bacterial infection in enhancing host antiviral response and further identifies CYLD for the first time as a critical negative regulator of host antiviral response.

Impact of bacterial infections on airway diseases

Bacterial infections play an important role as aetiologic agents in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Modern investigational tools, including bronchoscopy, microbial molecular epidemiology and measurement of specific immunity have established that bacteria cause up to 50% of acute exacerbations in COPD. Acute exacerbations have enormous economic costs and contribute to morbidity, mortality and impairment in health related quality of life. Chronic bacterial persistence in the lower airways and lower respiratory tract in patients with COPD is not innocuous. It is likely to contribute to persistent airway inflammation and might contribute to acute airway exacerbations or progression of airway obstruction. Further investigation is required in these fertile areas of investigation. Bacteria also play a role in asthma exacerbations, but their role is less well defined than with patients with COPD. Mycoplasma pneumoniae may be associated with asthma chronicity. Chronic airway infection models document that M. pneumoniae plays a role in airway remodelling, including angiogenesis, vascular remodelling and airway wall thickening. Recent studies have identified patients with asthma as an at-risk group for invasive pneumococcal disease. The feasibility and cost effectiveness of a pneumococcal vaccination strategy among persons with asthma deserves careful, immediate attention.