Imitation Stage Research Articles

Biomimicry as a sustainable solution in Architecture: Analytical study

Nature has been the primary inspiration for architecture since its very beginnings, and there are many facets and levels of this inspiration in architecture, starting from the stage of direct imitation of the formal aspects and proportions, passing through the aspects of masses and construction, all the way to the deep levels and principles upon which nature is based and achieving its sustainability. Therefore, the architecture, in the current time and for future times, is directed towards simulating the deep aspects of biological systems and taking advantage of their features, such as self-organization, adaptation, flexibility, and efficiency, in a way that achieves the desired goal of architecture, which is its sustainability. This is also through the emergence of the term (biomimetic), which the research focuses on for its ability to combine biology and architecture. From a review of the literature that dealt with this term, the research problem emerged as “the lack of clarity about biomimicry as a strategy aims at achieving aspects of sustainability.” Hence, the research objective was defined by determining the possibility of benefiting from the trend of biomimicry as a tool and strategy for achieving sustainability while studying its applications in design and architecture. To achieve the research objective, a descriptive and analytical approach was adopted, in addition to several procedural steps, the first related to the theoretical aspects of the topic and building a theoretical framework for it. The second step was the practical study by analyzing a few approved projects. The last (third) procedural step was to draw results and conclusions. The research reached several conclusions that reflect the role of adopting the biomimetic approach in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of architecture and its sustainability and emphasizing the achievement of architecture responsive to environmental conditions by enhancing its natural systems to increase their efficiency and suitability to the requirements of development. The research also concluded that this approach will determine the path of contemporary and future architecture by approaching biological principles with architectural principles.

KETERAMPILAN MOTORIK HALUS PADA ANAK KIDAL (STUDI KASUS PADA ANAK KIDAL USIA 6-7 TAHUN DI KELURAHAN MALAKA JAYA, DUREN SAWIT, JAKARTA TIMUR)

AbstrackThis study aims to determine and describe the fine motor skills of left-handed children ages 6-7 years old, in which include eye-hand coordination skills, fingers’ flexibility, hand strength, and arms’adaptability. This research was conducted in the Malaka Jaya, Duren Sawit, East Jakarta, in May to July 2016. The method used is qualitative research case study approach. Instrument of collection data through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis used is based on Miles and Huberman report of reduction data, display data and verification data. The findings of research showed that left-handed children have good eye-hand coordination, in which include the coordination between the eyes with his left hand and his right hand. Left-handed children also have good fingers’ flexibility when using tools that are made for right-handed user to create objects, like scissors. Left-handed children have a greater strengthat left hand than right hand. Left- handed children have good adaptation in activities that are ethically deminding the use of the righ hand and manipulating objects that are made for right-handed users. At the imitation stage of left-handed children are retaining their own attitude when undertaken the activities though models using right-hand dominance. Keywords: Coordination, Flexibility, Strength, Adaptation, Imitation, Lefth-handed

Research on the Application of “Reflection Design” Concept in Architectural Review Course

At present, Chinese architectural education overemphasizes the pursuit of formal design teaching goals, lack of rational and humanistic analysis, resulting in students ignoring the understanding of the essence of architecture, thus staying in the stage of schema imitation. Rafael Moneo's architectural theory advocates the practicality of concrete analysis of concrete problems. The purpose of this study was, through the study of Rafael Moneo's architectural design ideas and works, establish a teaching course based on the concept of "reflection design ", which provides a theoretical and practical basis for future architectural review courses. Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires and verified the validity of the "reflection design" theory by experimental method. The study revealed that "reflective design "theory can be effectively applied in architectural review courses so that students would have their own understanding of design rather than blindly follow it. The theory improves teaching quality in architectural review courses. In view of these results, the study recommends that design be pertinent, and the teaching of architectural review courses should focus on combining students' practice and theory.

이인로와 이규보의 소식 시문 수용양태 연구 - 『보한집』을 중심으로

New creation is only an ideological expression. If literary creation is to realize creativity that is represented by innovation and faithfulness, reading and studying are indispensable. We should understand that countless writers in the past imitated and accepted the poems of their predecessors. Acceptance and imitation exhaust the essential identity of the artist, so we must be on guard against the catastrophe that leads to plagiarism from following imitation.<BR> Lee In-Ro and Lee Kyu-Bo expressed their feelings by envisioning and adapting Sushi’ poems and contents. While Lee In-Ro focused on imitation, Lee Kyu-Bo developed beyond the stage of imitation. As a result, when comparing Lee In-Ro and Lee Kyu-Bo’s acceptance of Sushi’ poems, although there are many works that copied Sushi’ original work, it was more noticeable that Lee Kyu-Bo’ work tried to break away.<BR> This study shows the following.<BR> First, it can be found that Choi Ja, who wrote ‘Bohanjip’, intentionally distinguished Lee Kyu-Bo from Lee In-Ro. It is the same purpose to understand the world of Lee In-Ro and Lee Kyu-Bo

Constitutional innovation as a political science

The article describes the object, subject, main properties, tasks and functions of the science "constitutional innovation". It is a science that studies the implementation of constitutional ideas developed by political philosophy in the life of society. This implementation is carried out throughout the world, in individual countries and at the local level. Based on the subject of the study, the structure of the science "constitutional innovation" is described. Within it, a general theory is distinguished, which studies the laws of the transition of the world and individual countries from the pre-constitutional system to the constitutional one. She answers questions about the possibility of transition of all countries of the world to constitutionalism, about the ways of this transition. In the course of the movement towards constitutionalism, there is usually a stage of imitation of the constitutional system. Part of constitutional innovation should be constitutional deviantology, which studies deviations from the ideals of constitutionalism, the factors that cause them. The General theory develops methods of cognition of this world process. According to the author, the study of the subject of research should be based on dialectics, a materialistic approach using the ideas of Enlightenment, modernization theories, democratic transit, diffusion theory, and conflict theory. Constitutional innovation includes the history of the world's movement towards constitutionalism. On the basis of the known regularities, forecasts of the constitutionalization of the world and individual countries are built. Constitutional innovation performs applied tasks. It helps supporters of constitutionalism to form programs for the promotion of constitutional ideas in the life of society. A separate area of research is the introduction of constitutional ideas through international relations. Constitutional countries are trying to build the whole world in their own image. Science evaluates the effectiveness of the measures applied.

طريقة تعلم مهارة القراءة على النظرية الاجتماعية المعرفية لألبرت باندورا في معهد "التوفيق" السلفي بداو - مالانج.

In the teaching and learning process must be accompanied by learning methods that can attract students so that enthusiasm in participating in learning, the activities chosen must be able to bridge between the knowledge that has been owned by students with new knowledge that will be received by students, especially to develop skills in incorrect language skills only reading skills of students. The bridging things are required to be able to process students' knowledge by seeing the models around them, one of which is by seeing the instructor himself. As a student who always pays attention to the movements of the instructor when teaching. The slightest thing done by the teacher will always be considered even imitated by his students. That is what makes students get lessons from how to pay attention to a model, just like the theory that was expressed by Albert Bandura who is a psychologist who emphasizes the importance of students in processing knowledge from observing the model around. The research method used is a qualitative method with a case study approach that focuses on one particular object to be studied in-depth to be able to uncover the reality behind the phenomenon. So that the data collection techniques, researchers use observation, interviews, and documentation. While data analysis techniques are via descriptive data analysis techniques, namely data reduction, data exposure, and conclusion drawing. The results obtained in this study are a combined method used in Attaufiq Salafiyah Islamic boarding school which combines the harfiyyah, soutiyyah, syllable, syllable, word method, and sentence method methods. The learning process uses four stages by following the four elements of Albert Bandura's social theory, namely the stage of attention when the teacher starts the lesson with greetings and questions students, the second stage is the stage of remembrance when associating new information with old information and expanding and detailing the material, the stage the third is the imitation stage when oral practice and giving homework to students, and the last is the motivation stage by giving praise to students to be more enthusiastic in learning.

The review and prospect of the decade of neuro-ophthalmology in China

Neuro-ophthalmology is an interdisciplinary discipline that spans multiple disciplines such as ophthalmology, neurology, and neurosurgery, and plays an important role in ophthalmology. Since the establishment of the Neuro-Ophthalmology Group in 2011, it has shown a good momentum of accelerated development of neuroophthalmology team building, promoting the process of neuroophthalmology standardization and strengthening interdisciplinary cooperation. However, there is still a gap between the level of neuro-ophthalmology in China and that in developed countries, which still cannot get rid of the stage of introduction and imitation. It is still a long way to form neuro-ophthalmology with unique characteristics in China. In the future, we should carry out clinical research while advancing basic research work, and establish a standard training system to strengthen the training of neuroophthalmologists. It is expected that in the next 10 years, China's neuro-ophthalmic diagnosis and research level will be significantly improved, and a number of landmark academic achievements will be achieved, and a number of internationally and domestically renowned neuro-ophthalmologist will be trained to further enhance the international academic status of neuro-ophthalmic research in China. Key words: Ophthalmology; Neurosciences; Editorial

From Art to Cure: The Three Stages of Theoretical Development of Ancient Chinese Painting from Pre-Qin to Qing Dynasty

Ancient Chinese paintings, compared with traditional Western oil paintings that featured realistic depiction, seem mysterious enough to go beyond comprehension to Westerners. It could be traced back to one of the fundamental divergences in history when ancient Chinese painters and critics took a path not taken by their Western counterparts at the theoretical development crossroad over a thousand years ago: the former started to strive not for realistic drawing skills improvement but for the spiritual connection between the object and the painting. In the theoretical development of ancient Chinese painting, it marks the critical turning point from the first imitation stage of pursuing xingsi (formal likeness) to the intermediate second stage of seeking shensi (spiritual resemblance); and eventually in its third stage, painting became a constitutional part of Chinese ancients' lifestyle when it switched for a breakthrough from figure painting to landscape painting that laid more emphasis on subjective xieyi (intent-expression) which, by taking on a form of catharsis, played an extremely important role in the life of ancient painters and painting-lovers. That is when painting was endowed with a new function of more realistic importance: it was viewed by ancient Chinese as something more than art but therapeutic as a cure to relieve their miseries and pains by way of self-expression or aesthetic resonances. Imbibing the Taoist philosophy renowned for its profound effect on health preserving, specifically its aesthetic and contemplative attitude towards life advocated by Zhuangzi, these ancient Chinese painters and their audience sought xieyi and all-pervading oneness by blending themselves with the universe to find their own spiritual healing power.

Analysis and Research on the Combination of Violin Teaching and Local Culture in Local Colleges in Shanxi

The earliest violin with modern significance was born in Europe in the mid-16th century. As one of the most important forms of music in the West, after several hundred years of development, it has already formed its perfect teaching system, and it has developed roots in different countries in the West. Genre. Every brilliant genre is immortal based on the cultural characteristics of its own nation. However, in modern China, China began to develop domestic violin art and education. However, due to long-term wars and social unrest, it has been in the stage of imitation and exploration before the founding of the People's Republic. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, although a large number of composers have created many excellent Chinese violin works, the Chinese education of violin music has not been perfected in China. Nowadays, the national music education and the improvement and development of nationalization have become the general trend of the development of music teaching in colleges and universities. This paper analyzes the current situation of the development of violin nationalization teaching in some colleges and universities in Shanxi, discusses and studies the necessity of nationalization reform of violin teaching in colleges and universities, as well as the methods and practice of nationalization reform of violin playing teaching in colleges and universities.

Object words modulate the activity of the mirror neuron system during action imitation.

BackgroundAlthough research has demonstrated that the mirror neuron system (MNS) plays a crucial role in both action imitation and action‐related semantic processing, whether action‐related words can inversely modulate the MNS activity remains unclear.MethodsHere, three types of task‐irrelevant words (body parts, verbs, and manufactured objects) were presented to examine the modulation effect of these words on the MNS activity during action observation and imitation. Twenty‐two participants were recruited for the fMRI scanning and remaining data from 19 subjects were reported here.ResultsBrain activity results showed that word types elicited different modulation effects over nodes of the MNS (i.e., the right inferior frontal gyrus, premotor cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and STS), especially during the imitation stage. Compared with other word conditions, action imitation following manufactured objects words induced stronger activation in these brain regions during the imitation stage. These results were consistent in both task‐dependent and ‐independent ROI analysis.ConclusionOur findings thus provide evidence for the unique effect of object words on the MNS during imitation of action, which may also confirm the key role of goal inference in action imitation.

Imitation Learning Errors Are Affected by Visual Cues in Both Performance and Observation Phases.

Mechanisms of action imitation were examined. Previous studies have suggested that success or failure of imitation is determined at the point of observing an action. In other words, cognitive processing after observation is not related to the success of imitation; 20 university students participated in each of three experiments in which they observed a series of object manipulations consisting of four elements (hands, tools, object, and end points) and then imitated the manipulations. In Experiment 1, a specific intially observed element was color coded, and the specific manipulated object at the imitation stage was identically color coded; participants accurately imitated the color coded element. In Experiment 2, a specific element was color coded at the observation but not at the imitation stage, and there were no effects of color coding on imitation. In Experiment 3, participants were verbally instructed to attend to a specific element at the imitation stage, but the verbal instructions had no effect. Thus, the success of imitation may not be determined at the stage of observing an action and color coding can provide a clue for imitation at the imitation stage.

Research on the Method of Service Industry Innovation

The present study conducted a literature review on the definition and classification of the domestic and foreign service innovation; and it did a contextual research on service innovation in recent 30 years by HIstcite software. It proposed that domestic researches are still in the stage of introduction and imitation. It lacks innovation and in-depth theoretical and empirical studies. Meanwhile, the future researches tend to solve increasingly complex practical problems in perspective of dynamic and diversity. And the multidimensional index system is urgently to be established.

Adaptive tag switching reinforces the coevolution of contingent cooperation and tag diversity

Most of the previous studies concerning the similarity-based interaction have assumed that the change of tags just happens in the imitation stage. Individuals actually can adjust their tags whenever the environments related to these tags grow nasty. We institute a spatial model to investigate the effect of the coevolution of tag and strategy on the evolution of cooperation in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Interactions just happen between tag-identical neighbors. Individuals exploited by defectors change their current tags at a certain cost. The time-scale ratio controls how fast interaction happens relatively to selection. Results show that whenever individuals have enough chance to adapt to the environment, cooperation is greatly improved even for quite large temptation to defect. Intensive exploration reveals that both little and large costs of tag switching can further favor the establishment of cooperation. Our work may add more into the literature concerning games on adaptive networks.

현대 중국적 패션 디자인의 미적 특성 연구 - 전통문화코드 분석을 기반으로 -

This study aims to clarify the identity of contemporary Chinese fashion design by examining how the characteristics of Chinese tradition are accepted and presented in fashion under the influences of western cultures. This study performed a literature survey on related works. Also this study performed demonstrative analysis of Chinese daily newspapers (People's Daily and Xinmin Evening News, 2007-2010) and fashion collections by Chinese and Chinese descent designers(2007-2011). The results are as follows: First, China is trying to express Chinese traditional ideas and factors in the design areas, and also trying to achieve an universal generalization. Second, the Chinese designers emphasized traditional ideas and culture in their designs. The Chinese descent designers were affected more by western culture. The common aesthetic consciousness were the beauties of sophisticated and splendorous decoration, vastness and elegance. Also the compromised images, neutral images and antique images were common in both groups. Third, the Chinese designers presented fashion designs on formalized and imitation stage. Also they tried to make a metaphorical stage. The Chinese descent designers showed designs on a metaphorical stage. In conclusion, the contemporary Chinese fashion design should find the way to globalize and identity of the traditional culture code simultaneously.

Enterprise patenting in Zhejiang province

SummaryBased on a survey of more than 2000 enterprises and the case analysis of a typical enterprises, this paper attempts to explore the characteristics of patenting development and the factors influencing patenting in Zhejiang in China. The paper proposes that patenting in Zhejiang enterprises is mainly affected by the technological capabilities of the enterprises and legal regime for IPR. A survey of these enterprises reveals that the technological capabilities of most are still at the stage of imitation and the number of the patents is rather small, compared with the large number of enterprises, though some leading enterprises are climbing the evolutionary ladder from primitive to creative imitation and becoming active in patenting. During the past 20 years the environment for IP protection has been greatly improved with the innovation of IP systems in Zhejiang, which encourage enterprise innovation, patent application and patenting management. The paper finally gives some suggestions on how to improve both technological capabilities and the environment for enterprise innovation.

Index Finger Movement Imitation by Human Neonates: Motivation, Learning, and Left-Hand Preference

Imitation of a fine motor movement, index finger protrusion, was examined in 39 neonates using an ethologically based objective coding system. Results confirmed that imitation of finger movements exists, and infants demonstrated "learning" as imitation developed through an incomplete imitation stage. Neonatal imitation was more frequently left-handed, an early sign of laterality in motivation to be investigated further. The existence of index finger imitation in human neonates indicates that volitional control of individuated finger movements develops much earlier than previously thought. The differential increase of index finger protrusion movements during the imitation periods suggests that this behavior is not an automatic response triggered by general arousal but instead is a true indicator of purposeful neonatal imitation.

Will Restructuring Hungarian Companies Innovate?

Based on insights from Joseph Berliner's work on innovation in the Soviet centrally planned economy and its reform variants, we analyze process innovation (technological development) and product development in restructuring Humngarian companies from 1992 to 1995. Using data from a survey questionaire responded to by 325 Hungarian companies, we conclude that decision-makers recognize the increasing uncertainty in their business environment and respond to it by taking more aggressive strategies. However, Hungarian companies practice product imitation rather than product development as only about a third of new products introduced are new to either Hungarian or global markets. Furthermore, although technological development is recognized as important, only about a third of the respondents indicate any improvement in the company s technology and, of these, only about a quarter report that the change resulted in an up-to-date technology. Berliner identifies public ownership as a major impediment to innovation and considers the invisible foot of market competition to be a signiifcant incentive for innovation. From cross tabulations of responses to various questions probing a company s implementation of new production processes, we find that foreign-owned companies are more likely to be involved in such activity and, of all companies engaged in process innovation, state-owned companies find it less profitable that do companies of other ownership types. Regarding research and product development, we find that state-owned companies spend significantly less on applied research than do foreign-owned firms. Measuring exposure to external market competition by export intensity in a sub-sample of the companies, we find that a company with higher export intensity is more likely to introduce minor technological improvements. Although ownership type is not a significant determinant of export intensity, state-owned companies tend to adjust their product lines in foreign markets to compete to compete with other Hungarian companies. Global market competition promotes minor technological development and makes state-owned companies more conscious of product development while public ownership deters process innovation in Hungary. Hence, in transition economies, the imitation stage comes first as restructuring companies try to catch up to world class standards in both technologies and products; however preventing foreign participation in the privatization process is likely to impede and stall company restructuring.

Learning to speak. Sensori-motor control of speech movements

This paper shows how an articulatory model, able to produce acoustic signals from articulatory motion, can learn to speak i.e. coordinate its movements in such a way that it utters meaningful sequences of sounds belonging to a given language. This complex learning procedure is accomplished in four major steps: (a) a babbling phase, where the device builds up a model of the forward transforms i.e. the articulatory-to-audio-visual mapping; (b) an imitation stage, where it tries to reproduce a limited set of sound sequences by audio-visual-to-articulatory inversion; (c) a “shaping” stage, where phonemes are associated with the most efficient available sensori-motor representation; and finally, (d) a “rhythmic” phase, where it learns the appropriate coordination of the activations of these sensori-motor targets.

Transforming psychological practice

Abstract Men dominate academic psychology in Britain. In this paper two women authors discuss the impact of this on their own and their students' experience of psychology. They examine the influence of their emotional, personal, and domestic lives as well as their increasing awareness of the ways in which psychology oppresses women, on the psychology they practice as teachers, writers, and researchers. They also explore the ways in which their own expectations and experiences of psychology differ from those of their male colleagues. It is suggested that the authors, and perhaps women's psychology in Britain, have moved beyond the stage of imitation of the dominant patriarchal tradition, by rejecting mainstream academic psychology in favour of feminist approaches and by the “giving away” of psychology to non-academic audiences. They are now moving into a further phase, that of self-discovery, where they can, at last, practice a psychology that is meaningful to them as women. The challenge which this involv...