Immediate Effects Of Exercise Research Articles

Higher VO2max is associated with thicker cortex and lower grey matter blood flow in older adults

VO2max (maximal oxygen consumption), a validated measure of aerobic fitness, has been associated with better cerebral artery compliance and measures of brain morphology, such as higher cortical thickness (CT) in frontal, temporal and cingular cortices, and larger grey matter volume (GMV) of the middle temporal gyrus, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex. Single sessions of physical exercise can promptly enhance cognitive performance and brain activity during executive tasks. However, the immediate effects of exercise on macro-scale properties of the brain’s grey matter remain unclear. We investigated the impact of one session of moderate-intensity physical exercise, compared with rest, on grey matter volume, cortical thickness, working memory performance, and task-related brain activity in older adults. Cross-sectional associations between brain measures and VO2max were also tested. Exercise did not induce statistically significant changes in brain activity, grey matter volume, or cortical thickness. Cardiovascular fitness, measured by VO2max, was associated with lower grey matter blood flow in the left hippocampus and thicker cortex in the left superior temporal gyrus. Cortical thickness was reduced at post-test independent of exercise/rest. Our findings support that (1) fitter individuals may need lower grey matter blood flow to meet metabolic oxygen demand, and (2) have thicker cortex.

Repeated standing back extension exercise: Influence on muscle shear modulus change after lumbodorsal muscle fatigue.

BACKGROUND:In low back pain, multifidus muscle fibers reportedly exhibit increased stiffness. Low back pain was associated with lumbodorsal muscle fatigue. There is no report of using shear modulus to verify the mechanism of an immediate effect of exercise on low back pain. Here, temporary lumbodorsal muscle fatigue was created, simulating fatigue-related nonspecific low back pain.OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of standing back extension exercise on fatigued lumbodorsal muscle based on the results of multifidus muscle elasticity measured using shear wave elastography.METHODS:Thirty-three healthy subjects were randomly divided into three groups. The subjects performed the Biering-Sorensen test as the fatigue-task of the lumbodorsal muscle before the standing back extension exercise. The fatigue-exercise group exercised five sets after completing the fatigue-task. The fatigue-non-exercise group remained standing for the same duration as the fatigue-exercise group without doing the exercise after the fatigue-task. The non-fatigue-exercise group exercised five sets of without performing the fatigue-task. As intra-group and inter-group factors, the shear modulus of the multifidus muscle was compared before and after the exercise.RESULTS: The shear modulus of the multifidus muscle after the standing back extension exercise was significantly lower in the fatigue-exercise group, and no significant decrease was observed in the fatigue-non-exercise and non-fatigue-exercise group.CONCLUSIONS: The standing back extension exercise improved the shear modulus of the fatigued multifidus muscle. Therefore, it was suggested that the change in the elasticity of fatigued muscle might lead to the prevention of low back pain caused by muscle fatigue.

Effects of a single aerobic exercise on perfused boundary region and microvascular perfusion: a field study

The endothelium and the glycocalyx play a pivotal role in regulating microvascular function and perfusion in health and critical illness. It is unknown today, whether aerobic exercise immediately affects dimensions of the endothelial surface layer (ESL) in relation to microvascular perfusion as a physiologic adaption to increased nutritional demands. This monocentric observational study was designed to determine real-time ESL and perfusion measurements of the sublingual microcirculation using sidestream dark field imaging performed in 14 healthy subjects before and after completing a 10 km trial running distance. A novel image acquisition and analysis software automatically analysed the perfused boundary region (PBR), an inverse parameter for red blood cell (RBC) penetration of the ESL, in vessels between 5 and 25 µm diameter. Microvascular perfusion was assessed by calculating RBC filling percentage. There was no significant immediate effect of exercise on PBR and RBC filling percentage. Linear regression analysis revealed a distinct association between change of PBR and change of RBC filling percentage (regression coefficient β: − 0.026; 95% confidence interval − 0.043 to − 0.009; p = 0.006). A single aerobic exercise did not induce a change of PBR or RBC filling percentage. The endothelium of the microvasculature facilitates efficient perfusion in vessels reacting with an increased endothelial surface layer.

Immediate effects of physical activity on motor cognitive function in healthy young adults: A pre-test post-test quasi experimental study

Background: Physical activity influences cognitive function which is already established by several literatures. Exercise increases attention and performance on cognitive tasks, but the immediate effect of exercise on motor-cognitive function is unknown.Aim: Our aim was to find out the immediate effect of physical activity on motor-cognitive function in healthy adults.Materials and Methods: Twenty-five young males and females aged between 18 and 25 years were recruited by convenient sampling technique. Anthropometric measurement was obtained from the consented participants. For measuring the motor-cognitive function, memory cognitive skill game, an android-based mobile application, was used. The normality of the data was established by Shapiro–Wilk test. As the data follow normal distribution, the descriptive statistics were expressed in mean ± standard deviation and paired t-test was used to report pre- and postchange scores.Results: The mean age, height, weight, and body mass index of students were 22.48 ± 2.24 years, 163.25 ± 9.32 cm, 61.56 ± 9.32 kg, and 23.14 ± 3.6 kg/m2, respectively. Overall, the mean pre- and postphysical activity scores were 44.54 ± 12.43 and 48.71 ± 12.40, respectively, with a significant difference (P = 0.005) between them. Gender-wise analysis revealed a significant change among the female participants (P = 0.002) but not among the male participants (P = 0.266).Conclusion: This study concluded that motor-cognitive function improves immediately after exercise.

Immediate effects of a single session of physical exercise on cognition and cerebral blood flow: A randomized controlled study of older adults

BackgroundRegular physical activity is beneficial for cognitive performance in older age. A single bout of aerobic physical exercise can transiently improve cognitive performance. Researchers have advanced improvements in cerebral circulation as a mediator of long-term effects of aerobic physical exercise on cognition, but the immediate effects of exercise on cognition and cerebral perfusion are not well characterized and the effects in older adults are largely unknown. MethodsForty-nine older adults were randomized to a 30-min aerobic exercise at moderate intensity or relaxation. Groups were matched on age and cardiovascular fitness (VO2 max). Average Grey Matter Blood Flow (GMBF), measured by a pulsed arterial-spin labeling (pASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition, and working memory performance, measured by figurative n-back tasks with increasing loads were assessed before and 7 min after exercising/resting. ResultsAccuracy on the n-back task increased from before to after exercising/resting regardless of the type of activity. GMBF decreased after exercise, relative to the control (resting) group. In the exercise group, higher n-back performance after exercise was associated with lower GMBF in the right hippocampus, left medial frontal cortex and right orbitofrontal cortex, and higher cardiovascular fitness was associated with lower GMBF. ConclusionThe decrease of GMBF reported in younger adults shortly after exercise also occurs in older adults and relates to cardiovascular fitness, potentially supporting the link between cardiovascular fitness and cerebrovascular reactivity in older age.

Immediate Effects of Exercise and Behavioral Interventions for Pelvic Floor Dysfunction and Lumbopelvic Pain

Background: Over the next 30 years chronic health problems associated with pelvic floor dysfunction are projected to increase by 50%. Objective: To determine the efficacy of a noninvasive, pain-free procedure of behavioral modifications and a specialized exercise program to improve pain levels and quality of life. Study Design: A quantitative, longitudinal study was conducted. Methods: Forty-one women aged 43.2 ± 9.5 years (mean ± SD) with symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction and pelvic organ prolapse were introduced to a protocol that included eight 45-minute live group sessions and a home exercise program to be performed at least 3 times per week. The participants were reassessed after completion of the protocol intervention. IBM SPSS Version 24 statistical programming was used, and Wilcoxon nonparametric analyses were applied to compare the pre- and poststudy data to determine whether significant relief from pain and/or dysfunction occurred. Results: The procedure significantly improved lower back pain (Oswestry, z(41) = −4.068, P < .05), quality of life as related to pelvic floor disorder symptoms (Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory Questionnaire—Short Form 20, z(41) = −5.317, P < .05), life impact of pelvic floor disorder symptoms (Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire—Short Form-7, z(41) = −3.825, P < .05), diastasis recti separation (z(41) = −4.806, P < .05), pelvic floor muscle activation (z(41) = −5.583, P < .05), and pelvic alignment (z(41) = −3.207, P < .05). Conclusion: The noninvasive, pain-free procedure provided significant relief from symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction and lower back pain.

Immediate effects of leg-press exercises with tibial internal rotation on individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis.

Although patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) demonstrate abnormal kinematics involving greater tibial external rotation during squatting, there have not been any previous studies investigating an exercise focused on correcting knee rotational kinematics. This study aimed to determine the immediate effects of exercise with tibial internal rotation (IR) on symptoms and functions in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). This study provides Level II evidence using a small randomized controlled trial. Sixty patients were allocated to either the tibial IR or neutral rotation (NR) group in this randomized controlled trial. The IR group performed a leg press activity with the tibia in maximal IR, whereas the NR group performed leg press activity with the tibia in NR. Outcome measures were (a) 10-m walk test; (b) Timed Up and Go test, (c) knee flexion angle while squatting, (d) knee pain during walking and squatting, and (e) difficulty during walking and squatting. Significant interaction was observed in all outcomes. The IR group exhibited significant improvement on all outcome measures, whereas the NR group exhibited significant improvements only in the 10-m walk. The IR group exhibited greater improvements than the NR group on all outcome measures. After a single session, leg press activity with the tibia in maximal IR improved the symptoms and functions measured in this study more effectively than leg press activity with the tibia in a neutral position. This suggests that correcting rotational malalignment is more important than strengthening the quadriceps for maintaining or even improving function of OA knees. (Clinical trials registration number: UMIN000021751).

Intact regulation of muscle expression and circulating levels of myokines in response to exercise in patients withtype 2 diabetes.

Regular exercise plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The synthesis and secretion of myokines in response to contraction may contribute to the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise. However, some exercise‐induced responses may be attenuated in T2D. Here, we investigated whether the effect of acute exercise on selected myokines are impaired in T2D. Skeletal muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained from 13 men with T2D and 14 weight‐matched, glucose‐tolerant men before, immediately after and 3‐h after acute exercise (60 min cycling) to examine muscle expression and plasma/serum levels of selected myokines. One‐hour of exercise increased muscle expression of IL6, FGF21, ANGPTL4, CHI3L1, CTGF and CYR61, of which FGF21, ANGPTL4 and CHI3L1 increased further 3‐h into recovery, whereas expression of IL6, CYR61, and CTGF returned to baseline levels. There was no immediate effect of exercise on IL15 expression, but it decreased 3‐h into recovery. Plasma IL‐6 increased robustly, whereas circulating levels of FGF21, ANGPTL4, IL‐15, and CHI3L1 increased only modestly in response to exercise. All returned toward baseline levels 3‐h into recovery except for plasma ANGPTL4, which increased further. No significant differences in these responses to exercise were observed between the groups. Our results demonstrate that muscle expression and circulating levels of selected known and putative myokines were equally regulated by acute exercise in patients with T2D and weight‐matched controls. This suggests that the potential beneficial metabolic effects of these myokines are not impaired in patients with T2D.

Immediate Effect of Exercise on Auditory and Visual Reaction Time in Medical Students

Immediate Effect of Exercise on Auditory and Visual Reaction Time in Medical Students

Immediate Effect of Exercise on Auditory and Visual Reaction Time in Medical Students

Immediate Effect of Exercise on Auditory and Visual Reaction Time in Medical Students

Physiological and lipid profile response to acute exercise at different intensities in individuals with spinal cord injury.

Experimental and cross-sectional study. To assess the immediate effect of exercise on heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), pulmonary ventilation (PV), oxygen pulse (OP), glucose and lipids of wheelchair basketball players with spinal cord injury (SCI). Center of Studies in Psychobiology and Exercise-São Paulo, Brazil. In all, nine wheelchair basketball players with SCI and nine able-bodied controls (C) performed three exercise sessions at different intensities: ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1), 15% below VT1 and 15% above VT1 with a duration of ~24-34 min. HR, VO2, PV, OP, glucose and lipids were analyzed. VO2, PV and OP were significantly lower in the players with SCI compared to C during the same intensity exercise sessions. However, the individuals with SCIs demonstrated increases in HR, PV and OP at similar rates to C. Triglycerides of the SCI group were elevated 30 min after the exercise session at VT1 compared to values before the exercise session (P=0.017); this elevation was not observed in group C. For the exercise sessions 15% above VT1, only glucose (P=0.040) and low-density lipoprotein (P=0.012) 30 min after the exercise were elevated in the SCI group compared to group C. We conclude that the SCI group demonstrated increases in HR, PV and OP but not VO2 with increased intensity of exercise at similar rates as in group C.

The immediate effects of exercise using the Functional Re-adaptive Exercise Device on lumbopelvic kinematics in people with and without low back pain

BackgroundDysfunction of the lumbar multifidus (LM) and transversus abdominis (TrA) muscles is associated with low back pain (LBP). The Functional Re-adaptive Exercise Device (FRED) has shown potential as a non-specific LBP intervention by automatically recruiting LM and TrA. Loss or lordosis and altered lumbopelvic positioning has also been linked to LBP and is often trained within LM and TrA interventions. The effect that FRED exercise has on lumbopelvic positioning and lumbar lordosis is unknown. ObjectivesTo assess the effect of FRED exercise on lumbopelvic kinematics and alignment to establish whether FRED exercise promotes a favourable lumbopelvic posture for training LM and TrA. DesignWithin and between-group comparison study. MethodOne hundred and thirty participants, 74 experiencing LBP, had lumbopelvic kinematic data measured during over-ground walking and FRED exercise. Magnitude-based inferences were used to compare walking with FRED exercise within participants and between the asymptomatic and LBP groups, to establish the effects of FRED exercise on lumbopelvic kinematics, compared to walking, in each group. ResultsFRED exercise promotes an immediate change in anterior pelvic tilt by 8.7° compared to walking in the no-LBP and LBP groups. Sagittal-plane spinal extension increased during FRED exercise at all spinal levels by 0.9° in the no-LBP group, and by 1.2° in the LBP group. ConclusionsFRED exercise promotes a lumbopelvic position more conducive to LM and TrA training than walking in both asymptomatic people and those with LBP.

Three-dimensional morphology and strain of the human Achilles free tendon immediately following eccentric heel drop exercise.

Our understanding of the immediate effects of exercise on Achilles free tendon transverse morphology is limited to single site measurements acquired at rest using 2D ultrasound. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed 3D description of changes in Achilles free tendon morphology immediately following a single clinical bout of exercise. Freehand 3D ultrasound was used to measure Achilles free tendon length, and regional cross-sectional area (CSA), medio-lateral (ML) diameter and antero-posterior (AP) diameter in healthy young adults (N=14) at rest and during isometric muscle contraction, immediately before and after 3×15 eccentric heel drops. Post-exercise reductions in transverse strain were limited to CSA and AP diameter in the mid-proximal region of the Achilles free tendon during muscle contraction. The change in CSA strain during muscle contraction was significantly correlated to the change in longitudinal strain (r=-0.72) and the change in AP diameter strain (r=0.64). Overall findings suggest the Achilles free tendon experiences a complex change in 3D morphology following eccentric heel drop exercise that manifests under contractile but not rest conditions, is most pronounced in the mid-proximal tendon and is primarily driven by changes in AP diameter strain and not ML diameter strain.

Mind racing: The influence of exercise on long-term memory consolidation

Over time, regular exercise can lower the risk for age-related decline in cognition. However, the immediate effects of exercise on memory consolidation in younger adults have not been fully investigated. In two experiments, the effects of exercise were assessed on three different memory tasks. These included paired-associate learning, procedural learning and text memory. Results indicate that performance on procedural learning and situation model memory was increased with exercise, regardless of if participants exercised before or after encoding. No benefit of exercise was found for paired-associate learning. These findings suggest that intense exercise may benefit certain types of memory consolidation.

Immediate Effect of Exercise on Achilles Tendon Properties

Understanding the mechanical and morphological adaptation of the Achilles tendon (AT) in response to acute exercise could have important implications for athletic performance, injury prevention, and rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and critical evaluation of the literature to determine the immediate effect of a single bout of exercise on the mechanical and morphological properties of the AT in vivo. Five electronic research databases were systematically searched for intervention-based studies reporting mechanical and morphological properties of the AT after a single bout of exercise. Searches revealed 3292 possible articles; 21 met the inclusion criteria. There is evidence that maximal isometric contractions and prolonged static stretching (>5 min) of the triceps surae complex cause an immediate decrease in AT stiffness, whereas prolonged running and hopping have minimal effect. Limited but consistent evidence exists, indicating that AT hysteresis is reduced after prolonged static stretching. Consistent evidence supports a reduction in free AT diameter (anterior-posterior) after dynamic ankle exercise, and this change appears most pronounced in the healthy tendon and after eccentric exercise. The mechanical and morphological properties of the AT in vivo are affected by acute exercise in a mode- and dose-dependent manner. Transient changes in AT stiffness, hysteresis, and diameter after unaccustomed exercise modes and doses may expose the tendon to increased risk of strain injury and impact on the mechanical function of the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit.

The Immediate Effects of Exercise Using a Stretch Pole on Trunk Extension and Pressure Distribution of Healthy Male Individuals in the Supine Position: A Randomized Controlled Study

〔目的〕ストレッチポールを用いたベーシックセブンの効果を明らかにすることを目的とした．〔対象〕若年健常男性20名を対象とし，介入群とコントロール群に無作為に割りつけた．〔方法〕介入群はストレッチポールを用いたベーシックセブンを実施し，コントロール群はストレッチポールを使用せず，同様の運動を床上にて実施した．介入前後で体幹後屈可動域，体幹背面の床接地面圧分布を測定し，各群で変化量を比較した．〔結果〕介入前後での体幹後屈可動域および上部体幹床接地面圧はともに，介入群で有意に増大した．〔結語〕ベーシックセブンは，体幹後屈可動域および上部体幹床接地面圧の増加に効果的である．

Rapid cellular genesis and apoptosis: Effects of exercise in the adult rat.

Long-term aerobic exercise improves cognition in both human and nonhuman animals and induces plastic changes in the central nervous system (CNS), including neurogenesis and angiogenesis. However, the early and immediate effects of exercise on the CNS have not been adequately explored. There is some evidence to suggest that exercise is initially challenging to the nervous system and that the plastic changes commonly associated with chronic exercise may result as adaptations to this challenge. The current experiment assessed levels of apoptosis, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis during the first week of an exercise regimen in the adult rat. The results indicate that exercise rapidly induces these processes in the hippocampus and cerebellum. The temporal pattern of these events suggests that voluntary exercise in the adult rat rapidly and transiently induces apoptosis, followed by angiogenesis. Neurogenesis is an immediate and independent consequence of exercise in the hippocampus that may require the additional metabolic support supplied by angiogenesis. This is the first report of CNS neuronal apoptosis as a consequence of exercise in the adult rat and suggests that this process is a potential mediator of rapid exercise-induced plasticity.

Effect of Exercise on Negative Affect in Residents in Special Care Units With Moderate to Severe Dementia

Approximately 35% of individuals with dementia exhibit depression and/or anxiety symptoms, often manifested by symptoms of negative affect. Exercise has been associated with improved affect but has not been demonstrated to improve affect in residents of secured dementia units in long-term care facilities. This pilot study determined whether moderate-intensity, chair-based exercise was associated with changes in negative affect in residents in secured units. The sample included 36 patients from 2 nursing homes who participated in a 12-week, 30-minute moderate-intensity group exercise program thrice weekly. Affect, measured by the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Apparent Affect Rating Scale, was assessed at weeks 3 and 12, before and after each exercise session. Paired t tests assessed the immediate effect of exercise (before/after a session) and the long-term effect of exercise (study initiation/12 wk) on patients' affect ratings. The mean age was 85 years (SD=5.5), with 86% female, and 97% white. At week 3, anxiety was significantly lower immediately after the exercise session when adjusted for level of participation (P=0.02) compared with immediately before the exercise session, indicating immediate changes in affect. Anxiety and depression were significantly reduced at week 12, when compared with week 3, after adjusting for level of participation (P=0.01; P=0.03), indicating long-term effects of the exercise intervention. The study revealed the feasibility of conducting a moderate-intensity exercise program and the potential for exercise as a nonpharmacologic intervention for reducing symptoms of negative affect and depression in this vulnerable population.

Exercise-induced immunomodulation--possible roles of neuroendocrine and metabolic factors.

Acute muscular exercise induces an increased neutrophil count concomitant with recruitment of natural killer (NK), B and T cells to the blood as reflected by an elevation in the total lymphocyte count. Meanwhile, following intense exercise of long duration the lymphocyte count declines, non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity is suppressed, but the neutrophil concentration increases. In relation to eccentric exercise involving muscle damage, the plasma concentrations of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and the tumor necrosis factor are elevated. In this review we will propose a model based on the possible roles that stress hormones play a mediating the exercise- related immunological changes: adrenaline and to a lesser degree noradrenaline are responsible for the immediate effects of exercise on lymphocyte subpopulations and cytotoxic activities. The increase in catecholamines and growth hormone mediate the acute effects of exercise on neutrophils, whereas cortisol may be responsible for maintaining lymphopenia and neutrocytosis after exercise of long duration. Lastly, the role of beta-endorphin is less clear, but the cytokine response is closely related to muscle damage and stress hormones do not seem to be directly involved in the elevated cytokine level. Other possible mechanisms of exercise-induced immunomodulation may include the so-called glutamine hypothesis, which is based on the fact that skeletal muscle is an important source of glutamine production and that lymphocytes are dependent on glutamine for optimal growth. Furthermore, physiological changes during exercise, e.g. increased body temperature and decreased oxygen saturation may also in theory contribute to the exercise-induced immunological changes.

Splenic immune responses following treadmill exercise in mice.

The in vitro proliferation response to lipopolysaccharide and pokeweek mitogen by splenic lymphocytes and the effect on the total splenic lymphocyte number were examined in C57BL/6J mice following an 8-week treadmill training program (30 m/min, 8 degrees slope, 30 min/day, 5 times/week) and after a single bout of exhaustive exercise (50% stepwise increases in final running speed for 10-min intervals). Plasma corticosterone levels were also measured to evaluate whether changes in adrenocortical activation were associated with exercise-induced immunomodulation. In comparison to sedentary controls, trained mice had an increase of 35% in succinate dehydrogenase activity per unit of protein in the quadriceps femoris muscle. Trained mice showed an increase in splenic lymphocyte proliferation to both mitogens which was evident 72 h after completion of the final training session, relative to sedentary controls. Immediately following exercise, however, lymphocyte proliferative responses were depressed compared with the training and the control values. The exercise regimen resulted in a reduction in total number of mononuclear cells per spleen. Changes in plasma corticosterone levels after exercise were not clearly associated with immunodepression or immunoenhancement of splenic lymphocyte mitogenesis. Taken together, the data suggest that moderate endurance training augments splenic B lymphocyte mitogenesis and further, that the immediate effects of exercise on splenic immune function vary with the duration and intensity of the work.