Immunohistochemical Expression Of CD10 Research Articles

Correlation of prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma with CD44 expression: A retrospective immunohistochemical analysis

ABSTRACT Background: Cluster of differentiation (CD44) is a cancer stem cell marker responsible for angiogenesis, invasion, and migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Objectives: The primary objective of the study was to analyze the difference in expression of CD44 among different grades of OSCC. The secondary objective was to correlate the prognosis with the expression. Materials and Methods: Based on histopathological diagnosis, we retrieved OSCC paraffin-embedded blocks from the archives of the Department of Oral Pathology, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Dental College, Chennai, India, reported from January 2012 to May 2022. We evaluated sections from 15 tissues of normal oral mucosa, 15 paraffin blocks of well-differentiated OSCC, 15 moderately differentiated OSCC, and 15 poorly differentiated OSCC for CD44 immunostaining. Immunohistochemical expression of CD44 was studied in these tissues and graded based on the intensity of staining. The difference in immune expression of CD44 between different grades was quantitatively analyzed using image analysis by Fiji image analysis software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean difference in expression between different groups by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: We identified that 10% (n = 6) of the normal mucosa showed strong expression of CD44, whereas 13.3% (n = 8) of well-differentiated OSCC, 10% (n = 6) of moderately differentiated OSCC, and 0% (n = 0) of poorly-differentiated OSCC were strongly positive for CD44 expression. The difference in comparison was statistically significant (P, 0.003). By quantitative analysis, the mean expression of CD44-positive cells in well-differentiated OSCC was 38258 ± 4762, moderately-differentiated OSCC was 27353 ± 1357, and poorly-differentiated OSCC was 10265 ± 1685. Upon comparison, the difference in mean was found to be significant (P, 0.002). Conclusion: The expression of CD44 was noted to decrease from well-differentiated to poorly-differentiated OSCC.

Immunohistochemical Expression of CD44 in Ameloblastoma and in Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor

Immunohistochemical Expression of CD44 in Ameloblastoma and in Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor

Immunohistochemical Expression of CD44 in colorectal carcinoma

Immunohistochemical Expression of CD44 in colorectal carcinoma

Does the Immunohistochemical Expression of CD44, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in Association with the Histopathological Subtype of Renal Cell Carcinoma Affect the Survival of Patients with Renal Cancer?

CD44, MMP-2, and MMP-9 are new potential molecular prognostic markers in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of the study was to analyze whether the expression of CD44, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in association with the histopathological subtype of RCC affects the survival of patients with renal cancer. The study population included 243 clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and 59 non-ccRCC cases. A total of 302 tumors were examined for CD44, MMP2, and MMP9 expression by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of the proteins were scored by semi-quantitative methods, and the correlation with overall patient survival was verified. We found no significant differences in CD44 expression levels between cc-RCC and non-ccRCC cases; however, significant differences existed in the degree of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression between cc-RCC and non-ccRCC cases. There was significantly higher MMP expression in non-ccRCC than in ccRCC cases. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that increased CD44 expression and histopathological subtype of ccRCC were predictors of shorter overall survival. Moreover, MMP-2 overexpression slightly reduced the risk of patient death, while MMP-9 expression did not show an association with patients' survival. However, on multivariate analysis, only the histopathological subtypes of ccRCC and CD44 expression were independent risk factors for patient death.

Cluster of Differentiation 44 Expression in Gastrointestinal Malignancies: A Study from South India.

Introduction Cancer stem cell markers are now being tried in various cancers as prognostic markers including GI cancer but these kinds of studies are sparse in Indian population. Materials and Methods This study conducted over a period 50 months. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were screened for grading of the tumor, extent of invasion of tumor, confirmation of metastasis, and staging was done. Immunohistochemical expression of CD44 was graded on the basis of percentage of tumor cells positive for staining. Statistical analysis was done and results were tabulated. Results : A total of 40 cases of GI cancer were studied. Ascending colon (37.5%) was the common site involved, 37 cases (92.5%) showed invasion beyond the muscularis externa. Most tumors were poorly differentiated (37.5%). Also, 50% of lymph nodes showed tumor deposits. The majority of the cases were in stage II (40%). There was a significant correlation between histopathological type of differentiation with lymph node metastasis and staging of tumor, lymph node metastasis also had significant association with staging. Grade 2, CD 44 expression was most common followed by Grade 3. Significant association was observed between histopathological differentiations of tumor with CD44 expression. Tumors that are invading beyond muscularis externa and lymph node-positive cases showed moderate to high CD44 expression. Conclusion CD44 expression was significantly noted in poorly differentiated tumors. Increased expression was also noted in cases of tumors invading beyond muscularis externa and lymph node metastasis. Combination of CSC markers will increase the sensitivity and specificity and predict better overall survival in GI tumors.

Immunohistochemical Expression of CD44 and DNA Analysis in Oral Premalignant and Malignant Lesions

Immunohistochemical Expression of CD44 and DNA Analysis in Oral Premalignant and Malignant Lesions

CD34 and CD105 Microvessels in Resected Bone Specimen May Implicate Wound Healing in MRONJ.

Clinical treatment outcome of MRONJ (medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw) surgery despite radical osseous removal and primary closure healing still shows differences in terms of outcome and disease recurrence. The study aims to assess the rate of angiogenesis of MRONJ lesions in order to understand the impact of angiogenesis and neoangiogenesis status on MRONJ surgical treatment outcome. This is the first study correlating microvessel density with prognosis in MRONJ surgically-treated patients. The immunohistochemical expression of CD34 and CD105 in MRONJ specimens obtained from surgically-treated patients was evaluated. The most vascularized areas detected by CD34 and CD105 were selected and the microvessel density value of the samples was registered. Samples were retrospectively divided according to the clinical outcome of MRONJ surgical treatment, dividing patients into two groups, “healed” and “not healed”. Statistical analysis was performed to assess if neovessels could influence treatment outcome in patients undergoing radical surgery. In the examined cohort, this value was highly predictive of better treatment outcome after radical surgery of MRONJ. Understanding of angiogenesis-dependent factors deserves further attention as a future target for MRONJ prevention and therapies.

Detection of Stem Cells in Dental Follicle and Benign Odontogenic Lesions by Immunohistochemical Expression of CD44 and c Myc

The pathogenesis of odontogenic lesions could be explained by the presence of stem cells as those odontogenic lesions contain a small number of stem cells. Many odontogenic tumors have been reported to originate from stem cells that present in remnants of the dental lamina. The maintenance of stem cells in early dental development is regulated by variety of transcription factors such as OCT-4, SOX-2, CD44, Nanog, Stat-3 and c-Myc. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the immunoexpression of two stem cell markers, which are CD44 and c Myc, in dental follicles and in benign epithelial odontogenic lesions. The study included 8 specimens of dental follicle, 6 specimens of inflammatory cysts, 8 specimens of odontogenic keratocyst and 8 specimens of dentigerous cysts. All cases of dental follicles showed positive immunoreaction for the two markers. Regarding c Myc all cases showed +ve immunoreaction except (OKC) were –ve. Regarding CD44 all cases showed +ve immunoreaction. Results of the present study characterize the presence of stem cells in dental follicle and in benign odontogenic lesions illustrating their role in the pathogenesis of these odontogenic lesions.

Suitability of CD133 as a Marker for Cancer Stem Cells in Melanoma.

Objectives:CD133 is considered a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in various malignancies; however, its role as a biomarker of malignant melanoma remains controversial. The present study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of CD133 surface antigen as a CSC marker in melanoma. Methods:Human melanoma cells were fractionally separated by magnetic cell separation depending on the CD133 phenotype and transplanted into immunodeficient mice to evaluate their tumorigenic capacity. Furthermore, the time until the development of a palpable tumor and the growth rate were measured, and the final tumor volume was assessed after 8 weeks. The immunohistochemical expression of CD133 in the induced neoplasia was then compared using histomorphometry. Results:Notably, neoplasms were induced in all the groups (n = 48), including in the CD133-negative group. Tumors induced by unsorted cells had the largest volume (p = 0.014) but were detected significantly later in this group (p ≤ 0.001). Interestingly, all explanted tumors expressed CD133, with no significant differences among groups. Conclusions:In contrast to the results obtained in prior studies, the suitability of CD133 as a CSC marker could not be demonstrated. The current encouraging progress in targeted therapy for malignant melanoma highlights the need to identify more effective targets.

CD44 expression in Prostatic lesions: A prognostic guide

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The cell surface glycoprotein CD44 plays an important role in mediating cell to cell and cell to matrix interaction, hence promoting the maintenance of tissue integrity and inhibiting tumour metastasis. The present study is aimed to evaluate the expression of CD44 by immunohistochemistry in prostatic core biopsies and transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) specimens in prostatic lesions. METHODS: A total of 63 prostatic samples were enrolled in the study which included cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical expression of CD44 was studied to assess its association with histopathological findings and clinical data in the aforementioned samples. RESULTS: CD44 expression was strongly expressed in inflammatory and non-neoplastic cells as compared to neoplastic cells. Within the later, intensity of CD44 expression was stronger in well-differentiated than in poorly differentiated tumours. Loss of CD44 expression was associated with greater tumour aggressiveness. The positive expression of CD44 expression on immunohistochemistry was strongly associated with lower S. PSA levels, Gleason’s scores & grades. Consequently, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of negative CD44 expression for the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma were 93.3%,79.3%,82.4%,92% and 86.4% respectively. CONCLUSION: There is a great requirement for markers that distinguish slowly progressive from rapidly progressive prostate cancers in paraffin-embedded tissues. CD44 promotes the maintenance of tissue integrity and its expression in prostate cancer is associated with reduced tumour aggressiveness. The up-regulation of the expression of CD44 by certain microRNAs can be utilized as a novel therapeutic agent against prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Distribution and Expression of the Adhesion Molecule CD44 on Human Corneal Grafts Is Not Altered by Chemotherapy.

Acceptance of corneas from donors with a malignancy remains controversial, especially for donors with hematological malignancy. The aim of our study was to examine, for the first time in literature, any structural differences in the integrity of the corneal grafts from donors who have received and from those who have not received chemotherapy. The immunohistochemical expression of CD44 was examined in 12 corneal grafts obtained from 8 donors. Three grafts were obtained from 2 donors who had received chemotherapy and the rest were obtained from 6 donors who had not received any kind of chemotherapy. Epithelial cells expressed the CD44 molecule in all grafts of both groups. No CD44 expression was noticed on endothelial cells or in the stroma. Tumorigenesis and the consequent chemotherapy did not affect the structure and integrity of the corneal tissue in the examined samples. We suggest that corneal grafts from cancer donors are safe and functionally equals to grafts obtained from non-cancer donors.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CD44 EXPRESSION IN POLYPS AND ADENOCARCINOMA OF DISTAL COLON

Introduction. CD44 is one of the most used markers of cancer stem cells in colorectal cancer. Even though, the questions of its diagnostic and prognostic value remain open. The aim of the study was to compare CD44 immunohistochemical expression levels in polyps and adenocarcinoma of the distal colon. Materials and methods. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of biopsies from 40 patients and surgical material of colorectal adenocarcinoma from 30 patients were carried out. Results. It was figured out that distal colonic polyps are characterized by membranous CD44 expression with the medians of relative areas of CD44+ cells equal to 60,24 (50,22; 70,22) % stromal cells and 15,67 (12,47; 19,47) % epitheliocytes. Colorectal adenocarcinoma is characterized by membranous-cytoplasmic CD44 expression with the medians of relative areas of CD44+ cells equal to 61,26 (42,58 ; 79,15) % stromal cells and 30,60 (24,56 ; 36,45 ) % cancer cells. Comparative analysis of the data obtained for the pTNM stages of colorectal adenocarcinoma revealed some significant differences. The median of CD44+ stromal cells area on the I stage equals to 31,41 (19,87 ; 42,15) % vs. the median of CD44+ stromal cells area on the II stage equals to 48,26 (35,44 ; 61,45) % , р ˂ 0,05; the median of CD44+ stromal cells area on the II stage vs. the median of CD44+ stromal cells area on the III stage equals to 78,36 (61,13 ; 80,06) % , р ˂ 0,05. The median of CD44+ cancer cells area on the III stage equals to 30,35 (21,19 ; 35,47) % vs. the median of CD44+ cancer cells area on the IV stage equals to 31,25 (30,22 ; 41,19) % , р ˂ 0,05. Moreover, it was revealed that the median of CD44+ epitheliocytes area in polyps two-fold smaller than the median of CD44+ cancer cells area in colorectal adenocarcinoma: 15,67 (12,47 ; 19,47) % vs. 30,60 (24,56 ; 36,45 ) % , р ˂ 0,05. Conclusions. Distal colonic polyps are characterized by membranous CD44 expression with the median of CD44+ epitheliocytes area that is two-fold smaller than the median of CD44+ cancer cells area. Colorectal adenocarcinoma is characterized by membranous-cytoplasmic CD44 expression with the median of CD44+ stromal cells area that significantly increases during the tumor progression from I to III stages and with the median of CD44+ cancer cells area that significantly go up during the tumor progression from III to IV stages.

CD117 Is a Specific Marker of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms (IPMN) of the Pancreas, Oncocytic Subtype.

The intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm (IOPN) of the pancreas has been recognized by WHO classification as a unique intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) category. IOPN is composed of oxyphil cells, usually expressing MUC5AC, MUC6, and Hep Par-1, and harboring PRKACA/B fusion genes as their genetic hallmark. Although IOPNs are associated with an infiltrative adenocarcinoma in up to 30% of cases, the survival rate after surgical resection approaches 100%. This highlights the importance of the correct IOPN diagnosis, above all in cases with an associated invasive component. In this study, the immunohistochemical expression of CD117 was investigated in 111 IPMNs, including 17 oncocytic, 45 gastric, 20 pancreatico-biliary, and 29 intestinal IPMNs. We also tested the expression of MUC5AC, MUC6, and Hep Par-1 in the IOPN cohort. CD117 positivity was significantly more frequent in IOPNs compared to the other IPMN subtypes (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, within IOPN, a lower or absent CD117, MUC5AC, MUC6, and Hep Par-1 expression tended to be associated with the presence of an infiltrative component. Our findings shed light into the biology of these complex lesions, which are confirmed to be a distinctive IPMN subtype; notably, CD117 emerged as a potential, additional tool in the differential diagnosis of IPMNs.

Immunohistochemical study of CD44 in сolorectal adenocarcinoma

Background. Over the last decade, a significant amount of data supporting the cancer stem cell hypothesis has been accumulated. Despite the large number of works devoted to the study of the stem cell marker CD44 in colorectal adenocarcinoma, the question of the prognostic value of this marker is still controversial. Objective. To study CD44 immunohistochemical expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma on the I, II, III, IV stages (pTNM). Methods. Pathohistological and immunohistochemical studies of surgical material from 30 patients that underwent surgical treatment of colorectal adenocarcinoma (I–IV stages) were carried out. Polyclonal antibodies CD44 (CD44 Std. / HCAM Ab-4, Thermo Scientifiс, USA) were used for immunohistochemical study. Results. 16,7% of all the studied cases were stage I colorectal adenocarcinomas, 26,7% – stage II colorectal adenocarcinomas, 33,3% – stage III colorectal adenocarcinomas, and 23,3% – stage IV colorectal adenocarcinomas. It was established that colorectal adenocarcinoma is characterized by the medium membrano-cytoplasmic expression of CD44 with the median 90,49 (62,19; 110,15) CUOD that statistically significantly higher than CD44 expression level in non-changed mucosa of the distal colon. There is a tendency to increasing of expression level of the marker in sequence of the stages of colorectal adenocarcinoma development, wherein median of CD44 expression in stage II carcinomas is significantly higher than the same characteristic in stage I carcinomas (70,32 (55,13; 90,56) CUOD vs. 51,12 (31,14; 60,32) CUOD, р˂0,05), and median of CD44 expression in stage III carcinomas is significantly higher than the same characteristic in stage II carcinomas (104,76 (90,03; 112,26) CUOD vs. 70,32 (55,13; 90,56) CUOD, р˂0,05). Furthermore, correlations between CD44 expression level and depth of tumor’s invasion (r=0,48, p˂0,05), presence of regional metastases (r=0,53, p˂0,05), presence of distant metastases (r=0,38, p˂0,05), histological grade of the tumor (r=0,27, p˂0,05) were revealed. Conclusion. CD44 immunohistochemical expression increases significantly during the progression of colorectal adenocarcinoma from stage I to stage III (pTNM), as well it correlates with depth of the tumor’s invasion, presence of regional and distant metastases, and with histological grade of the tumor.

CD10 and CD34 as markers in vascular malformations with PIK3CA and TEK mutations

Vascular malformations (vMs) encompass a wide range of diseases often associated with somatic or, more rarely, germinal genetic mutations. A mutation in the PIK3Ca/mTOR pathway is more often involved in various vMs. CD10 and CD34 are cellular markers that may play a role in mesenchymal differentiation and proliferation. The aim of our study was to find a possible link between the immunohistochemical expression of CD10 and CD34 in vMs and their relationship with mutations in the PIK3CA/mTOR signaling pathway. Our study on 58 samples of vMs showed that in endothelial cells, CD10 was significantly expressed in PIK3CA-mutated samples compared with samples without any mutation (p<0.05), especially and even more consistently when compared with samples with mutation in other pathways (p<0.0001). Conversely, in the same PIK3CA-mutated samples, CD34 expression in endothelial cells was significantly reduced compared with samples either without any mutation or mutations in other pathways (p<0.05 and p<0.0005). Compared with samples with mutations in other pathways, a significant overexpression of endothelial CD10 was also found in samples with TEK/TIE2 mutation, a gene linked to the PIK3CA/mTOR pathway (p<0.01). However, CD34 expression was not altered. In samples with PIK3CA mutation, the CD10 expression was significantly increased in the stroma compared with samples with TEK/TIE2 gene or other genemutations (p<0.05). Therefore, the CD10 and CD34 immunohistochemical profile could suggest/support the presence of mutations in the PIK3CA/mTOR pathway in samples of vMs.

Primary Ovarian Tumors With Lymphogenic and Hematogenic Metastasis Express High MMP-14, Which Colocalizes With Highly Sulfated Chondroitin Sulfate in the Stroma.

Lymphogenic and hematogenic metastases are uncommon in ovarian cancer, especially at presentation. We hypothesized that MMP-14 and MMP-2, CD44, and highly sulfated chondroitin sulfate (CS-E) may be overexpressed in tumors with these metastatic patterns. These molecules are all present in the ovarian tumor microenvironment, wherein they may interact. In an ovarian cancer cohort of 44 patients with metastases in lymph nodes, spleen, and/or liver, the presence of MMP-14, MMP-2, CD44, and CS-E in both the primary tumor and the metastases was determined with immunohistochemistry and related to clinical characteristics. Immunohistochemical expression was found for MMP-14 in all primary tumors as well as in all metastases and for MMP-2 expression in most of the samples. Most primary tumors with synchronous metastases were positive for CS-E, as well as most primary tumors with metachronous lymphogenic metastases. The expression of the MMPs and CS-E in the stroma seemed to colocalize. For CD44 immunohistochemical expression, this relationship was not found. Epithelial MMP-14 on the one hand and stromal CS-E on the other hand seem to be essential players in ovarian cancer with lymphogenic and hematogenic metastases. CD44 expression is not correlated with the other markers. More research on the interaction of these molecules and their role in the process of dissimination of disease is warranted.

Clinicopathological and Prognostic Value of Immunohistochemical Expression of CD44 (Stem Cell Marker) and Ki67 in Serous Ovarian Cancer

Clinicopathological and Prognostic Value of Immunohistochemical Expression of CD44 (Stem Cell Marker) and Ki67 in Serous Ovarian Cancer

Immunohistochemical Expression of CD44 in Glioma and its Relation to Clinicopathological Parameters

Immunohistochemical Expression of CD44 in Glioma and its Relation to Clinicopathological Parameters

Interplay between Stemness and Inflammatory Modulators in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia

Review: The backbone of clonal evolution model claims that every individual malignant cell has the potential to initiate a new neoplasm. Yet, the cancer stem cell theory confirms that only a few number of stem-like cancer cells can initiate a new neoplasm with all clones of the original neoplasm. CD133 is the most commonly used marker to identify the CSCs from different malignancies. Among the important mediators of the inflammatory pathways is COX-2, which has been found to be elevated in several human cancers. The strong association of different types of cancer with some chronic inflammatory diseases confirms the influential role of inflammation in carcinogenesis.Aim of study: The present study aimed to find the possible correlation between the stemness (CD133+) and the inflammatory modulator (COX-2) in different grades of oral epithelial dysplasias which might help in predicting the oral cancer development.Material and Methods: Immunohistochemical expression of CD133 and COX-2 was evaluated in 5 histologically normal samples of normal oral mucosa and 30 samples of oral dysplasia.Results: For both CD133 and COX-2, there were a statistically significant difference between the different grades of oral dysplasias (P-value <0.001, Effect size = 0.956 for CD133 and 0.942 for COX-2).Conclusion: The gradual over expression of CD133 and COX-2 from normal to different grades of oral dysplastic lesions suggests the potential role of these both proteins in oral carcinogenesis, and might help in the diagnosis and the prediction of the oral cancer development.

Immunohistochemical expression of CD44, matrix metalloproteinase2 and matrix metalloproteinase9 in renal cell carcinomas

PurposeThe aim of our study was to investigate the clinicopathologic values of the expression of CD44, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, and MMP9 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Patients and methodsA total of 107 clear cell RCCs (ccRCCs) and 32 nonclear cell RCCs (non-ccRCCs) were examined for CD44, MMP2, and MMP9 expression by immunohistochemistry. The membrane and cytoplasmic expression levels of the 3 proteins were scored by semiquantitative methods, and the correlations of the 3 proteins with clinicopathological parameters were verified. ResultsThe expression levels of CD44, MMP2, and MMP9 were positively correlated with nuclear grade (grade 1–2 vs. grade 3-4) (P = 0.003, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) in the ccRCCs, while in the non-ccRCCs, only CD44 expression was correlated with higher nuclear grade (grade 1–3 vs. grade 4) (P = 0.001). Furthermore, CD44 expression in ccRCCs and non-ccRCCs was correlated with shorter overall survival in the univariate analyses (P < 0.001 and P = 0.015, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, which accounted for age, sex, nuclear grade, and pathologic stage, CD44 expression was an independent predictor of shorter overall survival only in ccRCCs. Correlations among the 3 proteins were all positive in ccRCCs, but in non-ccRCCs, only MMP2 and MMP9 were positively correlated. ConclusionCD44 expression may play an important role in the progression of both ccRCC and non-ccRCC. CD44 expression in ccRCC may be associated with elevated MMP2 and MMP9 expression levels, which is in contrast to non-ccRCC. The different correlations between CD44, MMP2, and MMP9 in ccRCC and non-ccRCC can be useful in understanding the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and stratifying patients for therapeutic purposes.