Water Immersion Research Articles

Durable Superhydrophobic Aluminum Surfaces against Immersion and Hot Steam Impact: A Comparative Evaluation of Different Hydrophobization Methods and Coatings

Controlling the wettability properties of metallic materials and surfaces can enhance their applicability and improve their performance and durability in several fields, such as corrosion protection, heat transfer applications, self-cleaning, and friction reduction. Here, we present and compare some versatile fabrication methods that can provide aluminum surfaces with durable superhydrophobic performance which are suitable for heat transfer applications. To probe their stability in heat transfer applications, two evaluation protocols are designed, one which suggests immersion in hot water for several hours, and a second testing against the harsh conditions of hot steam impact. The superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces are fabricated by first creating micro or micro-nano roughness on an initially flat surface, followed by the minimization of its surface energy through two hydrophobization methods, one wet and one dry, thus creating a series of different coating materials. Surfaces are then evaluated by immersing them in hot water and exposing them to steam impact. It is demonstrated that despite the fact that all hydrophobization methods tested resulted in surfaces exhibiting superhydrophobic properties, only the ultra-thin Teflon-like coating, obtained after plasma deposition using C4F8 plasma, exhibited robust superhydrophobicity with hysteresis lower than 8° when immersed in water at 90 °C for 10 h. This surface also showed minimal wettability changes and was the only one to retain its hysteresis below 6° after 4 h of exposure to hot steam.

Strength and durability characteristics of geopolymer treated pond ash as pavement material

This study evaluated the strength and durability characteristics of pond ash (PA) treated with geopolymer (3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15%, by dry weight of PA) and compared them with Portland cement and hydrated lime stabilizations at same additive contents. Unconfined compressive strength of specimens was evaluated at curing durations of 1, 3, 7, 28, and 90 days. The durability of 28-day cured stabilised specimens against wet-dry cycles, freeze-thaw cycles, water slaking cycles, water immersion, capillary action, and dispersion was assessed. Geopolymer-stabilized PA achieved higher strength and durability than cement and lime-stabilised PA. It is due to the formation of a dense microstructure with significant reaction products. PA stabilised with 3% geopolymer and 15% cement satisfies the strength properties of the cementitious subbase in flexible pavements. Whereas, 6% geopolymer content fulfils the requirements of the cementitious base in flexible pavements and the cementitious subbase in rigid pavements as per IRC: 37-2018 and IRC: 59-2015, respectively.

Study on Expansion Rate of Steel Slag Cement-Stabilized Macadam Based on BP Neural Network.

The physicochemical properties of steel slag were investigated using SEM and IR, and it was found that free calcium oxide and free magnesium oxide in steel slag produce calcium hydroxide when in contact with water, leading to volume expansion. Thus, the expansion rate of steel slag itself was first investigated, and it was found that the volume expansion of steel slag was more obvious in seven days after water immersion. Then, the cement dosages of 5% and 6% of the steel slag expansion rate and cement-stabilized gravel volume changes between the intrinsic link were further explored after the study found that the cement bonding effect can be partially inhibited due to the volume of expansion caused by the steel slag, so it can be seen that increasing the dosage of cement can reduce the volume expansion of steel slag cement-stabilized gravel with the same dosage of steel slag. Finally, a prediction model of the expansion rate of steel slag cement-stabilized gravel based on the BP (back propagation) neural network was established, which was verified to be a reliable basis for predicting the expansion rate of steel slag cement-stabilized aggregates and improving the accuracy of the proportioning design.

Tribological behaviors and wettability evolution of phenolic resin-impregnated graphite materials under water immersion condition

This study investigated the tribological behaviors of two phenolic resin-impregnated graphite samples and one non-impregnated sample under dry and water immersion using a reciprocating testing device. The frictional configuration involved a steel hemisphere sliding against the surface of the graphite samples. The influence of water immersion time before each formal test on friction coefficients was discussed. The wettability evolution during the test processes and the difference in porosity, which could significantly affect water infiltrating into the sample matrix and frictional interfaces, were associated with the variation in tribological behaviors. The worn surface morphology and element analysis results indicated that the shallow valleys and pores on the surface of graphite were gradually filled by wear debris from both the graphite samples and the harder counterpart. Based on these experimental results, a tribological mechanism of the phenolic resin-impregnated graphite materials under water immersion was developed.

Macauba palm endocarps under compression forces considering the different treatments: A study about physical and mechanical properties for seed extraction

Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) is a palm tree native to the tropical forests of North America and Brazil, with fruits that hold significant potential across agricultural and industrial sectors, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, and biofuels. The spherical, drupe-like fruit consists of a fibrous peel (epicarp), pulp (mesocarp), endocarp, and seed. The endocarp, housing the seeds, is a dense, mechanically robust triaxial spheroid with high caloric value. To harness macauba potential on an industrial scale, strategies incorporating high-performance machinery are necessary, replacing rudimentary extraction methods with more rational approaches to crop development. Understanding the physical and mechanical properties of such crops is crucial for designing machines and processes for agricultural product cultivation. This study focuses on the mechanical behavior of the macauba palm endocarp for seed extraction, evaluating its geometric and mechanical properties through compressive stress analysis. Geometric properties such as endocarp characteristics, circularity, sphericity, eccentricity, and surface area were examined, alongside the influence of different endocarp treatments on rupture strengths. Compression tests on macauba fruit endocarps revealed treatment methods (control, 24, 48, and 72-h water immersion, and 10-day sun exposure) influence on mechanical properties at various strain rates (100–600 mm.min-1).Results show the macauba palm endocarp behaves as a spheroid. Immersing macauba endocarps in water increased their rupture strength during compression. However, sun exposure for 10 days rendered the fruit more fragile and less tenacious, reducing rupture force by over 40 % compared to control samples. The Deformity Modulus of macauba fruit endocarp ranged from 30.1 GPa to 53.2 GPa depending on the treatment applied.

Environmental Bond Degradation of Different Laminated Glass Panels.

Since buildings are designed to endure over time, it is crucial to comprehend how laminated glass (LG) windows, and consequently, the polymer interlayer materials, respond to weathering. This paper explores the impact of accelerated humidity on the mechanical properties of several polymer interlayer materials and LG sections. The study specifically focuses on three polymer interlayer materials of industrial interest: polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), and ionomer (SG). To examine the environmental effects, testing setups were devised to subject the polymeric materials and LG panels to specific conditions. Uniaxial tension coupons and LG disks were submerged in a water bath to simulate the environmental effect. A dedicated testing fixture was designed and manufactured for the LG disks. The results showed that the properties of EVA, including strength, maximum strain, and toughness, were not significantly affected by the environmental conditions. However, the properties of SG5000 were notably impacted, with a significant reduction in its bond strength due to water immersion.

Self-cleaning and anti-corrosion superhydrophobic coatings of PA-TiO2@SiO2 copolymerized hetero compound

Inspired by leaf lotus effect, superhydrophobic surfaces have developed rapidly in recent years. In this paper, anatase nano TiO2 with particles size of about 70 nm was successfully loaded on the surface of SiO2 by sol-gel method. SiO2 and TiO2 were chemically bonded by Ti-O-Si and constructed a certain micro- and nano-composite structure. After superhydrophobic composite PA-TiO2@SiO2 was obtained by copolymerizing with acrylate and other monomers. The coating was prepared by drop coating plus spraying coating on glass substrates with water contact angles >160° and excellent self-cleaning properties, which could maintain the performance of the superhydrophobic coating by immersion in acidic solutions or water for 2 days. Meanwhile, the coating on the surface of the glass plate at −20 °C significantly delayed the freezing time of the ice. The rough structure of the surface and the presence of fluorine-containing hydrophobic groups gave the superhydrophobic coating an advantage over acrylate polymers in reducing the corrosion rate of steel surfaces.

Water Absorption Behavior of Date Palm Fruit Branches Fiber (DPF) Composites: Experimental and Statistical Analyses

ABSTRACT The environmental effects on the response of Date Palm Fiber (DPF) composites are explored through an in-depth analysis of water absorption behavior. This study comprehensively investigates the influence of fiber content, immersion time, and water type on mass gain. Rigorous experimentation and advanced statistical analyses quantify the percent contribution of each factor, emphasizing the dominant role of fiber content at 96.61%. While immersion time and water type contribute relatively smaller percentages (2.11% and 1.28%, respectively), their insights are invaluable for tailored composite design. The study extends to interaction effects, showcasing the combined influence of factors. Regression models, progressing from linear and reciprocal formulations to comprehensive global models, are developed. Meticulous examination of prediction accuracy, using diverse statistical metrics, highlights the superior performance of the global reciprocal model across different water types. This work provides essential insights for optimizing DPF composite design, fabrication, and application, empowering engineers and researchers to make informed decisions in industries demanding tailored water absorption behavior.

Pretreatment with Dan-Shen-Yin granules alleviates ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis via Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway

BackgroundGastric ulcer (GU) is a common gastrointestinal disease with high morbidity that may be caused by various pathogenic factors. Dan-Shen-Yin (DSY), a traditional prescription, improves myocardial and gastrointestinal functions; however, its effect on GU and the underlying mechanisms requires further research. PurposeWe aimed to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of DSY granules in GU using three different animal models and explore their potential mechanisms. MethodsDSY granules were manufactured and subjected to quality control by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three GU models were established using ethanol, aspirin, or water immersion restraint combined with aspirin and examined using the Guth method and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The effects of DSY granules on gastric mucosal glycoproteins and the release of defensive and aggressive factors in ethanol-induced GU were measured using periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and ELISA. TUNEL staining and detection of apoptosis-related proteins were used to evaluate the role of DSY granules on apoptosis. Potential mechanisms were predicted using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and western blot to verify the related targets and pathways. ResultsDSY granules were prepared for the first time and quality control standard was established. Pharmacodynamic evaluation indicated that DSY granules significantly reduced the GU index and gastric mucosal injury in the three GU models, and the GU inhibition rate of DSY granules was superior to omeprazole in ethanol-induced GU model (60.32 % vs. 21.96 %). Further studies in ethanol-induced GU model revealed that DSY granules increased the levels of the defensive factors (PGE2, NO, SOD, CAT, TAOC, and GSH) and decreased the levels of aggressive factors (MDA, TNF-α, and IL-1β), thereby inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation, attenuating gastric mucosal injury. Moreover, the results of TUNEL staining and western blot showed that DSY granules suppressed apoptosis by reducing the ratios of Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved-Caspase-3/Caspase-3. In addition, the results of network pharmacology and molecular docking suggested that the mechanisms of DSY granules against GU may be related to the Akt-related signaling pathway. Further study confirmed that DSY granules significantly reduced the ratio of p-Akt/Akt and promoted the expression of Nrf2 and NQO1, protecting the gastric mucosa. ConclusionsOur results indicated that DSY granules had protective effects on GU caused by different mechanisms, especially ethanol-induced GU. DSY granules alleviated gastric mucosal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, which may be associated with the regulation of Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Therefore, DSY granules may be a promising drug for the treatment of GU.

Investigation of the Tensile Strength of Sea Sand Concrete Against the Compressive Strength of the Plan

The availability of sea sand on the beach of Ujung Tape Pinrang is in very large quantities that can be used as materials in making concrete. The purpose of the study is to analyze the characteristics of beach sand, compressive strength and tensile strength produced. An experimental research method in the Civil Engineering Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Parepare with a treatment system for ordinary water immersion and analysis of the characteristics of concrete mechanical properties using a compression machine test. The results of the study at the maintenance age of 28 days with a planned compressive strength of 20 MPa produced a compressive strength of 28.29 MPa and a tensile strength of 7.78 MPa, a planned compressive strength of 24 MPa resulted in a compressive strength of 29.98 MPa and a tensile strength of 8.22 MPa, and a planned compressive strength of 28 MPa produces a compressive strength of 31.40 MPa and a tensile strength of 8.44 MPa. The results of the study on compressive strength and tensile strength showed an increase in each increase in planned compressive strength.

Mechanical and Physicochemical Characteristics of a Novel Premixed Calcium Silicate Sealer.

The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate specific mechanical and physicochemical properties of three calcium silicate-based sealers, BioRoot™ Flow (BRF), CeraSeal (CRS) and TotalFill® (TF). Samples were prepared to evaluate different physicochemical and mechanical properties of the tested sealers. These evaluations were accomplished by investigating the pH changes over time, porosity, roughness, flow properties, compressive strength and wettability. The results were statistically evaluated using one-way analysis of variance. All three sealers demonstrated an alkaline pH from 1 h of immersion in water to 168 h. A higher porosity and hydrophily were detected in BRF samples compared to CRS and TF. No significant difference was found between the tested materials in the flow properties. Lower compressive strength values were observed for BRF compared to TF and CRS. Differently shaped structures were detected on the three materials after 7 days of immersion in PBS. The three materials demonstrated a higher solubility than 3% after 24 h of immersion in water (CRS < BRF < TF). The novel premixed calcium silicate sealer (BRF) had comparable physicochemical properties to the existing sealers. The lower compressive strength values could facilitate the removal of these materials during retreatment procedures. Further studies should investigate the biological effects of the novel sealer.

Effect of curing condition on mechanical properties and durability of alkali-activated slag mortar

While alkali-activated slag (AAS) has emerged as a promising alternative binder in construction engineering, a consensus on the optimal curing condition for this material has not been reached yet. It is well known that AAS can harden at ambient temperatures, but the influence of humidity on its properties remains poorly understood. Herein, we considered five curing conditions with different relative humidities (RH), including ambient/dry condition (RH=55 %), sealed condition (RH=80–95 %), fog condition (RH>95 %), water immersion condition (RH=100 %), and saturated limewater immersion condition (RH=100 %). Various properties have been examined, including flexural and compressive strengths, elastic modulus, shrinkage, pore structure, carbonation resistance, and freeze-thaw resistance of AAS mortars (AASM). Two types of activators, sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate (modulus at 1) solutions were used. The experimental results indicate that drying at early ages is detrimental to almost all the properties investigated. Sealed curing can deliver desirable mechanical properties and durability, but considerable shrinkage. Fog and water curings are highly effective at mitigating early shrinkage in AASM, but the problem of leaching adversely affects its long-term properties. Generally, limewater curing offers limited benefits compared to other high-humidity curing methods.

Hot But Not Cold Water Immersion Mitigates the Decline in Rate of Force Development following Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage.

In recent years, there has been significant advancement in the guidelines for recovery protocols involving heat or cold water immersion. Yet, comparison between the effects of hot and cold water immersion on key markers of neuromuscular recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is lacking. Thirty physically active males completed an individualized and tailored EIMD protocol immediately followed by one of the following recovery interventions: cold water immersion (11 °C, CWI11), hot water immersion (41 °C, HWI41) or warm-bath control (36 °C, CON36). Gastrointestinal temperature was tracked throughout HWI41. Knee extensors' maximal isokinetic strength [peak torque (Tpeak)] and explosive strength [late-phase rate of force development, (RFD100-200)] were measured prior to EIMD (pre-), 24 h (post-24 h) and 48 h (post-48 h) post-EIMD. In addition, pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured to quantify the recovery from muscle soreness. Surface electromyography signals (sEMG) from the vastus lateralis were captured to extract the rates of electromyography rise (REMGR) and the spectral power in the low-frequency band. At post-48 h, Tpeak returned to baseline values following both CWI11 (-8.3 ± 6.8 %, p = 0.079) and HWI41 (-1.4 ± 4.1%, p = 1). In contrast, RFD100-200 (-2.3 ± 29.3%, p = 1) and PPT (+5.6 ± 14.6%, p = 1) returned to baseline values at post-48 h only following HWI41. Spectral analysis of the sEMG signal revealed that the low-frequency band was significantly increased following CWI11 (+9.0 ± 0.52%, p = 0.012). REMGR was unchanged regardless of the condition (all p > 0.05). A single session of HWI41, rather than CWI11, improved the recovery of the late-phase rate of force development following EIMD in physically active males. This suggests that in athletic contexts where a rapid force development is a key performance determinant, hot bath should be preferred over cold bath.

Study on Antibacterial Durability of Waterproof Coatings with Different Base Materials

Microbial corrosion of waterproof coatings causes structural damage to buildings and renovation materials and severely threatens human health. In practical applications, coatings with different base materials show different durabilities to external environmental influences. There is little literature on the antimicrobial durability performance of waterproof coatings. Therefore, this paper selected four standard waterproofing coatings, including polyurethane coatings, cement-based coatings, asphalt-modified polymer coatings, and polymer emulsion coatings, as the main body of this study. Their antimicrobial abilities against Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and mold were tested after experiencing three kinds of harsh environments: Ultraviolet ray (UV), water immersion, and low temperature. The results show that the extreme climates significantly reduced the ability of the four coatings to resist mold, and the highest growth rate of bacteria was 54.64%. Under UV conditions, the polymer emulsion coatings were significantly more resistant to Candida albicans, and the optical density of the bacterial liquid showed a negative growth trend. The microstructural integrity of the polymer emulsion coatings was found to be damaged by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation. This work improves the durability application research on these coatings and provides a valuable reference for developing new environmentally friendly, antibacterial, and anticorrosive waterproof coatings.

A study of bacteria producing carbonic anhydrase enzyme for CaCO3 precipitation and soil biocementation

We study the carbonic anhydrase (CA) pathway using autochthonous CA-producing bacteria as a means of inducing calcite precipitation, which acts as a biocement to improve the engineering soil properties. Forty different microbial strains producing CA were isolated from the foundation soil of a railway embankment in Prickwillow, UK. Three of the best CA-producing strains were selected and identified by DNA sequencing as Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus toyonensis and Bacillus pumilus with CA activity values respectively of 1.79 U/ml, 1.42 U/ml and 1.55 U/ml. To optimise the treatments, we investigated the effect of pH, temperature, zinc co-factor and cementation solution molarity on the growth and CA activity and bioprecipitates, with CO2 added in the form of bicarbonate. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the bioprecipitates showed that these had characteristic morphologies of calcite and vaterite crystals. The formation of calcite was further corroborated by FT-IR and Raman analysis of bioprecipitates. The precultured bacteria were injected into the fine-grained soil together with cementation solution. Unconfined compressive strength in treated soil increased up to 1 MPa, and its calcium carbonate content increased by 2.78%. This, as well as the stability of the treated soil upon water immersion, proved the biocementation of the fine-grained soil. These findings suggest the potential of employing the CA biocementation route for soil stabilisation pending further development of the technique.

Effect of moisture on the sensing capabilities of piezoelectric actuator/sensor pairs on flax fibre reinforced composite laminates

The sensitivity of the piezoelectric actuators’ response to the moisture uptake has been investigated on flax fibre reinforced composite laminates. Non-woven flax fabric was impregnated with epoxy and composite laminates were fabricated using hand lay-up and cured in a compression moulding machine. The laminates were initially impacted with a drop-weight impact machine at a low energy level, with the aim to generate an artificial surface crack that will allow the moisture to enter the fibre-matrix interface more effectively. A set of piezoelectric actuators and sensors were adhered on the surfaces of the composite panels in a specific rectangular arrangement to allow for wave capturing at various directions. The wave characteristics of the samples were extracted in pristine stage and then the samples were impacted and immersed in distilled water until saturation. At regular intervals after the water immersion, the panels’ weight was measured using a laboratory scale and the wave propagation characteristics of the materials ware measured in order to investigate the gradual effect of moisture on the capabilities of the actuators and sensors. The propagation of stress waves in the dry and wet samples was investigated and the effect of moisture absorption was examined experimentally using piezoelectric wafers until the saturation was reached. Finally, a continuum damage mechanics layerwise time domain spectral finite element model, both for the composite laminate and the rich resin layers, was also developed to simulate the materials’ performance under impact and evaluate the wave propagation within the material at the dry state.

Effects of water immersion on the pore structure and thermodynamic properties of sulfide ores

Effects of water immersion on the pore structure and thermodynamic properties of sulfide ores

The effects of cold water immersion and partial body cryotherapy on subsequent exercise performance and thermoregulatory responses in hot conditions

This study investigated the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) and partial body cryotherapy (PBC) applied within a 15-min post-exercise recovery period on thermoregulatory responses, subjective perceptions, and exercise performance under hot conditions (39 °C). Twelve male soccer players participated in team-sports-specific assessments, including Agility T-test (T-test), 20-m sprint test (20M-ST), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test Level 1 (YY-T), during two exercise bouts (1st bout and 2nd bout) with a 15-min post-exercise recovery period. Within the recovery period, a 3-min of PBC at −110 °C or CWI at 15 °C or a seated rest (CON) was performed. Mean skin temperature (Tskin) decreased by 4.3 ± 1.08°C (p < 0.001) immediately after PBC, while CWI induced a reduction of 2.5 ± 0.21°C (p < 0.01). Furthermore, PBC and CWI consistently reduced Tskin for 15 and 33 min, respectively (p < 0.05). During the 2nd bout, core temperature (Tcore) was significantly lower in PBC compared to CON (p < 0.05). Heart rate (HR) was significantly lower in CWI compared to CON and PBC during the intervention period. Thermal sensation (TS) was significantly greater in PBC compared to CON and CWI (p < 0.05). Compared to the 1st bout, PBC alleviated the declines in T-test (p < 0.05) and 20M-ST (p < 0.05), while CWI alleviated the decreases in T-test (p < 0.05) and YY-T (p < 0.05), concurrently significantly enhancing 20M-ST (p < 0.05). 20M-ST and YY-T was greater from PBC (p < 0.05) and CWI (p < 0.05) compared with CON in 2nd bout. Additionally, the T-test in CWI was significantly greater than CON (p < 0.05). These results indicate that both PBC and CWI, performed between two exercise bouts, have the potential to improve thermoregulatory strain, reduce thermal perceptual load, and thereby attenuate the subsequent decline in exercise performance.

An exploratory study on bamboo permeability for evaluation of treatability with chemical solutions

The rapid and uniform impregnation of resins and preservative fluids is critical to improving the quality and durability of wood-based materials. Permeability coefficients obtained in laboratory experiments aid in the development of optimal conditions for uniform resin filling on an industrial scale. However, due to the shape and orientation of pores in the bulk structure of bamboo, simplified permeability equations may not be sufficient to provide realistic resin impregnation predictions. In this study, the permeability coefficients for Dendrocalamus asper bamboo were determined using air flow measurements and Forchheimer's equation in the x, y, and z directions, and they were correlated to the bamboo microstructure, providing a detailed perspective on how to further investigate this property for real-world applications, such as pressure treatments with chemical solutions. Porosity was measured using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and water immersion methods to aid in the permeability analysis. The results showed that the longitudinal direction had 1000 to 10,000 times higher permeability coefficients than the radial and tangential directions. This finding is consistent with the alignment of transport vessels as well as the limited pore network in the transversal bamboo section. The outer region of bamboo had higher radial permeability than the middle and inner layers, despite having lower porosity. It is hypothesized that the greater number of vessels, albeit smaller, provides a more direct path for air to flow. The Darcian permeability coefficients of bamboo were found to be comparable to those reported in the literature for wood. This exploratory study provided insights into a novel approach for assessing the treatability of bamboo species.

PENGARUH RENDAMAN AIR LAUT, AIR HUJAN, DAN AIR PAYAU TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BETON

Water is an essential fundamental component in the manufacture of building materials (concrete) and reinforced concrete (steel) constructions. In construction, water acts as a component, transforming the hydraulic adhesive into a paste that will ultimately harden. Apart from that, the water in the concrete mix activates the chemical process of cement as an adhesive and lubricates the aggregate, making it easier to work with. The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of immersion water on concrete compressive strength in order to calculate the immersion-to-concrete strength ratio. This research method uses experimental research methods by comparing between 3 types of immersion water in concrete, namely AL (sea water), AP (brackish water), and AH (rainwater). The results of the research on the compressive strength of AL of 19.24 MPa, AP of 20.90 MPa, and AH of 24.33 MPa. AL experienced a decrease in compressive strength of 3.36 MPa and AP of 5.09 MPa against AH which has the highest strong value among the 3 bath variations and even higher than the compressive strength of the plan of 20 MPa. From the clarification over, it can be concluded that the submersion of brackish water, and water comes to the compressive quality of the arrange, whereas the inundation of seawater does not meet.