Immune Individuals Research Articles

Detection of HHV-5 HHV-6a HHV-6b and HHV-7 in the urine: potential use as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for immune profiling

Decline in immune function with age has been studied extensively, but approaches to immune restoration have been hampered by the lack of simple methods of identifying individuals whose immune system is in decline. Our approach has been to identify individuals whose immune decline has led to a loss of control of common latent viral infections and their consequent reactivation. Viruses excreted in urine were detected and quantified and we believe this approach could provide a 'surrogate marker' for identifying immune compromised individuals. Here we report the detection of human herpes virus (HHV) 5, 6a, 6b and 7 in the urine of healthy individuals over a wide age range and their correlation with T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) data. The results did not show a clear correlation between TREC values and the detection of individual specific viruses or viral load values when measured singly. However, a correlation was found between low TREC values and the detection of several different human herpes viruses in the urine in males. We present evidence suggesting that for males, the detection of three or more different human herpes viruses in the urine could identify individuals with declining immune function as evidenced by their significantly lower TREC levels.

HERD IMMUNITY TO VACCINE PREVENTABLE INFECTIONS IN SAINT PETERSBURG AND THE LENINGRAD REGION: SEROLOGICAL STATUS OF MEASLES, MUMPS, AND RUBELLA

Abstract Specific measles, mumps, and rubella prevention has been the main prerequisite for a striking decline in the incidence of such infections in Russia. An increase in the percentage of seronegative individuals observed in recent years resulted in higher measles incidence being directly related to low herd immunity that accounts for a population protection solely under conditions of a high density of immunized individuals and their uniform distribution in the population. The number of immunized individuals may be estimated only while conducting seroepidemiological monitoring of herd immunity. Objective of the study: to assess a level of herd immunity in the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region population against measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. Materials and methods. There were enrolled 6,774 residents into the study: volunteers aged from 1 to 70+ years. The representativeness of the surveyed cohort was ensured by using the Web application "Monitoring of herd immunity against socially significant infections", used at the stage of volunteer enrollment, by randomization and regulation of the sample size in age groups. Participants filled out a questionnaire and agreed to provide venous blood samples to assess IgG antibody levels against measles, mumps, and rubella viruses by using ELISA. Results. In September 2023, in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, herd immunity met the criterion for epidemiological well-being only with respect to rubella. In all age groups, the proportion of seronegative individuals did not exceed 15%, and most volunteers had high Ab levels, both after illness and vaccination. For measles and mumps, the criterion for epidemiological well-being is considered not to exceed more than 7% seronegative individuals. A sufficient level of measles seroprevalence was detected only in older age groups (≥60 years old). Sufficient mumps seroprevalence was not detected in any age group. The average population (St. Petersburg, Leningrad Region) seroprevalence magnitude for measles, rubella, and mumps viruses were 81.4%, 95.5%, and 78.4%, respectively. The problematic age groups with low measles seroprevalence (62.4–74.3%) were adolescents (12-17 yrs) and young adults (18-39 yrs). Most seropositive individuals vaccinated against measles had low Ab levels; high levels were noted mainly in older measles convalescent individuals. Low mumps seroprevalence (~70%) was more often observed among adults aged 18 to 49 years. The distribution of seroprevalence in various occupational group was relatively uniform, with some predominance of seropositivity among pensioners and schoolchildren. Conclusion. The system of specific prophylaxis for vaccine-preventable viral infections used in Russia has shown high efficacy and contributed to the formation of herd immunity, which for many years allowed to lower a risk of both sporadic and group infections to minimal levels. Currently, measles and mumps seroprevalence in the local population is maintained at insufficient level to ensure epidemiological well-being. This necessitates making appropriate management decisions and conducting additional preventive measures aimed at enhancing relevant herd immunity.

Effectiveness of social distancing under partial compliance of individuals

Social distancing reduces infectious disease transmission by limiting contact frequency and proximity within a community. However, compliance varies due to its impact on daily life. This paper explores the effects of compliance on social distancing effectiveness through a “social distancing game”, where community members make decisions based on personal utility. We conducted numerical experiments to evaluate how different policy settings for social distancing affect disease transmission.Our findings suggest several key points for developing effective social distancing policies. Firstly, while generally effective, overly strict policies may lead to noncompliance and reduced effectiveness. Secondly, the public health benefits of social distancing need to be balanced against social costs, emphasizing policy efficiency. Lastly, for diseases with low reinfection risk, a segmented policy exempting immune individuals could lessen both infections and socioeconomic costs.

An immuno-inflammatory profiling of asymptomatic individuals in a malaria endemic area in Uganda

Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum leads to the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs). A better understanding of how naturally immune individuals control infections should be valuable for future vaccine studies. Antibodies against RBCs and RBC surface antigens were measured together with different inflammatory markers in healthy adults living in a malaria endemic area of Uganda and compared to Swedish healthy adults. Antibodies binding to RBCs were clearly elevated in Ugandans compared to Swedish samples, and for RBC surface antigens the Ugandans had higher levels of antibodies against JMH, but not against Cromer or Kell. Twenty-eight percent of the Ugandans were PCR-positive for P. falciparum, and these had higher levels of IgG against parasite extract and more inhibition in functional growth/invasion assays, but levels of antibodies against RBC, RBC surface antigens, results from Direct Antiglobulin Tests (DAT) and indirect antiglobulin tests were similar when compared with PCR-negative individuals. When inflammatory markers (α-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, orosomucoid/α-1-acid glycoprotein, CRP, IgG, IgA and IgM) were measured there were in general almost no signs of inflammation except for clearly elevated levels of IgG. Some had low levels of haptoglobin and for orosomucoid more than half of the individuals had clearly reduced levels. There was no correlation between the inflammatory markers and PCR-positivity, antibodies against RBCs or parasites. In conclusion, for healthy adults living in a malaria endemic area, there was a clear presence of antibodies against RBCs in parallel with high levels of IgG and almost no signs of inflammation, even though many individuals were carrying parasites.

Cell binding tropism of rat hepatitis E virus is a pivotal determinant of its zoonotic transmission to humans

Classically, all hepatitis E virus (HEV) variants causing human infection belong to the genus Paslahepevirus (HEV-A). However, the increasing cases of rat HEV infection in humans since 2018 challenged this dogma, posing increasing health threats. Herein, we investigated the underlying mechanisms dictating the zoonotic potentials of different HEV species and their possible cross-protection relationships. We found that rat HEV virus-like particles (HEVVLPs) bound to human liver and intestinal cells/tissues with high efficiency. Moreover, rat HEVVLPs and infectious rat HEV particles penetrated the cell membrane and entered human target cells postbinding. In contrast, ferret HEVVLPs showed marginal cell binding and entry ability, bat HEVVLPs and avian HEVVLPs exhibited no binding and entry potency. Structure-based three-dimensional mapping identified that the surface spike domain of rat HEV is crucial for cell binding. Antigenic cartography indicated that rat HEV exhibited partial cross-reaction with HEV-A. Intriguingly, sera of HEV-A infected patients or human HEV vaccine Hecolin® immunized individuals provided partial cross-protection against the binding of rat HEVVLPs to human target cells. In summary, the interactions between the viral capsid and cellular receptor(s) regulate the distinct zoonotic potentials of different HEV species. The systematic characterization of antigenic cartography and serological cross-reactivity of different HEV species provide valuable insights for the development of species-specific diagnosis and protective vaccines against zoonotic HEV infection.

Specific anti-toxic immunotherapy: use in medical practice and perspectives

The results of use of approaches and means of antitoxic immunotherapy in medical practice are summarized: passive transfer of various variants of antibodies specific to toxic compounds, vaccination – specific active immunization with vaccines carrying determinants of the immunochemical specificity of target toxic compounds. The practical effectiveness of the known approaches of passive transfer and vaccination is associated with the ability of specific antibodies, by binding target bioactive compounds with pronounced toxicity, to change the availability of corresponding structures in the body-targets and, in the presence of a sufficient number of specific antibodies with high binding ability to the target compounds, neutralize their toxicity. In medical practice, polyspecific heterologous antisera or the gamma globulin fraction of antisera (extremely rare monoclonal antibodies of narrow specificity) are widely used for passive transfer as antidotes in the treatment of victims in order to prevent deaths and extensive necrosis of soft tissues at the site of the bite of poisonous snakes and insects. Active immunization – vaccination with appropriate antigenic drugs should create in immunized individuals a state of humoral immunity with the corresponding characteristics of antibody formation specific to the target compound. When a target toxic compound enters an immunized organism, it is also possible to neutralize its toxicity. The most successful experience in using the principles of active immunization as a technology for specific antitoxic therapy is associated with the practice of using toxoids for toxinemic infections. Specific practical techniques used to achieve the effectiveness of possible approaches to specific antitoxic immunotherapy in the form of passive transfer of specific antibodies or their fragments are considered: to combat lethal infections in the pathogenesis of which the toxic effects of bacterial exotoxins are significant; when treating victims of snake and insect bites, exposure to poisons of marine organisms, algae and plant toxins; in the treatment of severe intoxication with certain low molecular weight toxic substances: digoxin, colchicine, tricyclic antidepressants. The most successful experiences of using the principles of active immunization as a technology for specific antitoxic therapy, based on the use of toxoids with specificity for diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, gas gangrene and other toxinemic infections, are also considered. The fairly high immunogenicity of toxoids with the possibility of activating both constitutional and adaptive immunity has become the basis for their use as macromolecular carriers of hapten analogues of narcotic substances – a promising direction in drug addiction, in the implementation of which a number of experimental molecular and combined vaccines of opiates, methamphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine. This variant of practical efforts in medicine can be regarded as a new direction of specific antitoxic immunotherapy – an option to combat drug addiction by vaccinating drug addicts.

Modeling different strategies towards control of lung cancer: leveraging early detection and anti-cancer cell measures

The global population has encountered significant challenges throughout history due to infectious diseases. To comprehensively study these dynamics, a novel deterministic mathematical model, TCD I L 2 Z, is developed for the early detection and treatment of lung cancer. This model incorporates I L 2 cytokine and anti-PD-L1 inhibitors, enhancing the immune system’s anticancer response within five epidemiological compartments. The TCD I L 2 Z model is analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, emphasizing local stability given the limited data-a critical component of epidemic modeling. The model is systematically validated by examining essential elements such as equilibrium points, the reproduction number ( R 0 ), stability, and sensitivity analysis. Next-generation techniques based on R 0 that track disease transmission rates across the sub-compartments are fed into the system. At the same time, sensitivity analysis helps model how a particular parameter affects the dynamics of the system. The stability on the global level of such therapy agents retrogrades individuals with immunosuppression or treated with I L 2 and anti-PD-L1 inhibitors admiring the Lyapunov functions’ applications. NSFD scheme based on the implicit method is used to find the exact value and is compared with Euler’s method and RK4, which guarantees accuracy. Thus, the simulations were conducted in the MATLAB environment. These simulations present the general symptomatic and asymptomatic consequences of lung cancer globally when detected in the middle and early stages, and measures of anticancer cells are implemented including boosting the immune system for low immune individuals. In addition, such a result provides knowledge about real-world control dynamics with I L 2 and anti-PD-L1 inhibitors. The studies will contribute to the understanding of disease spread patterns and will provide the basis for evidence-based intervention development that will be geared toward actual outcomes.

Infection by a multidrug-resistant Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain: prediction of virulence factors, CRISPR-Cas system analysis, and structural implications of mutations conferring rifampin resistance.

Cases of diphtheria, even in immunized individuals, are still reported in several parts of the world, including in Brazil. New outbreaks occur in Europe and other continents. In this context, studies on Corynebacterium diphtheriae infections are highly relevant, both for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and for controlling the circulation of clones and antimicrobial resistance genes. Here we present a case of cutaneous infection by multidrug-resistant Corynebacterium diphtheriae and provide its whole-genome sequencing. Genomic analysis revealed resistance genes, including tet(W), sul1, cmx, rpoB2, rbpA and mutation in rpoB. We performed phylogenetic analyzes and used the BRIG to compare the predicted resistance genes with those found in genomes from other significant isolates, including those associated with some outbreaks. Virulence factors such as spaD, srtBC, spaH, srtDE, surface-anchored pilus proteins (sapD), nonfimbrial adhesins (DIP0733, DIP1281, and DIP1621), embC and mptC (putatively involved in CdiLAM), sigA, dtxR and MdbA (putatively involved) in post-translational modification, were detected. We identified the CRISPR-Cas system in our isolate, which was classified as Type II-U based on the database and contains 15 spacers. This system functions as an adaptive immune mechanism. The strain was attributed to a new sequence type ST-928, and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that it was related to ST-634 of C. diphtheriae strains isolated in French Guiana and Brazil. In addition, since infections are not always reported, studies with the sequence data might be a way to complement and inform C. diphtheriae surveillance.

What is Different about Recombinant Herpes Zoster Vaccine?

Herpes zoster (HZ) affects about one in three persons in their life time. Compared with the general population, older adults with immune senescence and individuals who are immunocompromised therapy are at increased risk for HZ, and its debilitating complications. To prevent HZ, two HZ vaccines, zoster vaccine live (ZVL) and recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) are available. RZV is The Korean Society of Infectious Diseases revised guidelines for HZ vaccine in 2023, and recommended to vaccinate with RZV for adults ≥ aged 50 years and for severely immunocompromised adults aged ≥ 18 years. RZV is more effective for prevention of HZ than ZVL. RZV is nonreplicating and is thus safe in immunocompromised patients. RZV has clinically acceptable safety profile. This review will help clinicians update knowledge about RZV and identify eligible subjects who may benefit from HZ vaccinations.

Possible alteration in serum ferritin level in malaria infected HIV seropositive individuals in Nauth, Nnewi, Nigeria

The role of Ferritin in monitoring disease progression in immune compromised HIV individuals with an underlying active infection like malaria is a subject of growing research. Ferritin being an acute phase protein, plays important role in assessing the range of damage due to inflammation in immunosuppressed patients leaving in highly endemic malaria regions. The levels of serum ferritin in malaria infected HIV positive individuals in Nnamdi Azikiwe University teaching hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria, was assessed. Questionnaire was used to obtain the demographic details of the participants, and to rule out other inflammatory infections. 88 participants of the age group 18 - 65 years, comprising 24 with HIV infection, 22 with HIV and Malaria co-infection, 22 with Malaria infection, and a control group of 22 individuals with neither HIV nor malaria infection were randomly recruited. Ferritin level was determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique and a cross sectional prospective study design was used. A significantly high mean serum ferritin level was observed in HIV infected individuals with and/ or without malaria co-infection than in malaria positive and control group (p<0.05 respectively). Serum ferritin level was significantly higher in female participants than in male counterparts (p < 0.05). Serum ferritin level was significantly higher in individuals with CD4 count >500 than in CD4 count ≤ 500 (p < 0.05). Blood pressure was significantly higher in HIV infected and malaria positive individuals when compared with controls. The increased serum ferritin level and higher blood pressure in HIV infected participants suggests active inflammatory process, reduced immunity and hypertension which may have worsened by malaria co-infection. This may subsequently lead to vascular and endothelia damage causing disease severity.

Backward bifurcation arising from decline of immunity against emerging infectious diseases

Decline of immunity is a phenomenon characterized by immunocompromised host and plays a crucial role in the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) such as COVID-19. In this paper, we propose an age-structured model with vaccination and reinfection of immune individuals. We prove that the disease-free equilibrium of the model undergoes backward and forward transcritical bifurcations at the critical value of the basic reproduction number for different values of parameters. We illustrate the results by numerical computations, and also find that the endemic equilibrium exhibits a saddle–node bifurcation on the extended branch of the forward transcritical bifurcation. These results allow us to understand the interplay between the decline of immunity and EIDs, and are able to provide strategies for mitigating the impact of EIDs on global health.

The association and interactions of malnutrition, micronutrients, and drug therapy in the management of tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is an infectious lung disease that is the leading cause of death worldwide. Globally, over 3,500 people lose their lives to tuberculosis each day – totalling 1.3 million deaths each year. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the acid-fast bacteria that causes tuberculosis. Fever, coughing, exhaustion, and weight loss are among the symptoms that patients with tuberculosis display. Tuberculosis is transmitted from person to person by inhaling airborne droplets. Immune compromised individuals are at high risk for developing tuberculosis. Direct microscopy of sputum smears and solid media cultures are used as tuberculosis diagnostic techniques. The global effort to combat tuberculosis has so far saved an estimated 75 million lives since 2000. The present review focuses on the association between malnutrition and tuberculosis, micronutrient status, and drugs used in tuberculosis therapy. The greatest risk factor for TB is malnutrition, which weakens immunity by lowering the cells' ability to fight off infections. Many micronutrients are useful in controlling tuberculosis and boosting the host's immunity. These include copper, zinc, selenium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B6, and vitamin E. Furthermore, the longevity of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) depends on their micronutrient status. Several medications, such as isoniazid, ethambutol, rifabutin, levofloxacin, amikacin, streptomycin, and capreomycin, are used to treat tuberculosis for a certain period of time. Anti-tuberculosis medications can cause vitamin B6 deficiency, arthralgias, gastrointestinal issues, hepatotoxic effects, and allergic reactions as adverse effects. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed to end the global tuberculosis epidemic by 2023 but more work remains to be done.

Bordetella pertussis outer membrane vesicles impair neutrophil bactericidal activity

Neutrophils constitute the primary defense against bacterial infections, yet certain pathogens express virulence factors that enable them to subvert neutrophils-mediated killing. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have emerged as a secretory system through which bacteria deliver virulence factors to host cells. OMVs from Bordetella pertussis, the etiological agent of whooping cough, are loaded with most of bacterial virulence factors, including CyaA, which plays a key role in B. pertussis evasion of neutrophils bactericidal activity. In our study, we investigated the role of B. pertussis OMVs in bacterial interaction with neutrophils. We observed that interaction of OMVs with neutrophils led to a decrease in the expression of cell surface CR3 and FcγRs, an effect dependent on the CyaA toxin delivered by these vesicles. This decreased receptor expression led to reduced bacterial uptake by neutrophils, irrespective of the presence of opsonic antibodies. Moreover, CyaA delivered by OMVs hindered intracellular bactericidal trafficking, promoting bacterial intracellular survival. When both bacteria and OMVs were opsonized, competition between opsonized OMVs and B. pertussis for FcγRs on neutrophils led to a significant decrease in bacterial uptake. Overall, our findings suggest that B. pertussis OMVs promote bacterial survival to the encounter with neutrophils in both naïve and immunized individuals.

An unexpected case of tetanus in a fully immunized 20-year-old female: a case report

BackgroundWidespread vaccinations have significantly decreased the number of tetanus cases in developed countries. Today, most cases of tetanus affect the elderly and those with inadequate immunization in developed countries such as Japan. As vaccinations were believed to be nearly 100% effective in preventing tetanus, tetanus in young, immunized individuals were considered unlikely. However, unexpected tetanus infection has been reported in young adequately immunized individuals.CaseWe herein describe a 20-year-old immunized female who visited our emergency department with trismus and painful muscle spasms that started after receiving a puncture wound to her right foot. A physical examination revealed an elevated body temperature (38°C), trismus, muscle spasms in her right leg and neck, and a puncture wound at the sole of her right foot. Following the development of dyspnea after admission to the intensive care unit, the patient was intubated and mechanically ventilated. She fully recovered after six days in intensive care.ConclusionThe present case serves as a stark reminder that tetanus may still occur in young, immunized individuals. Patients with a history of immunization may have a better prognosis than those with no immunizations.

Immune Response to an Inactivated Vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 (CoronaVac) in an Indigenous Brazilian Population: A Cohort Study.

Although the adaptive immune responses to the CoronaVac vaccine are known, their dynamics in indigenous communities remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the humoral and cellular immune responses to CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech Life Sciences, 2021 NCT05225285, Beijing, China), in immunized Brazilian indigenous individuals. We conducted a prospective cohort study on indigenous Brazilian people between February 2021 and June 2021. Analyses of immune responses were carried out before (T1) and after a vaccination schedule was completed (T2). Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. We initially included 328 patients; among them, 120 (36.6%) had no SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from 106 patients during follow-up visits, of which 91 samples were analyzed by immunophenotyping assay to detect SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T-cell response. Post-vaccination, the levels of memory B-cells and Natural Killer T-lymphocytes increased. Bororó village residents, females, and Terena ethnic group members had higher levels of anti-spike IgG antibodies post-vaccination, whereas alcohol and tobacco users had lower concentrations. To our best knowledge, this was the first comprehensive assessment of antibody and T-cell responses against CoronaVac vaccination in indigenous patients. Our findings showed that antibody response and T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 were present in most patients following the vaccination schedule.

Mathematical modeling and control of lung cancer with IL2 cytokine and anti-PD-L1 inhibitor effects for low immune individuals.

Mathematical formulations are crucial in understanding the dynamics of disease spread within a community. The aim of this work is to examine that the Lung Cancer detection and treatment by introducing IL2 and anti-PD-L1 inhibitor for low immune individuals. Mathematical model is developed with the created hypothesis to increase immune system by antibody cell's and Fractal-Fractional operator (FFO) is used to turn the model into a fractional order model. A newly developed system TCDIL2Z is examined both qualitatively and quantitatively in order to determine its stable position. The boundedness, positivity and uniqueness of the developed system are examined to ensure reliable bounded findings, which are essential properties of epidemic models. The global derivative is demonstrated to verify the positivity with linear growth and Lipschitz conditions are employed to identify the rate of effects in each sub-compartment. The system is investigated for global stability using Lyapunov first derivative functions to assess the overall impact of IL2 and anti-PD-L1 inhibitor for low immune individuals. Fractal fractional operator is used to derive reliable solution using Mittag-Leffler kernel. In fractal-fractional operators, fractal represents the dimensions of the spread of the disease and fractional represents the fractional ordered derivative operator. We use combine operators to see real behavior of spread as well as control of lung cancer with different dimensions and continuous monitoring. Simulations are conducted to observe the symptomatic and asymptomatic effects of Lung Cancer disease to verify the relationship of IL2, anti-PD-L1 inhibitor and immune system. Also identify the real situation of the control for lung cancer disease after detection and treatment by introducing IL2 cytokine and anti-PD-L1 inhibitor which helps to generate anti-cancer cells of the patients. Such type of investigation will be useful to investigate the spread of disease as well as helpful in developing control strategies from our justified outcomes.

Microbial population of wound isolates and socio demographic characteristics in patients attending clinic in national orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria

Background: The microbial population of wound isolates remains a public health concern because of its role in spread of infections. The microorganisms present in wound swab of patients have been reviewed in order to ascertain the presence of emerging and re -emerging pathogens in hospital environment. These microorganisms are generated from nosocomial and opportunistic origin as well as immune compromised individuals. The purpose of this study is to determine the occurrence of microorganisms in wounds of patient’s attending clinic in National Orthopedic Hospital Enugu, Nigeria. Methodology: A cross sectional study of 230 wound patients was selected using convenient sampling technique. Conventional methods and 16SrRNA sequencing was used for characterization of some organisms that could not be identified in the conventional methods. Questionnaire structured from literature review was also deployed for demographic studies obtained from consented participants. Results The frequency distribution of wound isolates showed an increase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7(10%) and Klebsiella pneumonia 6(8.6%) respectively. Mixed growths had a notable increase of 42(18.3%),while culture with no bacteria growth had 37(16.1%). Staphylococcus aureus was prevalent with 32(13.9%), Staphylococcus epidermis 15(6.5%) and the least isolates had 1(1.4%), Male gender had the highest wound isolates of one hundred and fourty one (141) with meanSD 21.11 and median of 19.00 while the female had 88 with meanSD 20.3113.457, median of 16.50. The socio demographic data findings for participant’s age were higher in the range of 21-40yrs (94) and 41-60yr (74) while the least was >80 years (5). The mean age of the 230 participantswas 43.15±17.284yrs.Wound type had a notable increase in accident cases (63)27.4%, surgical cases (44)19.1% and lowest was laceration cases (2) 0.9%, The most prevalent population of wound cases according to occupational status was observed in artisans (148) 64.3%, students (33)14.3%, civil servants (29)12.6%, least population was the retired (20)8.7%. The portion of wound site was highest in the leg region (174), trunk (22) and the hand (12). Conclusion: it is advocated that proper measures such as adequate sanitation, personal hygiene, sterilization of hospital equipment and environment should be beefed up to prevent the spread of these microbes to the public.

Use of live attenuated recombinant Newcastle disease virus carrying avian paramyxovirus 2 HN and F protein genes to enhance immune responses against species A rotavirus VP6 protein

Numerous infectious diseases in cattle lead to reductions in body weight, milk production, and reproductive performance. Cattle are primarily vaccinated using inactivated vaccines due to their increased safety. However, inactivated vaccines generally result in weaker immunity compared with live attenuated vaccines, which may be insufficient in certain cases. Over the last few decades, there has been extensive research on the use of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a live vaccine vector for economically significant livestock diseases. A single vaccination dose of NDV can sufficiently induce immunity; therefore, a booster vaccination dose is expected to yield limited induction of further immune response. We previously developed recombinant chimeric NDV (rNDV-2F2HN), in which its hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) proteins were replaced with those of avian paramyxovirus 2 (APMV-2). In vitro analysis revealed that rNDV-2F2HN expressing human interferon-gamma had potential as a cancer therapeutic tool, particularly for immunized individuals. In the present study, we constructed rNDV-2F2HN expressing the bovine rotavirus antigen VP6 (rNDV-2F2HN-VP6) and evaluated its immune response in mice previously immunized with NDV. Mice primarily inoculated with recombinant wild-type NDV expressing VP6 (rNDV-WT-VP6), followed by a booster inoculation of rNDV-2F2HN-VP6, showed a significantly stronger immune response than that in mice that received rNDV-WT-VP6 as both primary and booster inoculations. Therefore, our findings suggest that robust immunity could be obtained from the effects of chimeric rNDV-2F2HN expressing the same or a different antigen of a particular pathogen as a live attenuated vaccine vector.

Poor performance of paired tests of latent tuberculosis in highly immune-compromised individuals exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: time for new diagnostic markers.

Guideline-based recommendations for diagnosis of latent TB in highly immune suppressed populations are difficult to interpret and poorly characterised. More accurate biomarkers independent of T-cell functions are urgently required. https://bit.ly/41P8vTa.

Predictors contributing to the estimation of pulmonary tuberculosis among adults in a resource-limited setting: A systematic review of diagnostic predictions.

Although tuberculosis is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, millions of cases remain undetected using current diagnostic methods. To address this problem, researchers have proposed prediction rules. We analyzed existing prediction rules for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and identified factors with a moderate to high strength of association with the disease. We conducted a comprehensive search of relevant databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Global Health for Reports, and Google Scholar) up to 14 November 2022. Studies that developed diagnostic algorithms for pulmonary tuberculosis in adults from low and middle-income countries were included. Two reviewers performed study screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. The study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. We performed a narrative synthesis. Of the 26 articles selected, only half included human immune deficiency virus-positive patients. In symptomatic human immune deficiency virus patients, radiographic findings and body mass index were strong predictors of pulmonary tuberculosis, with an odds ratio of >4. However, in human immune deficiency virus-negative individuals, the biomarkers showed a moderate association with the disease. In symptomatic human immune deficiency virus patients, a C-reactive protein level ⩾10 mg/L had a sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 40%, respectively, whereas a trial of antibiotics had a specificity of 86% and a sensitivity of 43%. In smear-negative patients, anti-tuberculosis treatment showed a sensitivity of 52% and a specificity of 63%. The performance of predictors and diagnostic algorithms differs among patient subgroups, such as in human immune deficiency virus-positive patients, radiographic findings, and body mass index were strong predictors of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, in human immune deficiency virus-negative individuals, the biomarkers showed a moderate association with the disease. A few models have reached the World Health Organization's recommendation. Therefore, more work should be done to strengthen the predictive models for tuberculosis screening in the future, and they should be developed rigorously, considering the heterogeneity of the population in clinical work.