Romantic Image Research Articles

Spanish Women in British Literary Annuals (1823-1830)

This paper explores the representations of Spain, and particularly Spanish women, in five British literary annuals of the late Romantic period (1823-1830): Forget Me Not, The Literary Souvenir, Friendship’s Offering, The Keepsake and The Amulet. Literary annuals were illustrated anthologies of poems, short stories and travelogues which started to be published in Britain in the 1820s and were sold annually as presents for Christmas and New Year. Mostly aimed at a female audience, these annuals were imbued with a spirit of cosmopolitanism, featuring texts about countries and regions from all over the world. Spanish themes were constantly present in the selected literary annuals, where with a few notable exceptions, most female Spanish characters are countermodels of femininity that deviate from the traditional feminine values fostered by these publications and defy the idealised depictions of (British) women appearing in their texts and engravings. These representations of Spanish women, which underline the ethnic and cultural differences between Spain and Britain, are in tune with the romantic image of the country promoted by British writers at the time.

Specific features of the plot construction in V. Kataev’s stories “The Lonely Sail Is White” and “The Son of the Regiment”

The article examines different options for the interaction of children’s literature and the literature of the large canon plot models in the works of Valentin Kataev. The object of the study is two of his stories: the first part of the tetralogy “Waves of the Black Sea” – “The Lonely Sail Is White” and “The Son of the Regiment”.The first story is distinguished by a fairly obvious orientation towards the model of the Revolution conceptualization that developed at the turn of the 1910s and 1920s. The mystery model determines the nature of the plot construction, forming a certain internal plot, presented by the mythologemes of “Red Easter”/ “Working Easter” and “sails”. The mythologems are built along two storylines in the parallel development, at the end of the story they charge the ideological load of the traditional romantic image with a mysterious meaning.The second story is characterized by its inclusion into the mythology of the “big family” being constructed at this stage. This is associated with a shift in a psychologically grounded plot action towards epicization, which is embodied in the accentuated archetypal component. The mythologeme of the “big family” is presented in the work in the context of ideological connotations common to the given time and is realized at all levels of the text: its plot, characters, images and chronotops. As a result, the nature of temporal conceptualization changes: the mysterious processuality of time gives way to temporal circularity.

“THE DAY OF WRATH” BY YURII KOSACH: MODERNIZATION OF THE HISTORICAL NOVEL

The novel “The Day of Wrath” by Yurii Kosach is a modernist literary experiment, which reflected genre and stylistic searches of the late 1940s and the features of the individual creative and ideological evolution of the writer. The novel by Kosach attempts to question Polish and Russian imperial views on the events and the era of the Ukrainian Cossack Revolution, as well as to discard established social and religious concepts in favor of a national-cultural one.
 The novelty of Kosach’s literary technique in the novel lies, in particular, in the method of kaleidoscopic arrangement of material chosen by the author, the specific alternation of images and situations, the incorporation of cinematographic elements, and the utilization of the ‘stream of consciousness’ technique. There are elements of baroque, romantic, and expressionist poetics in the structure of Kosach’s novel, and it’s the syncretism of these stylistic trends that underlies the uniqueness of Kosach’s author’s style. His works are marked with ornamentality, complicated associativity, the motif of duality, and the special function of the metaphor. These features bring Kosach’s writings closer to baroque poetics. Kosach’s “Day of Wrath” is also connected with the tradition of the romantic historical novel through the use of typical romantic images, schemes, and situations, which the author attempts to modernize. The expressionistic stylistic tendencies are evident in “The Day of Wrath” at the linguistic level, characterized by fragmentary writing, elliptical sentences, and a deliberate violation of syntax. These tendencies also manifest themselves in the means and techniques used for image and form creation. The paper highlights the characteristics of Kosach’s ideological and literary interpretation of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi’s image. The hetman is portrayed as a historical figure, a "baroque man," and a statesman-demiurge. Yurii Kosach created a sample of the historical novel, resonating with his time and his own historical and literary views. In order to fulfil this task, he updated its content and form, making some changes in genre and narrative canons.

‘An Oriental Holiday’: constructing Bosnia and Herzegovina as a destination in British tourist literature, c. 1890–1914

ABSTRACT This article challenges imagological historiography that contends Bosnia-Herzegovina represented a no-go zone for British tourists before the First World War because of its reputation for cultural backwardness and political instability. Through an analysis of published travelogues, travel guides, and travel journalism, as well as their reception in Britain, it places the evolution of images of Bosnia-Herzegovina in dialogue with British anxieties about the detrimental effects of industrial society. This article argues that the country (administered by Austria-Hungary from 1878 and annexed in 1908) became a popular destination for upper-class British tourists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as it was constructed as unspoiled by mechanical civilisation and free from lower-class tourists. Travel writers, most notably Henri Moser whose travel guide An Oriental Holiday (1895) will be closely examined, were imbricated with Austro-Hungarian authorities and regularly employed by the regime to promote this romantic image of Bosnia-Herzegovina to British audiences. This article concludes by demonstrating that the upsurge in touristic interest in Bosnia-Herzegovina was short-lived because of growing political tensions between Britain and Germany but provides a forceful counterpoint to imagological historiography that suggests the imagined geography of the region was defined in entirely negative terms.

A Legacy of Exploitation: Early Capitalism in the Red River Colony, 1763–1821 by Susan Dianne Brophy (review)

Reviewed by: A Legacy of Exploitation: Early Capitalism in the Red River Colony, 1763–1821 by Susan Dianne Brophy Ted Binnema Brophy, Susan Dianne–A Legacy of Exploitation: Early Capitalism in the Red River Colony, 1763–1821. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2022. 298 p. Susan Brophy explains that two events—the production of celebratory vignettes by the Hudson’s Bay Company in 2015 and the public inquiry that followed the 2014 murder of Tina Fontaine—inspired this book. It examines the history of the Red River Colony, primarily between 1812 and 1817, as a case study. Brophy approaches the history of the colony through a Marxist framework which she has modified to be “more appropriate for the study of settler colonialism” (p. 5). Her central arguments are not about the Red River Colony per se. In her introduction, Brophy explains that her “objective in this book is to contest two rival ideas: that the transition to capitalism and settler colonialism alike necessarily entailed a shift from violent chaos to peaceful order, and that the relative lack of violence as the direct, primary means of compulsion in exchanges with Indigenous producers implied equanimity or complicity” (p. 10). And on the second-last page of the book, she concludes that “patently, the existing Marxist framework for understanding capitalism as a mode of production requires a foundational rethink when it comes to the settler colonial context, and my close study of the Red River Colony lends veracity to this thesis” (pp. 186–187). Scholars interested in developing an increasingly nuanced and sophisticated Marxist lens through which to understand the process of dialectical materialism may appreciate this new book, but those interested in a contextual history of the Red River Colony will be disappointed in it. Unlike many scholarly studies that relegate theoretical discussions almost solely to introductions and conclusions, theoretical considerations permeate throughout. Finding the framework established by Marx and Engels inadequate, Brophy relies heavily on the work of Marxist revolutionary, Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919), a scholar who thought about the historical connection between capitalism and imperialism. In her Accumulation of Capital (1913), Luxemburg argued that capitalism could persist (workers within the capitalist mode of production could afford the goods they produced) only if capitalists were permitted to exploit people outside the mode of production to purchase its surplus goods, supply inexpensive resources, and provide cheap labour. Luxemburg argued, however, that “natural economies”—ones in which there was little surplus production, little demand for foreign products, and a close connection between the means of production and labour—were useless to capitalists, and therefore capitalists need to annihilate or transform such economies. She averred that any evidence that these transformations were peaceful is illusory. The framework put forward by Luxemburg, with some modification, is the one upon which Brophy bases her analysis and arguments. Brophy appears to have begun with a position and sought to gather the evidence to support it. Ignoring almost all of the relevant documents in the Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, Brophy appears to assume a Romantic image of Indigenous societies and economies, and the motivations that led Indigenous people to participate in the fur trade. While Brophy claims to take Indigenous people seriously, she portrays them very superficially, without attention to the complex circumstances they faced. Instead, she finds them interesting only insofar as they shed light on the [End Page 194] newcomers. Documents can certainly be mined to find enough evidence to make some of her arguments plausible—for example that the “relative autonomy of the Indigenous producers was a primary factor in the merger” of the Hudson’s Bay Company and North West Company (p. 182). However, even though she recognizes Indigenous agency, Indigenous people are nonetheless reduced to bit players in the service of a grand theory that the history of Red River was “a microcosm of the larger transition to capitalism that occurred in the settler colonial context of Canada” (p. 185). The typical historian’s attention to the thoughts and intentions of the historical actors (Indigenous or non-Indigenous) is rarely evident. Brophy interprets historical events and developments superficially, emphasizing the evidence that can support her interpretation, but neglecting other evidence. The treatment of...

The Making of Minorities on Europe's Periphery

The Making of Minorities on Europe's Periphery Olena Palko Kathryn Ciancia, On Civilization's Edge: A Polish Borderland in the Interwar World. 368 pp. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. ISBN-13 978-0190067458. $82.00. Krista A. Goff, Nested Nationalism: Making and Unmaking Nations in the Soviet Caucasus. 336 pp. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2021. ISBN-13 978-1501753275. $49.95. Lenny A. Ureña Valerio, Colonial Fantasies, Imperial Realities: Race Science and the Making of Polishness on the Fringes of the German Empire, 1840–1920. 320 pp. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2019. ISBN-13 978-0821423738. $72.00. According to conventional views, minorities became an issue in world politics only after the establishment of nation-states in East-Central Europe in the aftermath of World War I. Nonetheless, most recent scholarship tends to question the extent to which empires can "think" like nation-states—that is, pursue national consolidation via standardization of its diverse populations.1 Those newly formed governments in the region, meanwhile, are more often conceptualized as, using Roger Brubaker's definition, nationalizing states, essentially "ethnically heterogeneous [states] yet conceived as nation-states."2 In this theoretical debate, the Soviet Union [End Page 445] occupies a unique role, seen as neither a unitary state nor an empire but a mixture of both.3 That said, the books under review offer equally invaluable and methodologically innovative accounts of minority-state relations in each of their three settings. Lenny A. Ureña Valerio looks at Germany's colonial treatment of its Polish-speaking minority, as well as Polish colonial fantasies of the late 19th century; Kathryn Ciancia examines how the state produced and exercised minority categories in interwar Poland; and Krista A. Goff tells the story of how the minorities tried to secure their national future against centralizing tendencies in Soviet Azerbaijan. Although framed in different periods and geographies, read together these studies highlight important similarities in the state's objectives in the treatment of minorities, as well as shared minorities' experiences in nationalizing empires. All three authors divert their attention away from the center—be it Berlin, Warsaw, or Moscow—to the borderland territories incorporated at some point in time. These are, respectively, Prussian Poland—the territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia during the partitions of Poland in the late 18th century; Volhynia—originally a part of the Russian partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that became part of Poland based on the 1921 Riga Peace Treaty; and Azerbaijan, a former imperial periphery and an independent nation from 1918 to 1920, incorporated into the Soviet Union as one of its union republics. With those territorial acquisitions came the need to organize nontitular populations and to manage national minority identifications and their rights. Although defining policies and their limits were set in the center, a closer look at the peripheries demonstrates how these minority communities came to navigate state policies and develop relations with respective state structures. Each of these books deals with a particular national experiment. For Ureña Valerio, 19th-century Prussian Poland is a place that, while being an object of German colonizing intentions, became a birthplace of Polish colonial fantasies. Poznanian Poles, driven by a romantic image of unclaimed lands or dire need of survival and national preservation, set off for far-distant places to create colonies of their own, either in East Africa or Brazil. Ciancia examines the role of second-tier actors—the army of experts, teachers, settlers, and border guards—during the so-called Volhynia experiment, when [End Page 446] the central authorities, wishing to consolidate this multiethnic region's position within the newly established Polish state, undertook to redraw its ethnic makeup by promoting Polish colonization and creating a Ukrainian identity loyal to the Polish state.4 Last, Goff provides a much-needed account of the Soviet experiment with nontitular minority nationalism. Although the end goal of this policy was to centralize the state and establish the Soviet regime in non-Russian peripheries, the Communist Party—at least on paper—was committed to national equality and went on to propagate national differences and secure cultural development for its diverse populations. These experiments...

Jeans and their Fashionable Meanings: Revisiting Beverly Gordon's Cultural Conceptual Framework

Jeans and their Fashionable Meanings: Revisiting Beverly Gordon's Cultural Conceptual Framework

Easternisation and Enlightenment. Larry Wolff, Marquis de Ségur and the Younger Europe

The article describes two accounts of Poland and the culture of its people. The first of these dates from 1784 and was written by the Marquis de Ségur, a French diplomat travelling to St Petersburg. The second, from 1840, was written by the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz, at the time working as a professor at the Collège de France in Paris. I try to show the most important differences between the Enlightenment and Romantic images of Poland. An important context is provided by Larry Wolff’s monograph, which 30 years ago initiated a new phase in research on the European invention of Eastern Europe.

“A Threat to the Childhood”: Civil War in the Pyrenees in the Coverage of Soviet Periodicals for Children

In 1936–1939, the Spanish Civil War was a hot topic used for military-patriotic upbringing and political socialization of children. This article shows has the events in Spain were portrayed in periodicals for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren, including texts and visualizations. While the official perspective of the Spanish events in the USSR was dictated by the Party, children’s optics was tuned using its own means and methods, customized to the psychology of this age group. The article discloses the goals of exploiting this topic in the Soviet child-targeting discourse, reveals the most common plotlines, pinpoints the specific emotion-inciting tricks. In propaganda work with children, the extreme polarization of good and evil was used, embodied in two political forces — fascists and republicans. The theme was adapted for children through the extensive use of peer images, central among which were child heroes and child martyrs. The image of the Spanish child-hero corresponded to the Soviet concept of a child walking in the forefront of society. At the same time, attention was focused on the difficulties experienced by the children of Spain, who experienced a “threat to childhood”, which fed the ideologeme of “happy Soviet childhood”, the exclusivity of Soviet children. The participation of powerful artistic forces in the information campaign resulted in the construction of a sublimely romantic image of Spain and the Spaniards with an aura of inflexibility and fortitude, corresponding to the ideal of a Soviet person. There was a feeling of connection between the Soviet and Spanish loci of heroism and people of heroic professions, among which pilots and border guards came to the fore. The figures selected to create the pantheon of Civil War heroes and the ways to fit the images of Franco and Stalin into the context are demonstrated.

The hero-warrior in the worldview and practice of contemporary Pagans in Ukraine

Russia's military aggression against Ukraine has actualized the ideological Native Faith understanding of the role of the warrior, and his sacred duty as a defender of his native land and his ideals. For a Ukrainian Native Faith adherent (a Ridnovir), a warrior is not merely a person with a weapon in his hands who is serving in the military. The image of the warrior is closely intertwined both with historical events and persons, and with mythic and poetic images, primarily from Slavic and Scandinavian mythology. This forms a romantic image of a brave warrior-hero who is called by higher forces (Perun, Matir-Slava, Odin, the Valkyries) to defend his native land and to be happy to die for it. A special place belongs to Taras Shevchenko, a spiritual warrior whose weapon was the word. Relying on one's religious beliefs and worldview in order to interpret selected events in the history of Ukraine (the life of Prince Svyatoslav the Brave, the Cossack era, the struggles of the UIA) is an excellent ideological foundation for maintaining the fighting spirit and substantiating the tradition. Among the Ridnovirs who have died defending Ukraine's freedom, we may pick out the examples of Serhiy Tabala, Anton Tsedik and Serhiy Zaikovsky.

CELLO SONATA NO. 1 BY IVAN KARABYTS: IMAGINARY AND MUSICAL-EXPRESSIVENESS ASPECTS

The article is aimed at revealing the stylistic features of one of the best samples of chamberinstrumental music – Cello Sonata No. 1 by the Ukrainian composer Ivan Karabyts. A comprehensive analysis of the work written in 1968 was carried out. The idea of a laconic one-part ensemble composition outlines a number of contrasting images, moods, emotions in the most varied nuances: from the lyrical contemplation of the exposition, through the heightened dramatic beginning of the middle episode, to the emotional burst of the reprise. The masterpiece shows a wide palette of contrasts and dynamic gradations. The artist's progressive approach to the architecture and dramaturgy of the composition has been established. The idea of the composition is laid out in the form of a rondo-sonata with the use of an episode as the middle part of the structure. Design of the episode is marked by the introduction of a virtuoso cello cadence. The sequence of tempos and recommendations for each section declared by the composer are unconventional for a sonata allegro: Allegretto, Andante (rubato), Allegretto. Features of polystylism in the work are noted: the palette of romantic images is realized with the help of innovative compositional techniques – aleatoricism, pointillism. The traditional major-minor system gives way to atonality. Among the dominant principles of development in the work, a kaleidoscopic juxtaposition of various thematic constructions, improvisation, and a variant principle of development were observed. The alternation of dialogic and monologic types of presentation in the ratio of cello and piano parts is noted. The transformation of bright images of the exposition into a series of expressive and dramatic moods in a dynamic reprise is traced thanks to the use of variant thematic material and the application of multi-layering.

Romantic Strife: The First Carlist War (1833–1840) in British Fiction

British volunteers fought on both sides of the First Carlist War (1833–1840), the dynastic struggle between the liberal factions that championed Isabella II and the reactionary forces that supported Don Carlos’s claim to the Spanish throne. Despite British intervention, the conflict did not arouse as much interest in Britain as the Peninsular War (1808–1814), but it served as the setting for several English literary works that reconstructed it from different perspectives. These fictional texts include George Ryder’s Los Arcos (1845), Frederick Hardman’s The Student of Salamanca (1845–1846), and Edward Augustus Milman’s The Wayside Cross; or, the Raid of Gomez (1847). This paper analyses these texts focusing on their representations of Spain and the First Carlist War and shows that they mostly ignore British intervention in the conflict and perpetuate the romantic image of Spain that had emerged in Britain during the Peninsular War.

Blanco White’s Translations from El conde Lucanor: Two Medieval Spanish Tales in Romantic Britain

This paper analyses Joseph Blanco White’s English translations of tales XI and XLIV of Don Juan Manuel’s El conde Lucanor (c. 1331-1335), which were published in the New Monthly Magazine in 1824. In these fairly free translations, Blanco rewrites and recontextualises the tales by updating and adapting them to the knowledge and expectations of the target readership. His translation decisions, paratexts and the articles on El conde Lucanor that he also published in Variedades; o Mensajero de Londres in 1824 shed light on his ideas on Spanish literature and national identity as well as on his role as commentator and disseminator of Spanish culture in Britain. His translations construct a particular representation of Spain where he underlines those aspects that he believes to be genuinely Spanish, while also including some stereotypical elements of the Romantic image of Spain in Britain.

Early childhood educators’ conceptions of the environment: a ‘funds of knowledge’ approach

Despite the growing awareness of the environmental crisis, few studies have examined how early childhood educators conceptualise the environment and the funds of knowledge they draw upon to describe these. Using ‘funds of knowledge’ as a theoretical lens, this study explores how early childhood educators in Malta describe the environment. Guided by a qualitative case study methodology, data were collected via semi-structured interviews with five early childhood educators and one head of school. Following Hedge’s funds of knowledge framework, the themes that emerged from the data were divided under three sections: centre-based funds of knowledge, that encouraged romantic images of nature and an understanding of the environment as place; community-based funds of knowledge, that helped participants value nature and the quality of the environment; and family-based funds of knowledge, based on personal experience and their relationship with the environment. If taken into consideration, these findings may contribute to the design and implementation of initial and in-service early childhood teacher training programs that focus on the implementation of environmental education programs in the early years, based on educators’ prior conceptions.

Orientalisme i certesa d'Andorra: Aproximació als <i>Haikús d'Arinsal</i> d'Agustí Bartra

Summary: Andorra appears, among some romantic images historically evoked, as the spiritual reservoir of the Pyrenees. The literary constitution of this ‘Andorran myth’ certainly represents an exercise towards orientalization, the Exotic within the verydomain of Catalan literature (balanced in some way with other traditions such as Alpinist literature). Agustí Bartra’s latest collection of poems subsumed in sixty poems the spirit of the myth through an Oriental genre (the haiku) and phenomenology. In this note we study the literary and philosophical keys to better understand this gigantic poetic exercise that gave to Andorra one of its immortal masterpieces.Keywords: Agustí Bartra, Andorra, haikus, orientalism, phenomenology

Romantic image in the creation of a literary museum (on the example of the Alexander Green Museum in Feodosia)

Romantic image in the creation of a literary museum (on the example of the Alexander Green Museum in Feodosia)

Bioethical and social constructions of life extension and longevity

This paper explores life span extension and longevity as one aspect of life course, focusing on the bioethical and social implications of the rise of longevity in modern societies. We juxtaposed Potter?s categorisation of types of survival with the opposing views about life extension. This ethical and ideological contrast is especially pro?nounced when it comes to human enhancement, which improves human capacities and functioning above and beyond the statistical norm of human health. In the medi?um and long term, these interventions would change not only the human species, but also social roles and relation?ships. The crux of social and bioethical concern could be expressed through the questions: from what age do we start extending human life, and for whom? Does the exten?sion of life lead to the re-establishment of our social roles from youth, or is it just a romantic image of our previous life stage? This study concludes that both paternalistic approaches to life extension and those avoiding modern medical treatments of diseases related to aging are faced with similar epistemological and social reductionism.

РОМАНТИЧНА ВІЗІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МИНУВШИНИ В ТВОРЧОСТІ ТОМАША ПАДУРИ

The article highlights the romantic image of Cossack Ukraine of the XVI—XVIII c. in the creative heritage of the Polish poet and writer Tomash Padura, a native of the family of Bratslav nobleman. It was noted that in his young years the main source for him was oral folk art - storytelling, legends, Ukrainian songs and historical dumas. A few decades after the fall of the Hetm- anate, they reflected the realities of the Cossack era, the character and activities of its leaders. The complex of sources for Padura also included Polish literary and historical narratives with relevant assessments of the Ukrainian past. In Pa- dura’s works, Ukraine appears before the reader as a mysterious and exotic land that has been associated with freedom and freedom-loving people for centuries. Therefore, the main character of his works was the Cossacks, the chivalrous spirit of the Cossacks, victories over external enemies Moscovites, Tatars and Otto- mans were celebrated. At the same time, Padura proclaimed the idea of Polish- Ukrainian unity, bypassing the conflict pages in their past, sought, first of all, to involve the Ukrainian people into the struggle for the Polish cause - liberation from Russian imperial oppression. The leading figure in the poet’s poem is Kosh Ataman Ivan Sirko, who was distinguished for his courage and fostered a sense of independence and freedom in the hearts of his comrades. At the same time, Padura keeps silent about Sirko’s confrontation with Hetman Petro Doroshenko, who continued Bohdan Khmelnytsky’s policy of uniting Ukraine within ethnic boundaries. The figure of Hetman Ivan Mazepa as a fighter against Russian des- potism is also positively assessed. Padura strongly protests against the anath- ema imposed by the Moscovites on the “native hetman” and its proclamation in Ukrainian churches. Padura’s assessment of the Cossack era takes a completely different tone when it comes to the Ukrainian cause itself, the people’s desire to gain independence. In particular, he gives the most negative traits to Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, who revived the Ukrainian state in the middle of the XVII century. Thus, the ethnic origin of Tomash Padura influenced the objective per- ception and coverage of the past of Ukraine. However, his work had a positive impact on the formation of historical themes as an integral factor of the Ukrai- nian national revival.

스트리트 패션을 통한 인도네시아 무슬림 여성의 패션 디자인 특성 연구 : 서부 자바(West Java) 반둥시(Bandung City)를 중심으로

This study studied fashion design characteristics of Muslim women in Indonesian street fashion and analyzed fashion images, items wearing, patterns and silhouettes, and colors and styling of each image through local street fashion photos. Fashion image analysis was carried out by a group of experts (masters and PhDs in fashion design including these researchers). For street fashion, image classification (multiple choice possible) was performed based on 8 fashion images referenced in previous studies. For the characteristics of fashion design, the researcher first analyzed top and bottom clothing items, accessories, patterns and silhouettes, and styling by image, and secondly classified them after verification by two experts (fashion design doctors). The survey results were analyzed for frequency through the SPSS Statistics 27 program. As a result of analyzing fashion images, they were often found to be modern, sportive, and romantic, and clothing items such as T-shirts, shirts & blouses, long pants and long skirts were mostly found. For accessory items, the veil was most of them wore short hijabs that covers up to their necks. For shoes, casual items including sneakers and running shoes as well as sandals were frequently found, and for bags, shoulder bags were found the most. For hats, they created fashionability by wearing brimmed bucket hats or knit caps over hijabs. It was identified that non-pattern clothing and veil predominated and if there were patterns, geometric patterns were preferred. For silhouettes, H-line silhouette was predominant. In the modern images, the street fashion was characterized by straight silhouettes and unity of veil and clothing colors. In the sportive images, the street fashion featured outstanding coordination of casual items, and in the romantic images, pastel-tone A-line silhouettes was the most striking feature.

Johanneso Voigto Geschichte Preußens (1827–1839) nuorodos Simono Daukanto veikale BUDĄ Senowęs-Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ĩr Ƶámajtiû (1845)

REFERENCES TO JOHANNES VOIGT’S GESCHICHTE PREUSSENS (1827–1839) IN BUDĄ SENOWĘS-LËTUWIÛ KALNIENÛ ĨR ƵÁMAJTIÛ (1845) BY SIMONAS DAUKANTAS S u m m a r y The article addresses citations from vol. I, III , IV , VI of Johannes Voigt’s (1786–1863) Geschichte Preußens von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Untergange der Herrschaft des Deutschen Ordens (Königsberg, 9 vols., 1827–1839) in BUDĄ Senowęs–Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ir Ƶámajtiû (1845) by Simonas Daukantas. The goal of the article is to use the inventory of the references made by Daukantas to identify the places in the original GP text, revise the references, discuss the nature of the citations, and the impact of the tract as such. The article also touches upon the history of Daukantas citing Voigt’s GP in his prior work, ISTORYJE ƵEMAYTYSZKA (1834). The article analyses 20 references to Voigt’s text. Daukantas identified the page number wrong in seven references out of the twenty; four of the references were one page number off; one did not specify the volume. Nonetheless, all of these references were successfully revised and corrected. Analysis of the nature of reliance on GP has suggested that Daukantas treated this tract as a font of new resources. Daukantas used GP to recite handwritten work by medieval chroniclers or Königsberg scholars, university graduates or residents of the region that he was having difficulty accessing himself. The prevalence of work by Königsberg scholars shows that Daukantas valued this historiographical tradition first and foremost. In his reliance on GP references, Daukantas would obtain and quote some of the sources from the original texts. Comparing the indirect citations by Daukantas and the original text, one could say that it was only once (Bd 214) that he did not add information from elsewhere in the GP text or other sources to the text. Even though Daukantas did not have any open discussions with his predecessor, the ample revisions and the content of the supplementary material point to his critical stance. Relying on the narrative historic tradition (‘noumone patioie tautoie tebesąntĩ patwĩrten’ Bd 214), the Lithuanian language and folklore (‘kou dar pates patarles kałbo tebesąntes twĩrtĩn’ Bd, Pratarme 9) as sources of Lithuanian history with the highest degree of authority, he revised the text written by Voigt from a German position. However, the expression of Germanism in GP helped Daukantas create images of Lithuanianism. The GP text and the ample explanations given in footnotes sparked Daukantas’s creativity. GP was an example of composition of material to Daukantas. Drawing inspiration from GP, Daukantas discussed the history of the formation of the region, the characteristics of the landscape, delineated the borders of Lithuania, talked about the daily living and about the holidays, gave a lot of attention to the dynamics and sanctuaries of the ancient Lithuanian religion, the history of regional institutions, commerce as the key element of the viability of the state. The importance of the substrate of the ancient Prussians and crusaders in building the new German nation that Voigt had highlighted helped Daukantas understand how the development of the Lithuanian identity could not bypass the culture of Prussian Lithuanians, or rather that of the Balts in general. Daukantas assimilated many concepts that, despite being Herder-esque, had been assimilated by Voigt and made relevant in the historic tract, such as: the history of the nation (‘tautos wejkałus’ Bd 127), the culture of the nation (‘akyłómą sawo tautoie’ Bd 236), the manner of the nation (‘pagał budo sawo tautós’ Bd 190), the freedom of the nation (‘tautû lousybę’ Bd, Pratarme 9). GP’s expression helped Daukantas create multiple romantic images that later made their way into the golden fund of Lithuanian literature.