Impact Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Articles

Frequency of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Patients with Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD) at NICVD Karachi, Pakistan

Background: The study aimed to assess the frequency and impact of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on behavior, social-emotional development, intelligence, and overall quality of life among school-aged children with congenital heart diseases (CHD). Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD) between July 2021 to August 2021. A total of 100 CHD patients aged 6 to 18 were assessed using the non-probability purposive sampling technique. The data was collected using a questionnaire comprising SNAP-IV 26 Scale that is a screening tool for ADHD. The collected data was entered and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v 24.0. The statistical analysis was carried out with a confidence interval set at 95% and no p-value was determined as a threshold of statistical significance, owing to the qualitative nature of the data. Result: The study comprises n=100 CHD patients, aged 6 to 18 with the mean age ± standard deviation of 11.18 ± 3.914, and males and females stratifiable into 56% and 44% respectively. The ADHD screening identified n=22 (22%) subjects as highly suspected of having ADHD with no statistically significant gender difference (n=10 females vs. n=12 males). The study revealed Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) to be the most common (28%) congenital heart defect across the in-patient and out-patient settings. VSD is followed by Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) at 24%, Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) at 22%, Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD) at 19%, and Aortic Stenosis (AS) in 7% of the patients. Out of the 25% facing comorbidities, hypertension dominated the subset of 23%. Conclusion: This study suggests that children with CHD are at an increased risk of developing ADHD, the hyperactive and the combined subtype in particular, compared to the healthy population. About 22 percent of the subjects manifested a typical clinical picture of an ADHD patient with mostly living a ‘somewhat difficult’ life. Keywords: Children, Congenital Heart Disease, CHD, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD, Ventricular Septal Defect, VSD, Atrial Septal Defect, ASD

The Impact of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on Learning in Children

The Impact of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on Learning in Children

Impact of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder on School Performance: What are the Effects of Medication?

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects an estimated 5-7 % of schoolchildren worldwide. School functioning and academic achievement are frequently impaired by ADHD and represent one of the main reasons children start ADHD medication. Multiple potential causal pathways exist between ADHD and impaired school performance. In this review, we decompose school performance into three components and assess the impact of ADHD and its treatments on academic performance (assessed by grade point average [GPA], time on-task, percentage of work completed as well as percent completed correctly), academic skills (as measured by achievement tests and cognitive measures), and academic enablers (such as study skills, motivation, engagement, classroom behavior and interpersonal skills). Most studies examined only the short-term effects of medication on school performance. In these, ADHD medications have been observed to improve some aspects of school performance, with the largest impact on measures of academic performance such as seatwork productivity and on-task performance. In a subset of children, these benefits may translate into detectable improvements in GPA and achievement testing. However, limited data exists to support whether these changes are sustained over years. Optimizing medication effects requires periodic reassessment of school performance, necessitating a collaborative effort involving patients, parents, school staff and prescribers. Even with systematic reassessment, behavioral-based treatments and additional school-based services may be needed to maximize academic performance for the many youth with ADHD and prominent impairments in school performance.

The impact of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan on substance use disorders

Introduction Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects not only children, but persists into adulthood with a prevalence rate up to 4.4% in the general population. The association between ADHD and substance use disorders (SUDs) is getting more into the scientific focus. However, the impact of ADHD on SUD regarding the economic system and healthcare is still underestimated. Aim of the work The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of childhood and adult ADHD on SUD by comparing the SUD clinical outcome between a group of SUD inpatients having a history of childhood ADHD and another group of SUD inpatients having concurrent adult ADHD. Participants and methods A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at the Addiction Treatment Center at El Maamoura Mental Hospital. In all, 102 adult male patients were assessed using a clinical psychiatric interview and psychometric assessment using the Arabic version of Wender Utah Rating Scale for retrospective assessment of symptoms of childhood ADHD. Also, the Arabic version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) Symptom Checklist was used to screen for adult ADHD. Results Sixty-four patients out of the total studied sample had a history of childhood ADHD. Of them, only 36 patients fulfilled the DSM-IV-TR criteria for adult ADHD. The presence of adult ADHD was associated with an earlier mean age of onset of SUD (13.22 vs. 14.86 years), a larger number of hospital admissions (4.21 vs. 6.83 times), and a shorter mean period of abstinence (124.53 vs. 271.50 days) than patients with a history of childhood ADHD. Conclusion In comparison with childhood ADHD, the presence of adult ADHD among patients with SUD was associated with a more complicated course of SUDs and a poorer clinical outcome.

Cognitive dysfunctions in recreational and dependent cocaine users: role of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, craving and early age at onset

Dependent cocaine users consistently display cognitive deficits but cognitive performance of recreational cocaine users has rarely been investigated. To examine whether cognitive performance is impaired in relatively pure recreational and dependent cocaine users. The cognitive performance of recreational (n = 68) and dependent cocaine users (n = 30) was compared with the performance of stimulant-naive controls (n = 68) employing an extensive neuropsychological test battery. Moreover, the impact of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, craving and early age at onset was analysed. Dependent cocaine users display broad cognitive impairments in the domains of attention, working memory, declarative memory and executive functions. The performance of recreational cocaine users in all four domains was intermediate between that of controls and dependent users and they displayed significant deficits foremost in the domains of attention and working memory. In addition, ADHD symptoms, craving and age at onset were important modulators of cognitive function in cocaine users. Cognitive deficits occur at a recreational and non-dependent level of cocaine use. Cocaine use and ADHD seem to have mutually aggravating effects on cognitive impairment.

2709 – Impact of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder “ADHD” across lifespan on substance use disorders “SUD”

Introduction Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects not only children but persists for up to 4.4% in the general population. Comorbidity is common among adults with ADHD, including substance abuse. Objectives Assessment of impact of both childhood and adult ADHD on SUD. Aim The aim of this study was to estimate prevalence rate of past history of childhood ADHD and current adult ADHD among substance use inpatients and to compare between the two groups regarding onset and severity of substance use disorder. Methods This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in addiction treatment center at El Maamoura psychiatric hospital. One hundred and two adult males were assessed using Arabic version of Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) for retrospective assessment of symptoms of childhood ADHD. Arabic version of Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) Symptom Checklist was used to screen for adult ADHD. DSM IV TR criteria were used for final diagnosis. Results Sixty Four patients of the total studied sample had past history of childhood ADHD. Of which, only 36 patients fulfilled the DSM - IV TR criteria for adult ADHD. Presence of adult ADHD was associated with an earlier mean age of onset of SUD (13.22 vs. 14.86 years), larger number of hospital admissions, (4.21 vs. 6.83 times) and a shorter mean period of abstinence (124.53 vs. 271.50 days). Conclusions In comparison to childhood ADHD, presence of adult ADHD was associated with a more complicated course of substance use disorders and poorer outcome.

An Examination of the Impact of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder on IQ: A Large Controlled Family-Based Analysis

Although children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have, on average, lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores than control subjects, the reasons for these deficits remain unknown. Because IQ is highly familial, we investigated whether children with ADHD have a decrement in IQ from expectations based on parental IQ. Subjects were 276 children with ADHD and 239 control subjects of similar age and sex. Expected IQ was calculated based on biological parents' estimated IQ. A significant discrepancy between observed and expected estimated IQ was defined by a child scoring 15 IQ points or more lower than expected, based on parental IQ. Compared with control subjects, children with ADHD were significantly more likely to have lower than expected estimated IQ scores based on parental IQ, though this finding was accounted for by a small subgroup of children with ADHD who had an IQ 15 points or more lower than expected, based on parental IQ. These children were more likely to be female, have higher psychopathological, neuropsychological, educational, and interpersonal deficits, as well as higher rates of perinatal complications. Group differences in IQ scores between children with and without ADHD reported in the literature may be accounted for by a subgroup of children with ADHD who have a large decrement in IQ from expectations based on parental IQ. Although perinatal complications may explain these findings, more work is needed to better understand the etiology of these IQ deficits.

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis: A Retrospective Study

There has been minimal study of the impact of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in cystic fibrosis (CF) or other chronic illness. To examine patterns of ADHD diagnosis and treatment in CF. Retrospective chart review of all pediatric patients in the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) CF Program referred from 8/05-12/08 for outpatient child psychiatric consultation and diagnosed with ADHD. The medication trial resulting in the best improvement in ADHD symptoms with the most tolerable side effects was designated the Best Regimen for each patient. Of the 188 patients aged 5-18 followed in the MGH CF Program during this time, 18 (9.6%) were referred to the liaison psychiatrist and diagnosed with ADHD. Eleven (61%) had CF treatment non-adherence as a presenting problem. Psychopharmacologic treatment of ADHD was attempted in 13 of the 18 cases. In eight cases the Best Regimen achieved a Clinical Global Impression improvement rating of much or very much improved. In three cases, the Best Regimen consisted of stimulant monotherapy; two consisted of nonstimulant monotherapy; two used a combination of two nonstimulants; and one used a combination of a stimulant and a nonstimulant. ADHD is common and treatable in pediatric patients with CF. Stimulants, nonstimulants, and combination therapies are viable treatment options. The presence of ADHD or other psychiatric disorders should be considered when behavior is interfering with adherence to medical care. Further research is needed into the prevalence and treatment of ADHD in CF and its impact on medical adherence and outcomes.

Impact of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and other psychopathology on treatment retention among cocaine abusers in a therapeutic community

Although there are some data suggesting that individuals with depressive disorders may be more likely to remain in treatment than those without depressive disorders, it is less clear how well other psychiatric subgroups compare to those without psychiatric comorbidity. This sample is a follow-up study of 135 individuals who were admitted into a therapeutic community. Individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), other Axis I disorders (no ADHD), and no Axis I disorders were compared. Although individuals with other Axis I disorders had a strikingly low early drop-out rate, after a prolonged time in treatment, the drop-out rate increased substantially, such that these individuals were found to complete treatment at a lower rate (17%) than those with no Axis I disorders (29%). Furthermore, individuals with ADHD were less likely to graduate treatment than those with other Axis I or no Axis I disorders (0%, 9%, and 19%, respectively). Future investigations may be useful to determine whether pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic interventions might improve treatment outcome.

Recent advances regarding attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in adolescence.

This paper reviews recent studies of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, focusing on research with implications for adolescents. Only 10 of the 31 recent investigations discussed employed an exclusively adolescent sample, necessitating considerable extrapolation from studies of children or adults or mixed samples with a wide range of ages. Significant advances include increased accuracy of predicting negative outcomes and the identification of adaptive skill dysfunction. Further information has become available on the long-term impact of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, and additional data have been reported on risk factors. Other reports have described typical services provided by pediatric and family medicine practices for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder; beneficial effects of combined behavioral and pharmacologic treatment; absence of adverse effects of methylphenidate on cognitive constriction or tics; and disappointing results for nonstimulant pharmacotherapy. A National Institute of Mental Health multisite treatment study has recently been initiated.