Image Watermarking Technology Research Articles

Statistical Learning Based Blind Image Watermarking Approach

Image watermarking technology poses a significant challenge, requiring a delicate balance between robustness, imperceptibility, and capacity. To solve the balancing problem, a statistical learning based blind image watermarking technique is proposed in this paper. The idea of the proposed method to solve the balancing problem is to enhance imperceptibility and robustness while accommodating sufficient watermarks. Firstly, the local low-order pseudo-Zernike moments (PZM) magnitude in the discrete non-separable Shearlet transform (DNST) domain is constructed as the embedding domain. To ensure stability in embedding positions, we propose an edge embedding strategy. Secondly, by analyzing the statistical characteristics and multi-correlations of DNST-PZM magnitudes, a multi-correlation vector model based on the skew student's-t mixture (SSM) and hidden Markov tree (HMT) is designed. Finally, leveraging the vector SSM-HMT model and the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion, we derive the closed-form decoder expression. Comparative analysis with state-of-the-art methods demonstrates the superior imperceptibility and robustness of our proposed approach in accommodating the same capacity watermark.

High-Frequency Artifacts-Resistant Image Watermarking Applicable to Image Processing Models

With the extensive adoption of generative models across various domains, the protection of copyright for these models has become increasingly vital. Some researchers suggest embedding watermarks in the images generated by these models as a means of preserving IP rights. In this paper, we find that existing generative model watermarking introduces high-frequency artifacts in the high-frequency spectrum of the marked images, thereby compromising the imperceptibility and security of the generative model watermarking system. Given this revelation, we propose an innovative image watermarking technology that takes into account frequency-domain imperceptibility. Our approach abandons the conventional convolutional neural network (CNN) structure typically used as the watermarking embedding network in popular watermarking techniques. This helps the image watermarking system to avoid the inherent high-frequency artifacts commonly produced by CNNs. In addition, we design a frequency perturbation generation network to generate low-frequency perturbations. These perturbations are subsequently added as watermarks to the low-frequency components of the carrier image, thus minimizing the impact of the watermark embedding process on the high-frequency properties of the image. The results show that our proposed watermarking framework can effectively embed low-frequency perturbation watermarks into images and effectively suppress high-frequency artifacts in images, thus significantly improving the frequency-domain imperceptibility and security of the image watermarking system. The introduced approach enhances the average invisibility performance in the frequency domain by up to 24.9% when contrasted with prior methods. Moreover, the method attains superior image quality (>50 dB) in the spatial domain, accompanied by a 100% success rate in watermark extraction in the absence of attacks. This underscores its capability to uphold the efficacy of the protected network and preserve the integrity of the watermarking process. It always maintains excellent imperceptibility and robustness. Thus, the framework shows great potential as a state-of-the-art solution for protecting intellectual property.

Analysis of DWT-DCT watermarking algorithm on digital medical imaging.

Over the past decade, the diagnostic information of the patients are digitally recorded and transferred. During the transmission of patients data, the security and authenticity of the information has to be ensured. Medical image watermarking technology has recently advanced because it can be used to conceal patient information while ensuring the authenticity. We propose a multiple watermarking method for securing clinical medical images. In this watermarking method, the quality feature property and private label property information are embedded as watermarks in the original image. Initially, medical images are divided into the region of interest (ROI) and non-interest region (NIR). Second, a two-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is applied to the ROI and the coefficients LL1 (LL2, LH2, HL2, HH2), LH1, HL1, and HH1 are generated. Watermarks are embedded using the DWT low-frequency sub-band (LL2) by quantizing the low-frequency coefficients. Next, the NIR is separated into non-overlapping blocks, and a discrete cosine transform (DCT) is applied for each block. The DCT coefficients of each block are sorted using the zigzag transform. For embedding, eight intermediate frequency coefficients are used. Finally, the feature information is embedded in the ROI, and the tag information is embedded in the NIR. The performance of the DWT-DCT watermarking method is calculated using the metrics of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index measure, and mean square error. The proposed method obtained the better PSNR value of 45.76dB. The proposed model works well for clinical medical images when compared with the existing techniques.

Digital media system design and visual art analysis based on information security

BackgroundWith the growing maturity of Internet technology and 5G transmission technology, digital media systems begin to present more complex scenario applications. Software design security issues are also increasingly evident in digital media systems. This paper analyzes the security issues of digital media system design from the perspective of software protection security. Discussed based on the information security digital media system design and visual art analysis. MethodsThis paper discusses based on the software security protection design and visual art analysis, first proposed the media convergence and information security risk assessment research, including media convergence cognition, information security risk management theory, system information security risk assessment methods and based on the media under the digital certificate. Secondly, the information security algorithm based on digital media technology is studied. From the basic knowledge of digital image, a method of image encryption based on the change of pixel value, the common algorithm of digital image watermarking technology and the encryption technology of digital media are summarized. ResultsExperiments were carried out on three art painting data sets, including Painting91, Oil Painting and Pandora. Compared with the existing label distribution learning methods on the Painting91style dataset, the algorithms SA-IIS and SA-BFGS achieve the classification accuracy of 65.51 % and 66.52 %, respectively. The classification result of the baseline method of VGGNet is 63.89 % on the OilPainting dataset. On the Pandora-style dataset, the classification accuracy of MSCNN1 method is 71.32 %, and the experimental results of CNNF4 method reach 71.76 %. ConclusionThe method proposed in this paper has good application results in different data sets, and the digital media art design system has high reliability and fault tolerance. From the perspective of information security, different index systems have higher security levels.

A robust encryption watermarking algorithm for medical images based on ridgelet-DCT and THM double chaos

With the help of big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and other technologies, the informatization and intelligence of the wisdom medical have been gradually realized. However, with the transmission and storage of massive amounts of medical images in the cloud, information security issues have become increasingly prominent. The privacy of patients is at risk of disclosure, theft and tampering, which has become an important challenge restricting the development of wisdom medical. How to protect the personal information of patients in the cloud environment has become an urgent problem to be solved. Medical image watermarking technology is an effective method to solve this problem. Combining the characteristics of Tent chaos and Henon chaos, this paper designed a Tent-Henon-Map double chaos watermarking encryption method and designed a medical image encryption watermarking algorithm based on ridgelet-DCT transform. The watermark images were encrypted by the Tent-Henon-Map double chaos which had the characteristics of sensitive initial values and large key space. Then, the feature vectors of the medical images were extracted through ridgelet-DCT transform. On the basis of ordinary watermarking technology, combined with zero watermarking, third-party concepts, and cryptographic technology, watermarking had a good ability to resist image processing attacks. The experimental results showed that the key space of the algorithm was {10}^{116}, which had better encryption and hard to crack. The time of watermark embedding and extraction were only 0.336 s and 0.439 s, with lower computational cost. And under high-strength conventional attacks and geometric attacks, the NC values of the algorithm were all greater than 0.55, which could effectively extract watermark information. It shown that the algorithm proposed had good robustness against conventional and geometric attacks It shown that the algorithm proposed had good robustness against conventional and geometric attacks, while taking into account the security.

Statistical image watermark decoder using NSM-HMT in NSCT-FGPCET magnitude domain

The image watermarking technology is an effective technology for protecting image copyright at present. Image watermarking techniques have a constraint relationship between imperceptibility, robustness, and watermark capacity. Balancing imperceptibility, robustness, and watermark capacity becomes a tricky problem. This paper proposes a statistical image watermarking scheme using nonsubsampled Contourlet transform (NSCT) domain fast generic polar complex exponential transform (FGPCET) magnitudes and nonsymmetric mixtures (NSM) based hidden Markov tree (HMT). In the embedding part, to enhance robustness and imperceptibility, we insert the watermark signal into the robust local NSCT domain FGPCET magnitudes through the multiplicative method. In the decoding part, a statistical image watermarking decoder is designed using the NSM-HMT model and maximum likelihood criterion. Here, marginal characteristics and strong correlations of local NSCT domain FGPCET magnitudes are described by NSM-HMT. In addition, the generalized expectation-maximization (GEM)-clusterized method of moments (CMM) approach is used for accurate parameters. Extensive Monte Carlo experiments validate the better performance of the proposed image watermarking method compared to other well-known methods.

Digital Image Watermarking Technology Based on Discrete Wavelet Transform and Discrete Cosine Transform

Digital Image Watermarking Technology Based on Discrete Wavelet Transform and Discrete Cosine Transform

Robust color image watermarking using multi-core Raspberry pi cluster

Image authentication approaches have gotten a lot of interest recently as a way to safeguard transmitted images. Watermarking is one of the many ways used to protect transmitted images. Watermarking systems are pc-based that have limited portability that is difficult to use in harsh environments as military use. We employ embedded devices like Raspberry Pi to get around the PC’s mobility limitations. Digital image watermarking technology is used to secure and ensure digital images’ copyright by embedding hidden information that proves its copyright. In this article, the color images Parallel Robust watermarking algorithm using Quaternion Legendre-Fourier Moment (QLFM) in polar coordinates is implemented on Raspberry Pi (RPi) platform with parallel computing and C++ programming language. In the host image, a binary Arnold scrambled image is embedded. Watermarking algorithm is implemented and tested on Raspberry Pi model 4B. We can combine many Raspberry Pi’s into a ‘cluster’ (many computers working together as one) for high-performance computation. Message Passing Interface (MPI) and OpenMP for parallel programming to accelerate the execution time for the color image watermarking algorithm implemented on the Raspberry Pi cluster.

Towards the development of an effective image watermarking system

AbstractDigital data communication or sharing has increased day by data because of excessive usage of the Internet. It is necessary to protect digital data from unauthorized access. However, it is very difficult to ensure the authenticity of the host data. Digital image watermarking is a significant technology for ensuring this authentication. Existing hybrid domain algorithms are not effective enough to overcome the potential challenges of watermarking techniques. Hence, the current image watermarking technology is devoted toward developing more effective methods with optimization and machine‐learning algorithms for ensuring a better trade‐off among the basic design requirements like imperceptibility, robustness, and capacity simultaneously in addition to security that can be confirmed with lightweight image encryption algorithms. In this research, a framework of standard image watermarking system for ensuring the basic design requirements is given, the existing literature is studied, and the recent trends of image watermarking techniques and their applications are also described to investigate the performance of the state‐of‐the‐art methods along with their limitations. Finally, we have concluded our study by pointing to new research directions.

New watermarking algorithm utilizing quaternion Fourier transform with advanced scrambling and secure encryption

Digital watermarking technology, as a powerful tool for copyright protection and content authentication of multimedia works, has received increasing attention, and the current image watermarking technology has developed significantly. Generally, embedding a watermark is done in grayscale images, mainly due to the fact that grayscale images are easier to process than color images, and grayscale images only contain brightness information and color-free information, in which an embedded watermark will not produce new color components. In real life, however, color images are more common than grayscale image information. To improve the security of the watermark information and the ability to embed the location and improve the security of the algorithm against a variety of attacks, this paper proposes an algorithm based on quaternion Fourier transform (QFT) with chaotic encryption and Arnold scrambling. Geometric Algebra (GA) can process color images in the form of vectors, and each component of Red,Green and Blue (RGB) should be processed separately. We utilized quaternion (which is a subalgebra of GA) and effectively completed color image processing by utilizing Fourier transform. After utilizing QFT, each component was made more secure by scrambling the pixels of the watermark and performing encryption utilizing chaotic sequencing. Different types of results utilizing Mean Square Error (MSE),Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR),Structure Similiarity Index Metric (SSIM), etc. were computed to verify the performance of our proposed algorithm and show that the robustness and security are high by utilizing our method.

Comparison of the Schemes in Digital Image Watermarking Techniques

With the rapid developing of network techniques and multimedia technology, the data security becomes an important and challenging research topic. The emergence of digital image watermarking technology provides an effective way for multimedia copyright protection, which embeds specific information. This paper analyses the characteristics of digital watermarking technology firstly, then studies some important digital image watermarking algorithms, finally compares the schemes in digital image watermarking techniques. The work aims to compare the differences of the schemes in digital image watermarking techniques and improve the performance of digital image watermarking.

Digital watermarking secure scheme for remote sensing image protection

As a means of copyright protection for multimedia data, digital watermarking technology has attracted more and more attention in various research fields. Researchers have begun to explore the feasibility of applying it to remote sensing data recently. Because of the particularity of remote sensing image, higher requirements are put forward for its security and management, especially for the copyright protection, illegal use and authenticity identification of remote sensing image data. Therefore, this paper proposes to use image watermarking technology to achieve comprehensive security protection of remote sensing image data, while the use of cryptography technology increases the applicability and security of watermarking technology. The experimental results show that the scheme of remote sensing image digital watermarking technology has good performance in the imperceptibility and robustness of watermarking.

A Robust Digital Watermarking Algorithm Based on Finite-Set Discrete Radon Transform Tight Frame

Digital watermarking technology plays a powerful role in the effective protection of digital media copyright, image authentication, image sharing, image information transmission and other fields. Driven by strong demand, digital image watermarking technology has aroused widespread research interest and has gradually developed into one of the most active research directions in information science. In this paper, we present a novel robust digital watermarking algorithm based on discrete radon transform tight frame in finite-set (FDRT). FDRT of the zero mean image is a tight frame, the frame boundary A = B = 1, the dual of the frame is itself. The decomposition and reconstruction of the FDRT tight frame will not cause the phenomenon of image distortion. The embedding of hidden watermark is to add a weak signal to the strong background of the original image. Watermark extraction is to effectively identify the embedded weak signal. The feasibility of the watermarking algorithm is analyzed from two aspects of information hiding and robustness. We select the independent Gaussian random vector as the watermark series, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) as the visual degradation criterion of the watermark image. Basing the FDRT compact stand dual operator, we derived the relationship among the strength parameter, square sum of watermark series, the PSNR. Using Checkmark system, the simulation results show that the algorithm is robust enough to some very important image processing attacks such as lossy compression, MAP, filtering, segmentation, edge enhancement, jitter, quadratic modulation and general geometric attack (scaling, rotation, shearing), etc.

A method of processing color image watermarking based on the Haar wavelet

Despite the fact that traditional digital watermarking technology is relatively mature, there are still some areas that have not been fully involved in. For example, image watermarking technology and the certification are still in its infancy at early times. The bottleneck problem of digital product safety protection all solved theoretically with the combination of computing theory as well as traditional digital watermarking technology and point out a new direction for the research of information security industry. Inspired by the traditional algorithm of image watermarking and based on the Haar wavelet function along with algorithm of 2-D discrete wavelet transform and selection, this article presents the techniques of watermark embedding and extraction of color images. The main appraisal criteria of the watermark include invisibility and robustness, and some other standards. Image watermarking is relatively simple in the spatial domain, where it cannot resist geometrical attacks. In the transform domain, this approach can resist both geometrical attacks and image processing attacks. Only when the carrier image suffers from severe damage with the image quality hugely compromised will the extracted watermark become unrecognizable. As a result, the algorithm presented in this article can well embed the color image in the carrier image, and has good resistance to attack operations such as loss compression and adding of noise.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Robust and efficient image watermarking technology in big multimedia data environmental

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Robust and efficient image watermarking technology in big multimedia data environmental

Design of LDPC Decoder Based On FPGA in Digital Image Watermarking Technology

LDPC code and digital image watermarking technology, which is an effective method of digital copyright protection and information security, has been widely used. But this is a multi-disciplinary, multi technology application scheme. In order to realize FPGA design of LDPC decoder in the application scheme, an effective implementation method of digital watermarking application system must be found. In this paper, MATLAB software and Qt development environment are combined to achieve the digital watermarking application software design. It could get real-time input data for the LDPC decoder. Then the hardware of the LDPC decoder is primarily implemented by FPGA in the digital image watermarking system. And the serial port is used to make the output data of the decoder back to computer for verification. Through the simulation results, the Modelsim time simulation diagram is given, and the watermark image compared with the original image is got. The results show that the resource usage of our system is few, and the decoding rate is fast. It has a certain practical value.

Halftone image watermarking via optimization

Although halftone image watermarking technologies have been rapidly developing in the 21st century, the existing techniques lack a theoretical basis. In this paper, we tackle halftone image watermarking problems from a theoretical perspective. First, we propose a general optimization framework for Halftone Visual Watermarking (HVW), which is a certain category of halftone image watermarking techniques. Then two specific HVW problems, Single-sided Embedding Error Diffusion (SEED) and Double-sided Embedding Error Diffusion (DEED) are presented and solved by applying the proposed framework. With SEED and DEED obtained, both the theoretical solutions and experimental results indicate that our previous heuristic methods, Data Hiding by Conjugate Error Diffusion (DHCED) and Data Hiding by Dual Conjugate Error Diffusion (DHDCED), are special cases of SEED and DEED, respectively. We also demonstrate that DEED can achieve outstanding performance compared to DHDCED and other previous methods by selecting different parameters. With this paper, we essentially build a bridge between the theory and practical implementations of HVW problems.

Two Kinds of Digital Video Watermarking Algorithm Implement and Compare

With the rapid development of multimedia technology, large amounts of digital information turn into easy storage and transmission, at the same time, copyright protection and authentication become a problem to be solved. Digital Video is composed of a series of continuous static images, because of its own characteristic, general image watermarking technology is difficult to direct extension to the video signal. In this paper, by using DCT transform and DWT transform, combined with the mean quantization algorithm, using three dimensional frequency domain transformation, introduces two kinds of transformation to the 3D video watermarking technology, utilize the quantitative test method to prove the existence of the watermark, and through the attacked experiments to verify the low complexity and well imperceptibility and robustness about the video watermarking algorithm.

Scanned binary image watermarking based on additive model and sampling

Binary image watermarking technology has been the foundation of other anti-counterfeiting techniques such as anti-counterfeit of digital documents and commercial bills and so on. However, researches had been done to hide important data in color image and grayscale image but not enough on binary image. This paper proposes a novel watermarking technique for binary images. First, a binary image is split into multiple thumbnails using a perimeter expansion and sampling operation. Then, the watermarking information is embedded by flipping pixels in the thumbnails to change the number of black pixels. Finally, the watermarked binary image is produced by inverse sampling the thumbnails. The binary image expansion and sampling operation can also be used on a printed and scanned binary image, where the watermarking information is extracted by comparing the difference between the number of black pixels in the thumbnail and the mean value. The experimental results showed that the proposed method is robust to the printing and scanning process.

Research of Digital Image Watermarking Robustness Algorithm Based on DCT

Image watermarking is a carrier image watermarking technology. This paper studies the research direction of the digital watermarking image of the DCT-based image robust watermarking algorithm design. We studies robust algorithm of watermarking image on specific design and implementation process based on DCT domain, the process including image watermarking embedding and watermarking extraction and watermarking detection. Experimental results achieved watermarking embedding evaluation requirements: effectiveness, transparency and robustness.