Imminent Appearance Research Articles

Povestea unei gazete moartă în proiect: „Steaua Bucovinei”

After the disappearance of the newspaper „Bucovina. Gazetă pentru religie, politică și literatură” (1848–1850), at the beginning of 1864 optimistic news began to appear in the press outside Bukovina, which announced the imminent appearance of a long-awaited church gazette in this province – a territory lacking local printed information, if we do not take into account the German newspaper “Bukowina. Landes- und Amtszeitung”. The project of starting a religious gazette belonged to local personalities of the time, both churchmen and laymen (Bishop Eugenie Hacman, Samuil Andrievici, G. Hurmuzachi, I. G. Sbiera, Pavel Paicu etc.). Our article will follow step by step, according to press information, the evolution of the “event”. We hope that archival documents will fully clarify the ins and outs of this project which initially failed, but later came to life in another form, i. e. as „Foaia Soțietății pentru Literatura și Cultura Română în Bucovina” [Journal of the Society for Romanian Literature and Culture in Bukovina].

The position of the Twelver Shiite currents on the doctrine of the expected Mahdi

The Twelver Shi'ite space has recently witnessed contradictory theses and theories about the doctrine of the absent Imam - the Awaited Mahdi - so this research was a study of these theses and a liberation of the differences between them. In this research, I relied on the inductive method, so I followed up on it the views of Imami scholars and thinkers on the doctrine of the Awaited Mahdi. Also, I concluded in this research the following: that the doctrine of the absent Imam - the awaited Mahdi - was invented to complete the image of the Twelver Imami creed, and help it to hold together in the face of the challenge imposed by the death of the Eleventh Imam, Hasan al-Askari, without an apparent consequence. Whereas, one of the most important results of saying this doctrine was the cracking of the Shi'ite ranks, the weakening of faith in the souls, the deepening of confusion and doubt about its existence, which necessitated the creation of books from their symbols urging followers to be steadfast, and heralding them with the imminent appearance of Awaited Mahdi, fearing them of the consequences of unbelief and denial. Despite all these efforts, the Twelver Reformist current proved the invalidity and corruption of the doctrine of Mahdism and backbiting - saying that there is an infallible absent imam - rationally and transmission. Among the recommendations of the research: Continuing dialogue with Shi'ites in the world, whether common people, scholars or intellectuals; Because this dialogue has important and great results. For those who follow the refutation of the reformist movements and their critique of the Imami creedal inheritance, it will become clear to see the impact of this refutation and these challenges by the criticism of the Sunnis on those beliefs.

The waning of the young sincere hero in Averbakh and Maslennikov’s The Private Life of Kuziaev Valentin

ABSTRACT The article discusses the 1967 film The Private Life of Kuziaev Valentin, directed by Il’ia Averbakh and Igor’ Maslennikov. The film belongs to the Thaw period of Soviet filmmaking, defined by cineastes’ pledge to sincerity. This idea aligned with the cultural transformations launched by the Khrushchev administration at the end of the 1950s, which encompassed radical changes in the attitudes and behaviour of the Soviet youth. Sensitive to the current political climate, Soviet filmmakers populated their narratives with the new, honest and self-reflective young heroes. Our detailed analysis of The Private Life of Kuziaev Valentin demonstrates how it critically interrogates and destabilises the popular sincerity discourse of the time. Engaging in a complex dialogue with Marlen Khutsiev’s iconic 1962 production Ilyich’s Gate, the film also foreshadows the imminent appearance, on the Soviet screen, of a radically different character. In the 1970s, the introspective flaneurs of the Thaw are slowly replaced by their cynical and shallow, two-dimensional copies. Remarkably, this evolution of the contemporary protagonist coincided with similar tendencies in French and British cinema.

Cómo ir y regresar del infierno: la desestructuración de los mercados y la mexicanización de las relaciones de trabajo de las Tres de Detroit o El fin de una era

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Beck noted the imminent appearance of precarious labor relations in the central countries and, using Brazil as a model, called this trend the labor Brazilianization of the West. This article identifies labor market restructuring in the United States’ Big Three auto manufacturers as a factor in their current productive and financial resurgence. Together, they have managed to de-structure the historic rules in the sector’s labor relations in processes that look like the Mexicanization of labor relations.

Hidden Markov Models for the Prediction of Impending Faults

Reliability and safety are two important concepts in industrial applications. Thus, the development of monitoring tools, which are able to ensure the continuity of service by predicting faults, should improve competitiveness. This paper presents two probabilistic methods based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) for the prediction of impending faults. This paper shows that a prediction of faults is not limited to the estimation of the remaining useful life but is also extended to the estimation of the risk of an imminent appearance of faults in the future. The first method consists in modeling the degradation process of the studied system by a single HMM. A probabilistic model is proposed to predict an imminent appearance of a fault. The second method consists in modeling the degradation states by a set of HMMs. Another probabilistic model is proposed to predict an imminent appearance of a fault. An experimental application is proposed to demonstrate their applicability. The obtained results show their effectiveness to predict the imminent appearance of faults.

Scale-up of Routine Viral Load Testing in Resource-Poor Settings: Current and Future Implementation Challenges.

Despite immense progress in antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up, many people still lack access to basic standards of care, with our ability to meet the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS 90-90-90 treatment targets for HIV/AIDS dependent on dramatic improvements in diagnostics. The World Health Organization recommends routine monitoring of ART effectiveness using viral load (VL) testing at 6 months and every 12 months, to monitor treatment adherence and minimize failure, and will publish its VL toolkit later this year. However, the cost and complexity of VL is preventing scale-up beyond developed countries and there is a lack of awareness among clinicians as to the long-term patient benefits and its role in prolonging the longevity of treatment programs. With developments in this diagnostic field rapidly evolving-including the recent improvements for accurately using dried blood spots and the imminent appearance to the market of point-of-care technologies offering decentralized diagnosis-we describe current barriers to VL testing in resource-limited settings. Effective scale-up can be achieved through health system and laboratory system strengthening and test price reductions, as well as tackling multiple programmatic and funding challenges.

Dynamics of magnetic fields of active regions in pre-flare states and during solar flares

Solar flares observed in the active regions NOAA 10656, NOAA 11429, and NOAA 10930 are analyzed. The magnetic fluxes were constant to within 2% during these flares, as well as the distribution of the magnetic fields in the active regions. The analysis supports earlier conclusions that large (class X) solar flares arise when the magnetic fluxes of the active regions exceed 1022 Mx. The observation of a high magnetic flux in an active region is not sufficient for the appearance of a large flare: complex sγδ field structures must also be observed before flares. Such active regions can generate singular lines of the magnetic field in the corona, in whose vicinities current sheets form. Magnetic-field lines above simple dipolar active regions have arched forms; singular lines are absent and no current sheets are created. Dipolar-type active regions do not generate flares. Imbalances in the magnetic flux of an active region and the growth rate of the magnetic flux are not any indications of the imminent appearance of a flare.

A Messianic State? Ideology, Rationality and Eschatology in Iranian Politics

In current discussions regarding Iranian domestic and foreign policy it is often argued that Iran is a messianic state. Specifically, it is asserted that the Iranian regime’s ideology, as institutionalized through the 1979 revolution, is based on the imminent appearance of a messiah, known within Shi'ism as the Mahdi. This emphasis on end times is given as evidence that the Iranian regime does not function within the same logic as states. More recently, President Ahmadinejad's explicitly messianic rhetoric was cited as proof that the regime embraces an increasingly dangerous eschatology which seeks to in fact hasten the Mahdi's return. This paper argues instead that Mahdism is a strategy intended to institutionalize a religious nationalism that can serve as a powerbase for non-clerical political elites. Iranian religious nationalism is not noticeably different from other ideologies, and is just as rational in its objectives.

Moscow in 1666: New Jerusalem, Third Rome, Third Apostasy

In this essay the author examines the disappearance from official Russian discourse of the idea of Muscovy as the New Israel. She suggests that it may partly be explained in relation to his opponents’ accusations of blasphemy against Patriarch Nikon for naming his monastery on the River Istra as New Jerusalem. These accusations were made in the context of apocalyptic rumours about Nikon as the Antichrist, and about the imminent appearance of the Antichrist in Jerusalem in 1666. The decisions of the Church council of 1666–1667 – including its repudiation of the idea of the Third Rome – seemed to many Old Believers to confirm prophecies about 1666 as the date of a third and final apostasy from the true faith, after the Great Schism of 1054 and the Union of Brest of 1596. The ideas of the Third Rome and New Israel persisted among some Old Believers; but unlike the idea of the Third Rome, which was re-interpreted in the 19th and 20th centuries as evidence of Russian messianism and imperialism, the idea of the New Israel has been comparatively neglected.

EMDR With Recurrent “Flash-Forwards”: Reflections on Engelhard et al.’s 2011 Study

“Translating Research Into Practice” is a new regular journal feature in which clinicians share clinical case examples that support, elaborate, or illustrate the results of a specific research study. Each column begins with the abstract of the study, followed by the clinician’s description of their own application of standard eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) procedures with the population or problem treated in the study. The column is edited by theEMDR Research Foundationwith the goal of providing a link between research and practice and making research findings relevant in therapists’ day-to-day practices. In this issue’s column, Lisa Bellecci-St. Romain references Engelhard et al.’s (2011) study examining the impact of eye movements on recurrent, intrusive visual images about potential future catastrophes—“flash-forwards.” Illustrating the findings by Engelhard et al., Bellecci-St. Romain describes the successful use of the EMDR standard protocol in two cases—a woman fearful of returning to work even after past memories are cleared and a young man in early sobriety whose reprocessing of the past is interrupted by concerns of an imminent court appearance. The case examples are followed with a discussion of the importance of recognizing and targeting flash-forwards as present triggers in the three-pronged EMDR standard protocol.

Exploitation and Innocence

Olvidadas: Forgotten Women-Photographs by Maya Goded California Museum of Photography Riverside, California January 15-April 16, 2010 exhibition Las Olvidadas: Forgotten Women, recently on display at the California Museum of Photography (CMP) in Riverside, presented three groups of work by contemporary Mexican photographer Maya Goded, spanning ten years of her photographic production. Guest curator Trisha Ziff worked collaboratively with CMP Director Colin Westerbeck to bring Goded's photographs to new audiences. As a whole, the exhibition depicted women commonly forgotten or ignored by much of contemporary society--sex workers, the families of Ciudad Juarez's disappeared, folk healers, and overweight ingenues. show included the series The Other Side, Nobody Heard Them Scream, and The Land of the Witches. Look at Me (2010), a nineteen-minute documentary that Goded considers a work in progress, marks her move from still photography to film. gelatin silver prints of The Other Side reveal the brutal reality of prostitutes who work in the La Merced district of Mexico City, a center for prostitution for over four-hundred years. Goded depicts women ranging from the very young to the very old in the act of soliciting, in the performance of sexual services, and in futile attempts to rest between clients. women often meet our gaze directly, without flinching. One of the most arresting examples of this unwavering regard is La Merced, Mexico City (1998). In this image, an older woman with white hair and a deeply lined face stands on a hotel bed with her hands akimbo, clad only in black panties and a silver necklace. She poses with her head thrown back, while her shoulders cave inward toward gently sloping breasts. In a world that often desexualizes the elderly and renders their erotic lives largely invisible, her near nudity is unusual. Her defiant display reads as both tough and vulnerable. In contrast, the only other older woman depicted by Goded appears fully clothed, her glance indirect and unreadable through oversized eyeglasses. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Violence, or its imminent appearance, predominates in The Other Side. A woman wearing only an ill-fitting white bra and a short, tight skirt sits on the edge of a hotel bed grasping her head in her hands. She glances at and through us, her face bruised and bloody. In perhaps the most pointed image from the series, the body of a very young woman with barely formed breasts lies on a morgue table, the entire length of her slender torso sutured from throat to belly. In the second series, Nobody Heard Them Scream, Goded moves from black-and-white photography to color digital prints. She makes visible the grief and despair of families whose daughters have disappeared along the United States-Mexico border near Juarez. Since the early 1990s, over four hundred women in their early teens and twenties have gone missing in the border region, and the overwhelming majority of these cases have never been solved. Goded establishes the exterior places comprising Juarez, such as a school playground once enjoyed by a murdered girl, as well as interior spaces of grief. …

Marriage, modernity, and the ‘friendship of nations’: interethnic intimacy in post-war Central Asia in comparative perspective

This article examines the place of interethnic intimacy in post-Stalinist discourse and policy on nationality and modernity in Central Asia. Soviet theorists deemed marriages between Central Asian Muslims and Europeans to be an important force for ‘modernizing’ Central Asia and bringing this historically ‘backward’ region into the Soviet mainstream. Because mixed marriage was thought to promote gender equality, the discourse of intermarriage was closely linked to Soviet policies of female emancipation. Rising rates of mixed marriage were also considered evidence of progress in the consolidation of a unified ‘Soviet people’, whose imminent appearance became an article of faith in the Khrushchev and Brezhnev years. However, the twin goals of intermarriage—modernization and ethnic assimilation—were undermined by the increasing institutionalization and primordialization of ethnic identities in the post-war Soviet Union.

Vrancea Rapid Early Warning System (REWS) for Bucharest and industrial objectives - New technology for earthquakes monitoring

Nowadays natural disasters phenomena as hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis or earthquakes, are still difficult to prevent. Based on signaling of the phenomenon imminent appearance in the destructive area, important limitations in human losses and material damages will be carried out. For that reason, WARNING turned into a key objective, both in theoretical and practical research.

Danilo Kiš: Factography and Thanatography ( A Tomb for Boris Davidovich, Psalm 44, The Hourglass )

Danilo Kiš:Factography and Thanatography (A Tomb for Boris Davidovich, Psalm 44, The Hourglass) Renate Lachmann I The phantastic in Danilo Kiš's poetics—somewhat analogous to Dostoevsky's concept—refers to a bizarre, paranoid reality. In A Tomb for Boris Davidovich (Grobnica za Borisa Davidoviča) that reality is the Great Terror of the late 1930s, in The Hourglass (Peščanik) it is the massacre on the Danube in Novi Sad in 1942, perpetrated by Hungarian fascists, and the death of Kiš's father in Auschwitz. Though this reality is to be represented by authentic stories rather than fiction, the authentic in his prose texts does intertwine with the phantastic, not an irrealistic phantastic that projects alternative worlds, but a phantastic "documentation" of catastrophe. The phantastic is legitimized by authenticity and vice versa.1 Consequently, the documents presented in Kiš's novels are, as in Borges's Ficciones, factual as well as fictitious. In his ethical poetics, however, or "po-ethics," as he calls it, Kiš distances himself from the ludic erudition of Borges's fictive documents.2 While Borges uses fictive documents in order to denounce the contingency of facts and [End Page 219] to disclose the possibility/impossibility of other worlds governed by strange, paralogical order systems, Kiš insists on the fatefulness of documents that are dictated by facts. Despite his criticism, Kiš recapitulates Borges's playful erudition, yet in a paradoxical way. The subject of the story "The Book of Kings and Fools" from The Encyclopedia of the Dead (Enciklopedija mrtvih), The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, is a document not of Kiš's literary invention. Nonetheless, the intricate history of its genesis, or rather the true story that Kiš unfolds of the falsification, mystification, plagiarism, and re-writing of this scandalous text, reminds the reader of Borges's pseudo-documents. The narration of the eccentric fate of the text (in whose negative career political systems participated along with historical persons), of the transformation of a French satire on Napoleon III into a pamphlet by Russian religious fanatics about a Jewish world conspiracy and the imminent appearance of the Anti-Christ, definitely resembles fiction. Kiš's focus is on the text's fatal-plot3 character, as well as its similarity to a fake text, and its unlikely (improbable) "intertextuality." Paradoxically, when Kiš uses not real documents but invented ones, there appears to be no trace of simulation, feigning, or improbability. For Kiš, the fictive text actually documents the core of reality. Or rather: the very fictivity of fictive documents leads into the core of fact. By means of the fictive document the author tries to come to terms with the real document, trying to control its incredibility (or rather phantasticality). The fictive document substitutes the real one, the real document being less credible and more phantastic than the fictive one. (Or again, paradoxically, it is the fictive document that lays bare documentarity and at the same time demonstrates that credibility, probability can be feigned.) Kiš believes that phantasy can equal the document as far as its persuasive power is concerned. Kiš was familiar with Russian postrevolutionary literary concepts and with the debates concerning the document that lay at the center of the so-called antiliterary literature of facts, literatura fakta.4 The avant-garde documentarism of the 1920s Russian literature was meant to establish a countermodel to bourgeois belles lettres; it revolted against a [End Page 220] fictional plot, the constellation of invented persons, mimetic strategies, the narrator as mediator, and the concept of authorship. The antiliterary program favored the biographical interview, reports of all sorts, travelogues, memoirs, etc. Viktor Shklovsky, one of the theorists of the poetic mechanisms of the plot,5 coined the term vnesiuzhetnaia proza(Shklovskii 1929: 222-26)—"prose outside the plot"—or rather, "plotless prose." Yet the intended effect of non-literariness (and plotlessness) could not be achieved. Authorship, stylistics, and the narrative returned. As was the case with the early interpreters of photography who believed that nature itself entered the photograph without the mediation of the human eye or hand, the "factographers'" idea that reality would represent itself, authorlessly, proved to be a false assumption. The plot, the...

The EPICA challenge to the Earth system modeling community

One of our major aims as Earth systems scientists is to predict how the Earth will behave in the future, particularly in the face of changes imposed upon it as a result of human activities. These predictions are made using models and concepts that are in part derived from observation of how the system has behaved in the past. However, these observations, which come from paleo‐records, are also one important tool for validating the models. The imminent appearance of a new ice core data set presents a unique opportunity for a test of our understanding, particularly of the climate/carbon system.

Aspectos clínicos, patogênese e diagnóstico de Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis é o agente etiológico da tricomoníase, a doença sexualmente transmissível (DST) não-viral mais comum no mundo. Esse protozoário flagelado atinge o parasitismo com sucesso em um ambiente hostil através dos vários mecanismos pelos quais estabelece sua patogenicidade e também por sua capacidade de evadir a resposta imune do hospedeiro. A infecção apresenta uma ampla variedade de manifestações clínicas, desde quadro assintomático até severa vaginite. A tricomoníase tem sido associada à transmissão do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), à doença inflamatória pélvica, ao câncer cervical, à infertilidade, ao parto prematuro e ao baixo peso de bebês nascidos de mães infectadas. A investigação laboratorial é essencial na diagnose dessa patogenia, uma vez que leva ao tratamento apropriado e facilita o controle da propagação da infecção. A prevalência mundial anual da tricomoníase é de 180 milhões de casos, e na Europa é responsável por 41% dos casos de vaginite. A terapia da tricomoníase inclui as mesmas medidas profiláticas destinadas às outras DSTs, como prática de sexo seguro e uso de preservativos. O metronidazol é o medicamento de escolha no tratamento da tricomoníase, entretanto, devido à ineficácia dos tratamentos de dose única e ao iminente surgimento de cepas resistentes, outras alternativas terapêuticas estão sendo investigadas.

Erzahlte Psychoanalyse bei Franz Kafka: Die Deutung von Kafkas Erzahlung

Kaus, Rainer J. Erzahlte Psychoanalyse bei Franz Kafka, Die Deutung von Kafkas Erzalung Das Urteil. Heidelberg: Winter, 1998. 78 pp. DM 24.00 hardcover. This slim volume represents the author's Antrittsvorlesung delivered to the Erziehungswissenschaftliche Fakultat of the University of Cologne in February 1998. It was conceived as part of a forthcoming book project with the working title Freud and Kafka: Literatur-Psychologie and Hermeneutik, scheduled to appear with the same publisher in the immediate future. In anticipation of the question why, given its imminent appearance in a larger interpretive context, this interpretation of Das Urteil deserves separate publication as a book unto itself, the author cites the encouragement of the publisher, the significance of Das Urteil as deserving of such an independent interpretation, and his hope that this preliminary taste of what is to come in the larger book will whet his readers' appetites. The receptive history of Das Urteil has known no dearth of psychoanalytic interpretations. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine any interpretation, regardless of its predominant focus, being able to deal with this story without turning in some way to Freud's psychoanalytic apparatus. Kaus, like many interpreters before him, wants to rely solely on psychoanalytic categories; but his aim is to shift the interpretive emphasis away from the exclusive concern with Oedipal rivalry that marks previous psychoanalytic approaches to this text, concentrating instead on the libidinal relations that, to his mind, characterize the tensions among the three male characters, Georg Bendemann, his father, and the mysterious friend in St. Petersburg. Kaus acknowledges that the fundamental configuration of Kafka's characters is structured around the Oedipal triangle; his point, however, is that the relationship between Georg and his father displays such a powerful libidinal charge as to allow one to diagnose an intense homoerotic attachment. This thesis is supported primarily by references to Freud's theory of the so-called Oedipal complex in which the son, instead of identifying with the role of the father and defining the mother as the love-object, identifies with the maternal role, assumes a feminine posture with regard to the father, and hence treats him with exaggerated care and affection. Now Freud, of course, insisted that the negative and positive, the deviant and the normal Oedipal structures, exist side-by-side in all individuals and constitute the enormous complexity of the Oedipal relation. This accounts, according to Freud, for the pronounced ambivalence the child experiences especially toward the father, which in all instances mixes hatred for the rival with a curious libidinal attachment. Kaus's interpretation of this libidinal dimension in the father-son relationship represents a serious short-circuit of the complexity inherent in the Freudian model, since it collapses the Oedipal relationship between Georg and his father into its purely negative form by stressing the homo-erotic component. Moreover, it reinforces this short-circuit by means of a flat reading of the text that plays down ambivalences in order to insist on the accuracy of its own interpretive conclusions. Literary scholars who have come to expect, even to appreciate, the multivalencies of Kafka's text will certainly be put off by Kaus's interpretive arrogance, which brushes aside previous psychoanalytic interpretations as the ublich[e] Banalisierung dieser Meistererzahlung (48) and insists that the correctness of his own interpretation cannot be placed in question (60). …

Demogogues or Mystagogues? Gender and the Language of Prophecy in the Age of Democratic Revolutions

ON MAY 19, 1780, ALL OF NEW ENGLAND was plunged into darkness. At midmorning, the sky turned an eerie yellow. Within an hour, it had become so dark that people had to dine by candlelight. In the afternoon, the clouds took on a higher and more brassy color with occasional flashes that resembled the Northern Lights.' We now know that the of 1780 was caused by the common New England practice of burning fields to clear the brush more effectively and provide a fertile, coating of ashes, but to men and women living amid the dislocations of revolution, the event had supernatural meaning. For some, it heralded the imminent appearance of Christ in the Second Coming; for others less certain of their ability to read celestial signs with such precision, it was at least a warning that these are the latter days.2 The millennial expectations unleashed by the Dark Day can be traced in numerous pamphlets, newspaper articles, and almanacs, and have been read by historians as evidence of the pervasiveness of millennial thinking in revolutionary America among all classes of people, from learned divines to ordinary farmers. Far from being the preserve of a small number of biblical scholars and theologians, prophetic exegesis was a vernacular genre in eighteenth-century North America, a way of interpreting past, present, and future events according to the narratives of biblical history. A people as literate and as well versed in millennial lore as the New England Puritans could scarcely avoid interpreting the Dark Day of May 1780 as a prophetic sign of the times. Thanks to the labors of intellectual historians like Ruth Bloch, James Davidson, and Nathan Hatch, we have a fairly good grasp of the extent and depth of millennial thinking (or at least of publications devoted to millennial themes) in North America during and after the revolutionary crisis. We know that, contrary to the situation in Great Britain, millennialism was a constant theme in religious literature from the

The Contribution of the Cave 4 Psalms Scrolls To the Psalms Debate

With the imminent appearance of DJD 16, Eugene Ulrich will have completed the vast assignment that fell to him following Patrick Skehan's death in late 1980: the publication of the Cave 4 biblical scrolls. Working with his team of editors, he has devoted many years of his life to the fulfillment of this difficult task, which has all too often proved tedious and beset by academic politics. Yet Ulrich's success and vindication are to be found in five magnificent volumes (9, 12, 14, 15 and 16) in the DJD series. To leave such a lasting legacy is an achievement that only the finest scholars could hope to attain. It is very fitting for those of us who study and love the Scriptures, and seek to discover their ancient forms, to honour him in this special issue of DSD since we stand permanently in his debt. The purpose of this article is threefold: to provide an updated listing of all the scrolls from the Judean Desert, to outline briefly the first phase of the Psalms Debate that began in the 1960s, and to show how the scrolls from Cave 4 play a crucial role in resolving the debate. These topics are most appropriate in view of the forthcoming publication of DJD 16, which will include all the scrolls from Cave 4.1

"Churlsgrace": Gerard Manley Hopkins and the Working-Class Male Body

In his Retreat Notes of January 1888, Gerard Manley Hopkins subjects baptism of Jesus to a richly imaginative and necessarily Ignatian form of contemplation. Focusing in main on first chapter of John where apostle anticipates imminent appearance of Lord, Hopkins examines John's declaration that he must humble himself before Son of God: He it is, who coming after me is preferred before me, whose shoe's latchet I am not worthy to unloose (John 1:27; Authorized Version). Hopkins attempts to revivify this initiatory scene 'between and John by elaborating each and every textual element, and picture he develops of Christ's ministry draws on evidence to be found elsewhere in New Testament. The act of baptism, he remarks, must have been performed with shell or such as fan mentioned in Luke 3:17 where John states that although he shall baptize his brethren with water, Jesus will, by contrast, purge humanity with the Holy Ghost and with fire.' And so John figures this fiery baptism in winnower removing grain from chaff where wheat is duly garnered and husk burnt with unquenchable flames. Hopkins viewed this analogy as a very precise one. It enabled him to see exactly how fan -a sort of scoop, a shallow basket with a low back, sides sloping down from back forwards, and no rim in front, like our dustpans -could serve as a metonymy for unnamed implement used by John in act of dousing or affusion. But John's affusive water, as Hopkins knows, cannot compare with Christ's winnowing fire, and incommensuration of two reveals John as weak and ineffective and everything about Christ as strong. In fact, Hopkins lingers on Christ's heroic figure, projecting his gigantic size, strength, and equipment. Looming up before him, comes to represent invincible Messiah for whom Hopkins believed Jews had for centuries been yearning. There is, however, some difficulty in this figuration. Lest image of mighty winnower should seem lacking in dignity when such terrorstriking thoughts are taken into account, Hopkins turns his attention to John's imperative to Behold Lamb of God (John 1:29). In other words, powerful