Visual Thinking Research Articles

From Play to Understanding: Large Language Models in Logic and Spatial Reasoning Coloring Activities for Children

Visual thinking leverages spatial mechanisms in animals for navigation and reasoning. Therefore, given the challenge of abstract mathematics and logic, spatial reasoning-based teaching strategies can be highly effective. Our previous research verified that innovative box-and-ball coloring activities help teach elementary school students complex notions like quantifiers, logical connectors, and dynamic systems. However, given the richness of the activities, correction is slow, error-prone, and demands high attention and cognitive load from the teacher. Moreover, feedback to the teacher should be immediate. Thus, we propose to provide the teacher with real-time help with LLMs. We explored various prompting techniques with and without context—Zero-Shot, Few-Shot, Chain of Thought, Visualization of Thought, Self-Consistency, logicLM, and emotional —to test GPT-4o’s visual, logical, and correction capabilities. We obtained that Visualization of Thought and Self-Consistency techniques enabled GPT-4o to correctly evaluate 90% of the logical–spatial problems that we tested. Additionally, we propose a novel prompt combining some of these techniques that achieved 100% accuracy on a testing sample, excelling in spatial problems and enhancing logical reasoning.

РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ЗДОРОВОГО ЧЕЛОВЕКА В НЕМЕЦКОЙ И АНГЛИЙСКОЙ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИИ

The article provides a comparative study of German and English phraseological units with a zoonymic or phytonymic component representing a healthy person. The analysis is given according to the following two types of cultural codes: 1) zoonymic and 2) phytomorphic. Consideration of comparative phraseological units containing zoonyms and phytonyms in the context of culture allows us to determine the general and the specific in the imaginative thinking of the Germans and the British about health, to explain the peculiarity of their functioning. Studying phraseological units within the framework of the linguistic and cultural paradigm is considered relevant since the zoomorphic and phytomorphic images underlying the formation of phraseological units are the conductors of culture. They transmit valuable information about the geographical and climatic living conditions of a particular ethnic group that helps to identify ethnocultural stereotypes and standards reflecting the collective view of the most valuable human being that is health. Moreover, the very trope (tropeic) essence of a phraseological unit is born from a combination of cultural codes, which are the structure-forming elements of cultural space and are present in the cognitive base of any linguistic and cultural community.

COMPOSITIONAL LITERACY AS A BASIS FOR TRAINING A NOVICE ARTIST-TEACHER

The article raises important problems of compositional work in the preparation of a modern specialist in art education. The authors consider the issues related to the improvement of work in the field of theoretical training, the development of artistic and imaginative thinking among students, the ability to use the experience of leading artists of the past in independent creative work.

Методика «Схематизация» в цифровом формате для оценки уровня развития наглядно-образного мышления старших дошкольников

<p>The development of imaginative thinking is one of the main tasks of educational work with preschoolers, because it allows the child to be successful in preschool activities, where the most favorable conditions for the formation of age new achievements are formed. The need for diagnostic tests to determine the level of imaginative thinking of preschoolers is related both to the need to assess the effectiveness of educational work with children, and to identify the level of development of the child. The most informative and reliable results of the assessment of cognitive processes are provided by the use of standardized test. In Russian psychology, there is only one such test - "Schematization" (author R.I. Bardin). This test was created and standardized at the end of the last century and its psychometric characteristics and assessment standards need to be updated for a modern sample. The article presents the results of the re-standarization of this test. The experimental sample of the study consisted of N = 2425 children of senior preschool age: children 5-6 years old (M = 66 months; SD = 3.09 months; n = 974) and 6-7 years old (M = 77 months; SD = 3.21 months; n = 1451). For psychometric verification, confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients, Spearman correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney U criterion and two-factor analysis of variance were used. The norms were calculated using percentile normalization. The obtained results showed the conformity of the test with psychometric requirements and allowed us to determine the current norms for the development of imaginative thinking of older preschool children.</p>

The formation of visual thinking of students in technical universities in the context of higher mathematics education

Abstract The visualisation of teaching higher mathematics as a development of information and communication technologies determines the transition of the educational process to a new level of its development. As a result, it should focus on the visual orientation and modern practice of its use. The question arises as to the formation of students’ visual thinking as a necessary component of the training of a modern specialist. In this context, a study has been conducted on the problem of using visual information and its visual perception in teaching higher mathematics on the example of individual sections, as well as techniques of justification based on visual information. The examples offered in the article form the skills of working with graphic information. Developing visual thinking, they fix attention during the learning process, implicitly and indirectly contributing to the conversion of mental content into a visual image, ensuring the formation of a more complete picture of an image or concept. The article analyses the results of using visualisation in the educational process of students of technical universities. The influence of visualisation on the level of students’ knowledge is analysed. In particular, the ability of a certain contingent of students to perceive and use visual images, their ability to think and express thoughts in images, perceive the content of logic, emotions contained in visual information, as well as the ability to operate with visual images in communication, establish cause and effect relationships and relations between concepts, as well as memorise and reproduce ideas about objects is noted.

Exploring Bias in Health Care: Using Art to Facilitate a Narrative Medicine Approach among Third-Year Medical Students.

Teaching medical students about biases in health care poses challenges due to the complexity of modifying preexisting beliefs and the possibility of triggering strong emotional reactions. Narrative medicine fosters reflection and discussion among healthcare providers, and visual thinking strategies (VTS) enable providers to improve diagnostic ability through close and methodical examination of art. This study investigated the effectiveness of a session integrating narrative medicine and VTS to enhance third-year medical students' understanding of bias in health care. A 90-minute "Narrative Medicine Rounds" session was implemented in the Family Medicine clerkship for all third-year medical students in the Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine class of 2024. The session included a faculty-facilitated discussion of Robert Colescott's painting Emergency Room, an overview of narrative medicine principles, and a sharing of student narratives related to bias experienced in the healthcare setting. After the session, students wrote and submitted their narrative essays. Students also completed an anonymous, optional, computer-based evaluation with Likert-type and free-response questions. Likert questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics. For the short-answer questions, teams of two researchers (D.G. and S.E.S., E.E. and M.S.) analyzed responses for themes and subthemes, met to reach consensus on a codebook through discussion, and recoded data as needed until frequencies of themes were mutually determined. Of 101 students, 87 (86%) provided responses to the Likert questions. Seventy percent of respondents agreed that Robert Colescott's Emergency Room was a useful tool for discussing bias in medicine, whereas 25% were neutral. Fifty-one percent of respondents agreed that the session enhanced their understanding of bias in patient care, with 33% being neutral. Forty-seven percent of respondents agreed that the session made them more familiar with narrative medicine as a tool that they can use in patient care, with 28% being neutral. Students identified five themes for recognizing bias: empathy (16%), self-reflection (60%), active listening (17%), communication (13%), and education (7%). When addressing bias, students outlined five strategies: drawing from personal experiences (1%), self-reflection (64%), communication (29%), education (15%), and advocacy (26%). Combining narrative medicine and VTS in a single session offers a promising approach for discussing bias in healthcare education. Through reflective experiences and art interpretation, students demonstrated an awareness of often interconnected strategies to identify and mitigate bias while caring for patients. Future next steps for this study involve exploring longitudinal impacts and integrating narrative medicine strategies throughout the medical school curriculum.

Advancing Education in Challenging Times: A Review of the XVI International Conference on Mathematics, Science and Technology Education (ICon-MaSTEd 2024)

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive review of the XVI International Conference on Mathematics, Science and Technology Education (ICon-MaSTEd 2024), held from May 15-17, 2024, at Kryvyi Rih State Pedagogical University, Ukraine. The conference, organized in a hybrid format, brought together over 100 attendees from 9 countries, showcasing cutting-edge research and innovations in educational practices amid global challenges. The review synthesizes key themes and findings from 37 selected papers across various domains, including Mathematics Education, Science Education, Computer Science Education, and Educational Technology. Notable trends include the increased integration of artificial intelligence and digital technologies in education, the development of 21st-century skills, and adaptive strategies for education in crises. Particular attention is given to studies addressing the unique educational challenges faced in Ukraine, demonstrating the resilience and innovation of educators and researchers in conflict-affected regions. The paper highlights significant contributions in areas such as online learning environments, visual thinking in mathematics, AI applications in mental health education, and the design of university digital ecosystems.

Framework of Computer Science Learning Through Hybrid Service Learning Oriented Visual Toward the Continuum of Visualization Thinking and Generic Skills

Computer Science learning requires students to think logically and understand its practical implementation in real-life situation clearly. However, the lack of learning activities that bridge the gap between theory and practice hinders their ability to depict learned concepts in real-world scenarios and master generic skills. Therefore, Computer Science education necessitates visualising learning concepts in real-life contexts, such as implementing Service Learning activities. However, in the current post-COVID-19 endemic situation, it is not feasible to implement this approach fully face-to-face. Thus, integrating Service Learning activities through technology-mediated means is essential in Computer Science education. Hybrid Service Learning activities, using technology as a medium, are instructional designs that provide opportunities for students to apply theoretical knowledge practically in real-life situations. Therefore, in this study, Computer Science learning activities were designed with visual materials through a hybrid service learning website to support the continuum of students' visual thinking and their generic skills. Subsequently, the effects of Computer Science learning activities on the continuum of students' visual thinking, level of generic skills, and perception were analyzed. A quasi-experimental study design was used, which involved a total of 27 respondents and took 15 weeks to complete. The research data was analyzed using descriptive analysis and inferential statistics. The results of paired t-test for the continuum of students' visual thinking levels, including visual thinking, visual learning, and visual communication, indicated an improvement with a significant difference of [p<0.05] between the pre- and post-activities. In terms of students' generic skills levels, the paired t-test for the pre-Service Learning [PS], during-Service Learning [DS], and post-Service Learning [AS] phases showed a significant difference of [p<0.05], which indicated an increase in students' mastery of skills and changes between each phase. Furthermore, students' perceptions revealed positive feedback towards hybrid service learning. Overall, based on the findings of this study, a framework for visual-based hybrid service learning was developed as a guide for Computer Science education to support the continuum of students' visual thinking and their level of generic skills.

Organs-without-body: a study on the genealogy of vision leading to the posthuman age

In 1834, an American medical missionary, Peter Parker, arrived in Guangdong and established a hospital. He used his medical skills to evangelise and commissioned a local artist named Lam Qua to paint numerous medical portraits. Previous studies on these portraits have mainly focused on historiography or critical discourse studies, with little attention given to the visual thinking behind them. Therefore, this paper uses Foucault’s archaeology of knowledge to systematically sort out similar images from different periods to demonstrate how the epistemological type brought by medical observation operates and is represented through discursive formation. The study shows that Lam Qua’s medical portraits can be traced back to clinicians’ records of cases and served as ethnographic displays, similar to freak shows. Information gradually becomes emphasised partially due to its detachment from the entity in the dissemination process. This idea inspired Rei Kawakubo’s clothing fashions, while Cunningham’s dance art takes it further by abstracting information from the body, visually representing posthuman thinking. These seemingly unrelated cases belong to the same collection of statements that form a system called organs-without-body in this paper, serving as a metaphor for non-physical information to help us better understand the formation of posthuman thought.

The Research and Analysis of the Application of Artistic Design Thinking in Design

The purpose is to study the application thinking of art design, with the unified expansion of conscious initiative as the core. Start with the essence and connotation of artistic design thinking. This paper discusses the nature, function, and application of artistic design thinking and the value of design. First of all, this paper analyzes “art design thinking”, which is divided into objective content and subjective mind fusion. It is a thinking mode applicable to the field of art, with a certain content of artistic thought and a consistent way of thinking, and emphasizes the principle of people-oriented, focusing on emotional experience and unique aesthetics. The paper explains that the characteristics of art design thinking are to understand things, to change things, and to associate things, and emphasizes that design should return to things eventually. Art design thinking is analyzed from the nature, function, and application of design thinking. Practical value, innovative value. In the design, the effective use of the thinking of art design can optimize the design. Then, it analyzes the original function and play of artistic design thinking in design. This involves the cognition, understanding, and comprehensive thinking of the original thing to combine image and rational thinking to extend and optimize creative ideas. Imagination and artistic thinking are transformed into new practical creativity, and art design thinking is used to optimize the design, so that the design has practical aesthetic value, to meet the needs of consumers. In terms of application analysis, it emphasizes the integration of cultural elements into artistic design thinking. This integration reflects that the designer and the spirit of creation cannot be separated, and the spirit of creation is fully reflected.

In-Depth Assessment of the Influence of Leadership Styles on Team Performance through the Lens of Wisdom Leadership

Examining team efficacy with the lens of leadership styles' effects on team performance of Wisdom Leadership (WL) highlights how different leadership styles impact team performance and highlights the part that WL plays in directing and improving team results through careful, well-considered decision-making. WL can be difficult to assess and use consistently in a variety of circumstances due to its subjective character, and it can ignore environmental considerations and practical limits that impact team effectiveness. There are 195 participants’ data are collected in leadership styles’ impact on team performance through the WL lens was gathered at random. Some questionnaires are also randomly gathered. Decision-making effectiveness (DME), conflict resolution skills (CRS), emotional intelligence (EI), visionary thinking (VT), team cohesion (TC), and employee satisfaction (ES) these factors are used to determine with the lens of WL, how leadership styles affect team performance. The statistical of PLS-SEM, Cronbach's Alpha, discriminate validity tests, Average Variance Extracted (AVE), and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to evaluate leadership styles' impact on team performance, ensuring reliability and theoretical alignment. The results validate all of the hypotheses and demonstrate that variables such as DME, CRS, EI, VT, TC, and ES significantly positively correlate with WL.When examining how team performance is affected by leadership styles through the perspective of WL. The WL approaches provides a supportive and moral atmosphere that greatly improves team performance. The significance of incorporating wisdom into leadership techniques is underscored by the way that type of leadership fosters trust, efficient communication, and sustained success.

Evaluation of Entrepreneurial Perspectives and their Influence on Organizational Culture

Entrepreneurial perspectives are distinct approaches individuals use to identify opportunities and navigate challenges in the business world, shaping their risk evaluation, innovation, and strategic decision-making for growth and success. This study aims to evaluate how entrepreneurial perspectives shape and influence organizational culture. By examining the interplay between entrepreneurial attitudes and organizational standards, it seeks to understand their impact on organizational dynamics and effectiveness. This study explores entrepreneurial perspectives and organizational culture through the analysis of 500 applications using structured questionnaires. The study used statistical methods like descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, hypothesis testing, and chi-square tests to analyze the impact of proactiveness, self-efficacy, and employee engagement on organizational culture. The statistical analysis conducted using SPSS software reveals that proactiveness (CR = 0.911, R² = 0.789) and self-efficacy (CR = 0.864, R²= 0.876) significantly enhance organizational culture. Employee engagement also shows a significant impact (CR = 0.879, R² = 0.859). In contrast, collaboration (CR = 0.906, R² = 0.892) and visionary thinking (CR = 0.945, R²=0.555) do not significantly influence or mediate relationships with organizational culture, as indicated by non-significant p-values. Entrepreneurial perspectives significantly shape organizational culture by introducing innovative ideas and risk behaviors, enhancing competitiveness and responsiveness in a rapidly changing market.

Influence of Personal, Psychofunctional Qualities Students for the Formation of Professional Artistic Skills

Problem and goal. The article presents materials from a study of the problem of the influence of personal, psychofunctional qualities of students on the effectiveness of the formation of professional skills in visual activity. The study of the innate psycho-functional inclinations of perceptual perception on the process of forming students’ imaginative thinking makes it possible to improve the quality of learning and effectively implement the acquired skills to create an artistic image. The development of students’ creative abilities in the process of professional training allows them to develop an interest in independent intellectual activity and improve professional skills in creative activities. The purpose of the article is to study the influence of personal, psychofunctional qualities of students in the “Design” direction on the formation of professional skills in visual arts. Methodology. The study used methods for assessing the creative thinking of students: Personal creative characteristics of F. Williams (1980), E. E. Tunik. Self-organization of activities Mandrikova E. Yu. Assessment of students’ mastery of graphic skills was carried out according to generally accepted criteria for visual activity. The results obtained were processed by methods of mathematical statistics using the software package “Statistica 10.0 for Windows”. Studying the problem of developing the creative potential of the innate, creative inclinations of the individual allows us to solve the problem of developing professional skills in visual arts. The results of the study indicate that the formation of professional skills in visual arts is determined by individual, innate inclinations of creative thinking; imagination, curiosity, the ability to find new solutions and apply complex techniques when performing a drawing. At the same time, determination in combination with self-organization of educational activities is the basis for the effective development of artistic and professional skills. Conclusion. As a result of the study, it was found that the effectiveness of the formation of professional skills in visual arts among students is determined by the innate inclinations of creative thinking: purposefulness, focus on the present, attentive attitude to the technique of representation, in combination with self-organization of educational activities, such as a necessary condition for the effectiveness of mastering professional skills, at the same time, for students with a dominant, passive, sensory-emotional perception of the world around them, orderliness and perseverance, as indicators of self-organization of activity, have a relatively subjective nature of application in the process of visual activity.

An alternative theoretical approach to develop a new conception about pain in people with dementia

The theoretical approach presented in this paper describes a novel experimental-theoretical methodology to conceptualise pain in people with dementia. Existing procedures for assessment of pain rely on subjective self-report using...

Seeing is believing: Implications of the dreamlike cognitive style for waking spontaneous thought and psychopathology

The intuitive experience of dreaming is that we “see” something with our mind’s eye and react to it. Indeed, dream formation conceptualizations have often focused on the visual image-to-verbal thought direction of causality, inspired by bottom-up models of perception. However, despite being experienced as external to us, the dream environment is internally generated, meaning that dreams are more like imagination than perception. Dream thoughts (experienced with a sense of agency or selfhood) also affect subsequent dream images (experienced as non-agentive or external to one’s self). Thus, oneiric experiences are made up of reciprocal, continuous, moment-to-moment influences between the dream and the dreamer: visual images and verbal, abstract, or otherwise imageless thoughts. During wakefulness, a dreamlike cognitive processing dynamic of ever-changing meaningful image-thought-image momentary associations coupled with reduced agentive control of images may be present to a greater or lesser extent. Non-agentive visual images as a significant driving force in one’s spontaneous mental activity may relate to individual differences in fantasy proneness, suggestibility, dissociative absorption, or imagination tendencies. This feature carries implications for the field of spontaneous thought. Off-task thinking, or mind-wandering, are non-specific labels that may be used to denote internally generated mentation. Considering the tendency for dreamlike associations may represent a specific distinction, which may be relevant for understanding psychopathology. Whereas some individuals may find themselves distracted by abstract or semantic associations (e.g., verbal self-derogatory inner speech), others may find themselves drawn to intrusive—or alluring—visual images, which may interact significantly with their verbal thoughts and associations and even be experienced with decreased sense of agency. This may occur in obsessive-compulsive disorder, dissociative disorders, or maladaptive daydreaming, suggesting that clinicians need to pay attention to their clients’ spontaneous visual imagery. If a picture is worth a thousand words and seeing is believing, psychologists should be curious of how a visual thinking style may impact mental health.

Parent pedagogical positioning to create conditions for preschooler STEM learning using a Conceptual PlayWorld approach

STEM education has become a national priority, critical to the future of the workforce and the building of competitive economies across the globe. The literature suggests that early engagement with basic STEM concepts supports mastery of STEM subjects in later school years and in the professions. This has generated a need to better understand the ways children learn STEM concepts in family settings where it is understood that much of children's conceptual development takes place. This paper seeks to examine how parents can pedagogically position themselves to create motivating conditions for STEM learning. Various cultural-historical researchers have theorised that imagination is useful in the development of children's thinking. This paper reports on how an evidence informed model for STEM learning, which uses collective imagination to support conceptual development, when introduced as an intervention into family practice, provided opportunities for a parent to begin positioning themselves with pedagogical impact. Participating families engaged in six Conceptual PlayWorld sessions via zoom with children aged 4 years and 6 months. Through analysis of playful family interactions, the findings show four pedagogical positions or ‘interactional themes’ initiated by the parent (‘above’/’primordial we’, ‘equal’, ‘independent’ and ‘below’) each of which created different possibilities for collective imagination and conceptual thinking.

Exploring teachers' perceived intrinsic cognitive load while learning to use visual thinking tools

Exploring teachers' perceived intrinsic cognitive load while learning to use visual thinking tools

Global Leadership and Sustainability

This research article delves into the dynamic relationship between global leadership and sustainability, underscoring the critical influence that leaders wield in guiding organizations towards sustainable practices. As global challenges such as environmental degradation, climate change, and social inequality become more pressing, the need for leaders who can navigate these complexities and foster sustainable growth becomes increasingly urgent. This paper explores the essential qualities of global leaders who prioritize sustainability, the innovative strategies they employ, and the tangible impacts of their efforts on both organizational performance and broader societal well-being. We begin by identifying the characteristics that distinguish effective global leaders in the realm of sustainability. These leaders are visionary thinkers with a long-term perspective that balances economic success with environmental and social responsibility. They are ethically oriented, ensuring that their decisions reflect a commitment to the greater good. Their cultural sensitivity allows them to appreciate the global implications of local actions, and their adaptability and drive for innovation enable them to foster a culture of continuous improvement within their organizations. The article then examines specific strategies that these leaders use to embed sustainability into their organizational frameworks. This includes aligning their organizational goals with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), implementing comprehensive Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives, investing in green technologies, and engaging stakeholders in meaningful ways. These strategies are illustrated through case studies of companies like Patagonia and Unilever, which have successfully integrated sustainability into their business models under visionary leadership. Furthermore, the paper highlights the positive outcomes that organizations experience when they prioritize sustainability. Enhanced brand reputation, improved financial performance, effective risk management, and higher employee engagement are some of the key benefits. Companies known for their sustainable practices often attract loyal customers and talented employees, achieve cost savings through efficient resource use, and open up new market opportunities. The article emphasizes that global leadership and sustainability are deeply interconnected in today’s world. Leaders who embrace sustainability drive not only organizational success but also contribute significantly to global efforts towards creating a more equitable and sustainable future. As environmental and social challenges continue to intensify, the role of global leaders in promoting and implementing sustainable practices is more crucial than ever. This research underscores the necessity for visionary, ethical, culturally sensitive, and innovative leadership to navigate the complexities of sustainability and lead organizations towards a sustainable future.

Exploring Interactive Roles in the Communication Through Drama Online Classroom in Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia

This qualitative study aims to identify and categorize interactive roles within a Malaysian tertiary drama classroom. It examines the impact of virtual interaction on students' language learning experiences when using drama to improve communication. Employing focus group discussions as the primary data collection method, this research involves 20 undergraduates enrolled in the Communication Through Drama (EPC522) course offered under the LG240 program, i.e., the Bachelor of Applied Language Studies-English for Professional Communication (Hons) in Akademi Pengajian Bahasa, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. The study is based on the Social Constructivist theory by Vygotsky (1962, 1978) and the Visible Thinking (VT) approach identified by Ritchhart (2006) as part of Project Zero (PZ) at Harvard University. Online platforms and tools utilized for interactive drama activities are specified in the study. The findings reveal the challenges faced in completing drama activities online and demonstrate that the implementation of VT routines enhances students' interactive roles and communication skills. Despite the challenges, students embraced this new educational experience that fosters a more interactive and student-centered environment. The implications of these findings for language education and drama pedagogy in Malaysia are discussed.

The Art of Medicine: Applying the Visual Thinking Strategy to Radiology.

The purpose of this project was to develop a formal visual arts training curriculum and evaluate if there was improvement in the observational and descriptive skills of first- and second-year medical students for radiologic images. Materials and methods: A demographic survey and an initial pre-test of 12 radiologic images were administered asking an open-ended question to describe the image and to identify the abnormality in their own words.Three virtual one-hour sessions of visual thinking strategy (VTS) training occurred, and an immediate post-test and a six-month post-test were administered, each with images different from the pre-test, as well as a final questionnaire. All tests were independently graded by two graders with a previously established grading rubric.Differences in scores were analyzed using paired T-tests. Thirty-nine medical students participated.The mean pre-test score was 62.2 +/- 18.6, and the mean post-test score improved by 41.7 +/- 17.9 points (p<0.01) to an average score of 103.9 +/- 20.4.Nine participants were lost to follow-up at six months, and the average six-month post-test score was 110.2 +/- 29.1 for a mean improvement of 9.3 +/- 13.1 points (p=0.320) from the initial post-test. Conclusion: There was a significant improvement in observational and descriptive skills in first- and second-year medical students when describing radiologic images, which was retained after six months.A formal VTS curriculum could play a beneficial role in medical student and radiology training programs not only to improve observational skills but also to address perceptual errors in diagnostic imaging.