Immigrants Research Articles

STATE GUARANTEES FOR THE SAFETY OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS INSTALLATIONS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND IMMIGRATION LAW - DOI: 10.12818/P.0304-2340.2024v85p201

Offshore oil and gas installations are independent structures that are vulnerable to disturbances and threats. Like ships, offshore oil and gas installations also have national flags and legal instruments that protect them. Under international law, offshore oil and gas installations are protected by the Rome Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Situated on the Continental Shelf 1988. It is noted that there have been several incidents of disturbances and threats that have occurred at offshore oil and gas installations around the world. Some events are well recorded and known to the public, while some events are not public consumption. So far, offshore oil and gas installation operators have received legal guarantees for the security of their installations both on the high seas and in the sea territory of a country based on international law, territorial law and the inherent law according to the citizenship of the offshore oil and gas installation. Through this paper, the author aims to explain the potential threats and disturbances at offshore oil and gas installations and concrete examples of events that have occurred. Another aim is to explain how international legal instruments and immigration law protect offshore oil and gas installations from these threats and disturbances. Through normative legal research, this paper describes a series of threats and disturbances and the international and national laws that have emerged to protect them and their application in the field.

Foreign Workers and Remittance Outflow in Malaysia

This conceptual paper reviews foreign workers and remittance outflows in Malaysia. Foreign workers in Malaysia, who remit a portion of their earnings back home, play a crucial role in the country's economic development. With approximately 1.5 million foreign workers engaged in various sectors such as manufacturing, plantation, construction, and agriculture, Malaysia relies heavily on foreign labor. Predominantly, these workers come from Indonesia, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Factors such as Malaysia's economic performance, government recruitment policies addressing labor shortages, and cultural and geographical proximity influence why these workers choose Malaysia. Despite concerns that foreign workers might negatively impact short-term labor market outcomes by taking jobs from locals and suppressing wages, the evidence suggests their presence does not significantly harm these outcomes. However, the growing number of foreign workers has led to a notable increase in remittance outflows. Remittance outflows represent a transfer of capital from host countries to the workers' countries of origin. Among the ASEAN-5 countries, Malaysia has recorded the highest remittance outflows, surpassing inflows. While research on remittance flows has expanded, the focus has traditionally been on inflows, with outflows receiving less attention due to their relatively small impact on the macroeconomic indicators of sending countries. Existing literature indicates that remittance outflows can influence the economic growth and inflation of sending countries, including Malaysia, despite varied findings.

Clinical and Legal Considerations When Optimizing Trauma Narratives in Immigration Law Evaluations.

Asylum seekers in the United States face complex legal processes that require the construction of coherent and credible narratives to establish eligibility for legal status or immigration relief. In this article, we review clinical and legal considerations involved in optimizing trauma narratives in forensic psychiatric evaluations for immigration courts. We highlight significant challenges faced by asylum seekers, including the emotional impact of trauma and cultural factors affecting their ability to disclose their experiences, including the roles of symptoms and cultural and situational elements in disclosure and narrative development. We emphasize the importance of creating a therapeutic and empathetic environment to facilitate disclosure and partnering with interpreters across multiple culturally sensitive evaluations. We address the roles of common traumatic stressors in narrative development, including cultural challenges related to histories of torture, abduction, sexual violence, and human trafficking prevalent among asylum seekers, providing insights and guidance on each. Further, we address specific potential challenges to the forensic psychiatric evaluator during the narrative development process, such as transference, countertransference, malingering, and vicarious traumatization. We aim to provide guidance on the development of trauma narratives of asylees developed for both therapeutic and medico-legal effectiveness.

The Immigration‐Related Political Ideology Scale: Development, factor structure, and validity evidence

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to develop and validate the Immigration‐Related Political Ideology Scale (IRPIS), designed to measure diverse political perspectives on immigration among US voters. The IRPIS was developed following a series of focus groups and refined through a systematic item‐generation process involving expert panels. The scale was validated using a two‐step factor analysis with a nationally representative sample of 1292 US voters, divided into exploratory (n = 632) and confirmatory (n = 660) sub‐samples. The exploratory factor analysis identified seven distinct factors: conservative views, welcoming attitudes, world regions, flexibility, assimilationist expectations, multicultural expectations, and undocumented immigrant rights. Confirmatory factor analysis provided an acceptable fit (CFI = .901; RMSEA = .050), and the scale demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas ranging from .89 to .97). Inter‐factor correlations varied, with strong links observed among welcoming attitudes, flexibility, and multicultural expectations (r’s > .80), confirming a polarization between liberal and conservative stances on immigration. These findings suggest that the IRPIS is the first scale specifically designed to assess immigration‐related political orientations in a polarized US context. This tool has important implications for political strategy and policymaking, especially in the context of rising immigration rates and political polarization.Public Significance StatementThe present study validates the Immigration‐Related Political Ideology Scale (IRPIS) using a nationally representative sample of 1292 US voters. Immigration remains a highly polarizing issue, with deeply entrenched ideological differences influencing policy preferences and public discourse. Exploratory factor analysis identified seven distinct factors and confirmed a clear polarization between liberal and conservative views on immigration. The IRPIS represents a critical tool for research, political strategy, and policymaking.

Distinctions: Uses of the Bible in Immigration Debates

This article considers and responds to some of the ways the Bible is used in US immigration debates, focusing on restrictive interpretations by conservative scholars. It highlights how biblical texts are often applied to support modern distinctions, such as legal versus illegal immigrants, by selectively interpreting passages like those referring to the “least of these” or the treatment of sojourners versus foreigners. The discussion draws on some complexities of theological history, including how Western Christianity’s colonial mindset distorted biblical teachings, leading to exclusionary practices. The article contrasts these views with more inclusive biblical interpretations that emphasize hospitality and justice.

Abe’s incrementalism: an institutionalist analysis of immigration policy reform during the second Abe administration

The late Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s second stint in power 2012 to 2020 oversaw numerous ambitious reforms to Japan’s immigration regime whilst still maintaining the country’s status quo of ‘no immigration policy’. This status quo was established through the 1990 system and denies both the admittance of unskilled foreign labor and formal immigration policy, instead relying on ‘side-door’ policies to recruit most foreign workers. The goal of this article is to evaluate the policy outcomes of Abe’s reforms by taking a macro-level approach and using a historical institutionalist methodological framework. Through classifying Abe’s major policy initiatives utilizing the mechanisms of institutional change, I analyze whether despite Abe’s own insistence, he has changed the immigration status quo in a fundamental way. In the conclusion, I argue that in combination with recent reforms by his successors, the potential for a fundamental change in Japan’s immigration policy trajectory is present – even though this change has not taken place yet.

К вопросу о национальном стандарте рабочего времени

This article discusses the issue of the national working time standard and its significance in Russian legal reality. The consolidation of the national working time standard in international, domestic and foreign labor law is shown. Attention is drawn to the need to introduce the category of national working time standard into scientific circulation. It is proposed to consolidate the national measure of working time (normal hours) as a national standard of working time. Inaccuracies have been identified in the rules on the rights and obligations of the employee and employer in the field of working time. In order to eliminate them, it is necessary to modernize certain working time standards.

Dengue outbreak 2023 in Bangladesh: From a local concern to a global public health issue.

Dengue, a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes, has become a substantial public health issue in Bangladesh. The high population density and subtropical-tropical climate of the nation create conducive environments for the transmission of the virus. The recent increase in dengue cases in Bangladesh prompts an inquiry into the potential for the virus to progress into an epidemic manifestation. Bangladesh is prone to dengue outbreaks due to a multitude of contributing factors. To commence, the virus is endemic to tropical and subtropical regions, and climate change is contributing to the expansion of its range. Additionally, the high population density in Bangladesh amplifies the vulnerability to dengue transmission. Intimate human proximity elevates the probability of contracting mosquito stings and transmitting viruses. The escalating incidence of dengue in Bangladesh is substantiated by the growing count of documented cases. The emergence of severe dengue is a contributing aspect that raises concerns about the potential worldwide consequences of the disease. It could potentially head from Bangladesh to neighboring nations via an infected individual. There exist apprehensions due to the substantial employment of Bangladeshi laborers overseas, compounded by the presence of foreign laborers within Bangladesh. The endeavor to control dengue in Bangladesh continues to face ongoing challenges. This review addresses the complexities of dengue transmission, assesses Bangladesh's readiness for managing epidemics, analyzes risk factors associated with dengue, and suggests preventive measures to mitigate the possibility of worldwide consequences of dengue originating within the nation.

Polish Conductresses and the Insecurities of Female Labour Migration to France, 1925–1929

In this article we argue that the reports of conductresses accompanying female migrants shed new light on the nature of interwar labour migration. As they mitigated the anxiety and insecurity that women faced during the process of migration, they fulfilled a crucial role in the highly restrictive post-1918 international migration regime. The Polish government introduced conductresses in 1925 to respond to news of the mistreatment and sexual exploitation of Polish women working in France. Developed in close collaboration with international organizations and the League of Nations, the work of these conductresses on land and sea routes was framed as those of ‘moral guardians’ protecting female migrants from the dangers of sex trafficking. However, we argue that their main function was to mitigate the uncertainties of the post-war international order, as traditional routes of migration were ruptured and both dispatching and receiving countries attempted to control and restrict migration. Female migrants had no networks with existing diasporas, were often illiterate, and mistrusted both Polish and French institutions. By addressing these challenges, the conductresses took on roles far beyond their function as moral authority: they acted as translators, knowledge imparters, mediators, and network forgers. Both in Poland and at the international level, the Polish conductress scheme was regarded a success, as they managed to provide a relatively ‘secure’ migration experience within a migration regime designed to walk a fine line between demands for foreign labour on the one hand and the rising ideal of economic protectionism on the other.

Analisis Pengaruh Investasi Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA), Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri (PMDN), Belanja Modal, dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Produk Domestik Regional Bruto di Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi NTB Tahun 2018-2022

This study aims to analyze the effect of foreign investment, domestic investment, local government capital expenditure, and labor on district/city GRDP in NTB Province in 2018-2022, and This study will also analyze which variables have the highest effect on the GRDP value. This study is a study that uses quantitative descriptive methods using data panel data analysis tools using EViews software 10. The results of this study indicate that foreign investment variables and domestic investment variables partially have a positive and significant effect on the GRDP variable, while the capital expenditure variable and labor variables have a positive but not significant influence. As for simultaneously the independent variables of foreign investment, domestic investment, capital expenditure, and labor simultaneously have a significant effect and for the highest variables on GRDP is a foreign investment variables.

Правовое регулирование привлечения иностранных граждан для работы в России

The research conducted in this article was devoted to the analysis of legal regulation of attracting foreign citizens to work in the territory of the Russian Federation. The analysis of legislation and practice on this issue is important in the context of modern challenges to global migration and the need for foreign labor force. This article is a historical overview of how the legal framework was developed in Russia. It also analyzes modern regulations and international agreements that regulate labor migration in the country. Problems arising in the process of attracting foreign workers are identified and analyzed, and ways of solving them are proposed. The final part contains the main conclusions and proposals, which are aimed at further improvement of legal regulation in this sphere.

Greener pastures: why Indian international students leave the US labor market

ABSTRACT This paper revisits conventional wisdom on US degree premiums for immigrant workers and shows that, despite the benefits of a US degree, migration policies and substandard labor conditions contribute to international student motivations to return home. Using two original datasets, I find that about a third of Indian-born US graduates leave the US, seeking employment opportunities abroad and a respite from US work visa restrictions. I draw on 105 in-depth interviews and 7,177 employment histories constructed from LinkedIn, and the analysis demonstrates the use of digital data to shed new light on under-studied patterns of return migration in institutional perspective. I find that US work visas are related to the underemployment of immigrant workers, and gaps in visa availability are associated with US labor market departure for Indian international students. At the same time, foreign employers reward skills and credentials developed in the US, and the results suggest that US degrees carry a higher premium in foreign labor markets. The paper emphasizes the role of institutions in the skilled migration system and identifies disjunctures in US migration policy. I identify opportunities for policy reform to improve immigrant labor conditions and increase the retention of US-educated migrants in the US labor market.

On the up and up: the job mobility of skilled return migrants

Abstract This paper examines the labor market incorporation of skilled Indian migrants returning home after working in the United States. I analyze a novel dataset of 7,177 time-varying transnational employment histories from LinkedIn using logistic regression and survival analysis. I find that skilled Indian migrants experience occupational upgrades when re-entering their home labor market, buoyed by foreign human capital and compensating for US legal status restrictions. While immigrants often face initial occupational downgrades and job mobility constraints in foreign labor markets, return migrants experience stability, promotions and accelerated rates of job mobility at home. The paper contributes to the literature on return migration, a significant but understudied dimension of international migration due to data constraints. I offer LinkedIn employment histories as digital data source to address these limitations and leverage their rich spatio-temporal information. These data help expand prior research on return migrant wages to broader questions about transnational migrant career trajectories. The findings shed light into where high-demand migrants might maximize their career growth, and have implications for understanding the policies shaping the recruitment and retention of skilled workers in the global labor market.

Migration Amnesty as a Tool for Legalization of Unauthorized Immigrants: A Study of Russian Federation Experience

Migration Amnesty as a Tool for Legalization of Unauthorized Immigrants: A Study of Russian Federation Experience

Navigating Challenges in the Palm Oil Industry: Sime Darby Plantation’s Strategic Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

This paper explores the impact of the COVID- 19 pandemic on Sime Darby Plantation Berhad (SDP), the world's largest producer of certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO). With a significant reliance on foreign labor, SDP faced substantial challenges due to border closures and movement restrictions imposed during the pandemic. The analysis focuses on the labor shortage, decreased production, and fluctuating global demand for palm oil. It also examines the measures SDP implemented to mitigate these challenges, including enhanced safety protocols, recruitment of local workers, and efforts to reduce dependency on manual labor through increased automation and mechanization. The evaluation of these strategies highlights their short-term effectiveness and potential long-term sustainability. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of technological innovation in overcoming labor shortages and ensuring SDP's continued growth and leadership in the palm oil industry.

Correction to “Striving to Thrive: Community cultural wealth and legal immigration status” by Martinez et al. (2021).

Correction to “Striving to Thrive: Community cultural wealth and legal immigration status” by Martinez et al. (2021).

US Migration Crisis and Its Consequences for the 2024 Presidential Elections

The evolution of US migration policy has run several cycles: at first, the fate of immigrants was the responsibility of the employer (companies, who brought them to the USA), then, with an increase in their influx and their gradual resettlement, the lives of newcomers began to be determined at the state level. Only at the end of the 19th century migration regulation began to acquire the features of the federal government’s established policy with a vector towards liberalization throughout the next century. Starting from the 2010s there is a reverse trend – back to restrictionism and ‘descend’ of the regulation to the level of state authorities, especially for illegal immigrants. Such shift causes a clash between states and federal government, and at the same time emphasises the inability of this government to carry out objectively aspired reform.Today immigration policy in the United States can be divided into two major areas: legal immigration regulation and government attempts to solve the problem of illegal immigration. This division, albeit conditionally, helps to understand why for 30 years now no Congress has been able to work out a comprehensive immigration reform or at least agree on key areas for the implementation of its’ certain aspects. A set of acute problems of socio-economic, moral and ethical nature forms an inseparable set of challenges. It equally includes both the areas necessary for the country’s successful economic development: highly qualified personnel attraction, aging of the nation combating, increase of the birth rate, and the challenges associated with the burden on society and the increase in crime: the influx of refugees, illegal, seasonal and permanent immigrants and their families.Due to domestic political peculiarities in the modern United States, party coalitions cannot agree on even one of these areas, let alone develop a profound working system that meets constantly changing needs of the economy, foreign policy challenges, and is in consensus with states’ authorities, who would finally assimilate newcomers.Will the current crisis on the southwestern border of the United States affect J. Biden’s reelection in November 2024? What strategy has D. Trump chosen to bypass his rival? – you will find from this article.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penerimaan dari Sektor Pariwisata Pantai Timur Sumatera Utara

This research aims to analyze the influence of the number of restaurants, hotel room occupancy rates, number of foreign tourist visits, and population on the level of labor absorption on the East Coast of North Sumatra. Then to analyze the influence of the number of restaurants, hotel room occupancy rates, number of foreign tourist visits, population, labor absorption rate on tourism sector revenues on the East Coast of North Sumatra. As well as to analyze the influence of the number of restaurants, hotel room occupancy rates, number of foreign tourist visits, population on tourism sector revenues through the level of labor absorption on the East Coast of North Sumatra. The type of research used is associative research with a quantitative approach. The data used in this research are data on the number of restaurants, hotel room occupancy rates, number of foreign tourist visits, population, and regional income from the tourism sector on the East Coast of North Sumatra with a total of 12 regencies/cities for the 1-4 quarter period of 2012- 2021 taken from the North Sumatra Central Statistics Agency (BPS) with the analysis technique used is path analysis. The research results show that the number of restaurants, hotel room occupancy rates, number of foreign tourist visits, and population have a direct positive influence on the level of employment in the tourism sector on the East Coast of North Sumatra. The number of restaurants, hotel room occupancy rates, number of foreign tourist visits, population, and labor absorption rates have a direct positive influence on tourism sector revenues on the East Coast of North Sumatra. The number of restaurants, hotel room occupancy rates, number of foreign tourist visits, and population not have a direct influence on tourism sector revenues on the East Coast of North Sumatra through the level of labor absorption.

Impact of Immigration Policies on Economic Growth in Germany

Purpose: To aim of the study was to analyze the impact of immigration policies on economic growth in Germany. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Germany's immigration policies have had a significant impact on its economic growth. These policies have facilitated the influx of skilled labor, which has helped to address the country's demographic challenges, particularly the aging population and labor shortages in key sectors. Immigrants have contributed to the labor market by filling both high-skilled and low-skilled jobs, boosting productivity and innovation. Additionally, immigration has increased consumer demand, further stimulating economic growth. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Human capital theory, dual labor market theory & endogenous growth theory may be used to anchor future studies on the impact of immigration policies on economic growth in Germany. Implement comprehensive language and vocational training programs for refugees and low-skilled immigrants to facilitate their economic integration and productivity. Formulate balanced immigration policies that address sector-specific labor demands without disadvantaging native workers.

The Relationship between Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Laos: Evidence from ARDL Bounds Testing Approach

The relationship between trade openness and economic growth, both theoretical and empirical investigations have shown varied results. Broadly speaking, trade openness has both positive and negative impacts on the economy in three major ways: (1) by increasing competition, (2) by increasing export opportunities, and (3) by lowering production costs due to cheaper imported inputs. This paper applies the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing approach to investigate the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Laos during the period 1990 to 2018. The empirical results show that in the long run trade openness has positive effects on economic growth in Laos. However, in the short run, no positive influence has been observed in economic growth. Other variables such as foreign direct investment, human capital, and labor force also have positive effects on economic growth in the long run. There is only inflation has a negative impact on economic growth in both the short and long run. Laos is a middle-income nation in ASEAN, and thus the government of Laos must enhance trade openness by effectively controlling import levels in order to boost economic growth through international trade.