Image-text Retrieval Research Articles

Global-aware Fragment Representation Aggregation Network for image-text retrieval

Image-text retrieval is an important kind of cross-modal retrieval method and has recently attracted much attention. Existing image-text retrieval methods often ignore the relative importance of each fragment (region in an image or word in a sentence) on the global semantic of image or text when aggregating features of image or text fragments, resulting in the ineffectiveness of the learned image and text representations. To address this problem, we propose an image-text retrieval method named Global-aware Fragment Representation Aggregation Network (GFRAN). Specifically, it first designs a fine-grained multimodal information interaction module based on the self-attention mechanism to model both the intra-modality and inter-modality relationships between image regions and words. Then, with the guidance of the global image or text feature, it aggregates image or text fragment features conditioned on their attention weights over global feature, to highlight fragments that contribute more to the overall semantics of images and texts. Extensive experiments on two benchmark datasets Flickr30K and MS-COCO demonstrate the superiority of the proposed GFRAN model over several state-of-the-art baselines.

Cross-modality interaction reasoning for enhancing vision-language pre-training in image-text retrieval

Cross-modality interaction reasoning for enhancing vision-language pre-training in image-text retrieval

Hypergraph clustering based multi-label cross-modal retrieval

Most existing cross-modal retrieval methods face challenges in establishing semantic connections between different modalities due to inherent heterogeneity among them. To establish semantic connections between different modalities and align relevant semantic features across modalities, so as to fully capture important information within the same modality, this paper considers the superiority of hypergraph in representing higher-order relationships, and proposes an image-text retrieval method based on hypergraph clustering. Specifically, we construct hypergraphs to capture feature relationships within image and text modalities, as well as between image and text. This allows us to effectively model complex relationships between features of different modalities and explore the semantic connectivity within and across modalities. To compensate for potential semantic feature loss during the construction of the hypergraph neural network, we design a weight-adaptive coarse and fine-grained feature fusion module for semantic supplementation. Comprehensive experimental results on three common datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

AENet: Image Retrieval of Kazakh Handwritten Documents Based on Attention Mechanism and Feature Aggregation

Kazakh is one of the multilingual languages of China and is widely spoken in some areas of Xinjiang, China. However, due to the fact that Kazakh is a language in which several characters are glued together to form a continuous word with a unique shape and complex structural combinations of relationships. This paper explores a solution for offline image retrieval of handwritten Kazakh words, which is a challenging task because, due to the lack of relevant datasets and the special writing morphology of the Kazakh language, traditional text image retrieval algorithms often struggle to achieve satisfactory results when dealing with writing styles that are varied and adherent to the language. Therefore, a dataset of offline Kazakh handwritten document images was created in this paper. The dataset contains 300 pages of document images with 20 500 words. Then, a new model called the ‘AENet’ is proposed. The model utilizes an attention mechanism to focus more finely on focal regions such as centers, inflection points, and contours of handwritten word images and to capture important local features from different scales. Fusion space pyramid pooling, feature aggregation, encoding operations, and feature downscaling and reconstruction are used to extract and reconstruct more representative feature representations from local to global to capture the overall information in the word images. Through experimental evaluation on Kazak‐80, Zilla‐64, and HWDB1.1‐375 datasets, it is verified that the method significantly improves the mAP for image retrieval of handwritten words, which is especially applicable to adhesive languages like Kazakh. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Fast, Accurate, and Lightweight Memory-Enhanced Embedding Learning Framework for Image-Text Retrieval

Fast, Accurate, and Lightweight Memory-Enhanced Embedding Learning Framework for Image-Text Retrieval

Multi-view and region reasoning semantic enhancement for image-text retrieval

Multi-view and region reasoning semantic enhancement for image-text retrieval

Bridging Modalities: A Survey of Cross-Modal Image-Text Retrieval

The rapid advancement of Internet technology, driven by social media and e-commerce platforms, has facilitated the generation and sharing of multimodal data, leading to increased interest in efficient cross-modal retrieval systems. Cross-modal image-text retrieval, encompassing tasks such as image query text (IqT) retrieval and text query image (TqI) retrieval, plays a crucial role in semantic searches across modalities. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of cross-modal image-text retrieval, addressing the limitations of previous studies that focused on single perspectives such as subspace learning or deep learning models. We categorize existing models into single-tower, dual-tower, real-value representation, and binary representation models based on their structure and feature representation. Additionally, we explore the impact of multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) on cross-modal retrieval. Our study also provides a detailed overview of common datasets, evaluation metrics, and performance comparisons of representative methods. Finally, we identify current challenges and propose future research directions to advance the field of cross-modal image-text retrieval.

Clustering swap prediction for image-text pre-training

It is essential to delve into the strategy of multimodal model pre-training, which is an obvious impact on downstream tasks. Currently, clustering learning has achieved noteworthy benefits in multiple methods. However, due to the availability of open image-text pairs, it is challenging for multimodal with clustering learning. In this paper, we propose an approach that utilizes clustering swap prediction strategy to learn image-text clustering embedding space by interaction prediction between image and text features. Unlike existing models with clustering learning, our method (Clus) allows for an open number of clusters for web-scale alt-text data. Furthermore, in order to train the image and text encoders efficiently, we introduce distillation learning approach and evaluate the performance of the image-encoder in downstream visual tasks. In addition, Clus is pre-trained end-to-end by using large-scale image-text pairs. Specifically, both text and image serve as ground truth for swap prediction, enabling effective representation learning. Concurrently, extensive experiments demonstrate that Clus achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple downstream fine-tuning and zero-shot tasks (i.e., Image-Text Retrieval, VQA, NLVR2, Image Captioning, Object Detection, and Semantic Segmentation).

SEMScene: Semantic-Consistency Enhanced Multi-Level Scene Graph Matching for Image-Text Retrieval

Image-text retrieval, a fundamental cross-modal task, performs similarity reasoning for images and texts. The primary challenge for image-text retrieval is cross-modal semantic heterogeneity, where the semantic features of visual and textual modalities are rich but distinct. Scene graph is an effective representation for images and texts as it explicitly models objects and their relations. Existing scene graph based methods have not fully taken the features regarding various granularities implicit in scene graph into consideration (e.g. triplets), the inadequate feature matching incurs the absence of non-trivial semantic information (e.g. inner relations among triplets). Therefore, we propose a S emantic-Consistency E nhanced M ulti-Level Scene Graph Matching (SEMScene) network, which exploits the semantic relevance between visual and textual scene graphs from fine-grained to coarse-grained. Firstly, under the scene graph representation, we perform feature matching including low-level node matching, mid-level semantic triplet matching, and high-level holistic scene graph matching. Secondly, to enhance the semantic-consistency for object-fused triplets carrying key correlation information, we propose a dual-step constraint mechanism in mid-level matching. Thirdly, to guide the model to learn the semantic-consistency of matched image-text pairs, we devise effective loss functions for each stage of the dual-step constraint. Comprehensive experiments on Flickr30K and MS-COCO datasets demonstrate that SEMScene achieves state-of-the-art performances with significant improvements.

A Novel Pretrained General-purpose Vision Language Model for the Vietnamese Language

Lying in the cross-section of computer vision and natural language processing, vision language models are capable of processing images and text at once. These models are helpful in various tasks: text generation from image and vice versa, image-text retrieval, or visual navigation. Besides building a model trained on a dataset for a task, people also study general-purpose models to utilize many datasets for multitasks. Their two primary applications are image captioning and visual question answering. For English, large datasets and foundation models are already abundant. However, for Vietnamese, they are still limited. To expand the language range, this work proposes a pretrained general-purpose image-text model named VisualRoBERTa. A dataset of 600k images with captions (translated MS COCO 2017 from English to Vietnamese) is introduced to pretrain VisualRoBERTa. The model’s architecture is built using Convolutional Neural Network and Transformer blocks. Fine-tuning VisualRoBERTa shows promising results on the ViVQA dataset with 34.49% accuracy, 0.4173 BLEU 4, and 0.4390 RougeL (in visual question answering task), and best outcomes on the sViIC dataset with 0.6685 BLEU 4, 0.6320 RougeL (in image captioning task).

High-Accuracy Tomato Leaf Disease Image-Text Retrieval Method Utilizing LAFANet.

Tomato leaf disease control in the field of smart agriculture urgently requires attention and reinforcement. This paper proposes a method called LAFANet for image-text retrieval, which integrates image and text information for joint analysis of multimodal data, helping agricultural practitioners to provide more comprehensive and in-depth diagnostic evidence to ensure the quality and yield of tomatoes. First, we focus on six common tomato leaf disease images and text descriptions, creating a Tomato Leaf Disease Image-Text Retrieval Dataset (TLDITRD), introducing image-text retrieval into the field of tomato leaf disease retrieval. Then, utilizing ViT and BERT models, we extract detailed image features and sequences of textual features, incorporating contextual information from image-text pairs. To address errors in image-text retrieval caused by complex backgrounds, we propose Learnable Fusion Attention (LFA) to amplify the fusion of textual and image features, thereby extracting substantial semantic insights from both modalities. To delve further into the semantic connections across various modalities, we propose a False Negative Elimination-Adversarial Negative Selection (FNE-ANS) approach. This method aims to identify adversarial negative instances that specifically target false negatives within the triplet function, thereby imposing constraints on the model. To bolster the model's capacity for generalization and precision, we propose Adversarial Regularization (AR). This approach involves incorporating adversarial perturbations during model training, thereby fortifying its resilience and adaptability to slight variations in input data. Experimental results show that, compared with existing ultramodern models, LAFANet outperformed existing models on TLDITRD dataset, with top1, top5, and top10 reaching 83.3% and 90.0%, and top1, top5, and top10 reaching 80.3%, 93.7%, and 96.3%. LAFANet offers fresh technical backing and algorithmic insights for the retrieval of tomato leaf disease through image-text correlation.

Unsupervised deep hashing with multiple similarity preservation for cross-modal image-text retrieval

Unsupervised deep hashing with multiple similarity preservation for cross-modal image-text retrieval

Heterogeneous Graph Fusion Network for cross-modal image-text retrieval

Exploring the semantic correspondence of image-text pairs is significant as it bridges vision and language. Most prior works focus on global semantic alignment or local semantic alignment, by developing a fine neural network that facilitates the corresponding alignment but neglects the semantic information and relative position information between image regions, or text words, which will lead to a non-meaningful alignment. To this end, a Heterogeneous Graph Fusion Network (HGFN) is proposed to explore the correlation score of vision-language for improving the accuracy of cross-modal image-text retrieval in this paper. Specifically, we first construct an undirected fully-connected graph based on the semantic or relative position information for each image, as well as a textual graph with neighborhood information of the text. Then, we present a graph fusion module to integrate the features of heterogeneous graphs into a unified hybrid representation, in which the graph convolutional network is utilized to gather neighborhood information to alleviate potentially non-meaningful alignment. In addition, we also propose a novel “Dynamic top-K negative” strategy for the selection of negative examples in the training process. Experimental results demonstrate that HGFN achieves comparable performance with state-of-the-art approaches on the Flickr30K and MSCOCO datasets.

Cross-Modal and Uni-Modal Soft-Label Alignment for Image-Text Retrieval

Current image-text retrieval methods have demonstrated impressive performance in recent years. However, they still face two problems: the inter-modal matching missing problem and the intra-modal semantic loss problem. These problems can significantly affect the accuracy of image-text retrieval. To address these challenges, we propose a novel method called Cross-modal and Uni-modal Soft-label Alignment (CUSA). Our method leverages the power of uni-modal pre-trained models to provide soft-label supervision signals for the image-text retrieval model. Additionally, we introduce two alignment techniques, Cross-modal Soft-label Alignment (CSA) and Uni-modal Soft-label Alignment (USA), to overcome false negatives and enhance similarity recognition between uni-modal samples. Our method is designed to be plug-and-play, meaning it can be easily applied to existing image-text retrieval models without changing their original architectures. Extensive experiments on various image-text retrieval models and datasets, we demonstrate that our method can consistently improve the performance of image-text retrieval and achieve new state-of-the-art results. Furthermore, our method can also boost the uni-modal retrieval performance of image-text retrieval models, enabling it to achieve universal retrieval. The code and supplementary files can be found at https://github.com/lerogo/aaai24_itr_cusa.

EVE: Efficient Vision-Language Pre-training with Masked Prediction and Modality-Aware MoE

Building scalable vision-language models to learn from diverse, multimodal data remains an open challenge. In this paper, we introduce an Efficient Vision-languagE foundation model, namely EVE, which is one unified multimodal Transformer pre-trained solely by one unified pre-training task. Specifically, EVE encodes both vision and language within a shared Transformer network integrated with modality-aware sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) modules, which capture modality-specific information by selectively switching to different experts. To unify pre-training tasks of vision and language, EVE performs masked signal modeling on image-text pairs to reconstruct masked signals, i.e., image pixels and text tokens, given visible signals. This simple yet effective pre-training objective accelerates training by 4x compared to the model pre-trained with Image-Text Contrastive and Image-Text Matching losses. Owing to the combination of the unified architecture and pre-training task, EVE is easy to scale up, enabling better downstream performance with fewer resources and faster training speed. Despite its simplicity, EVE achieves state-of-the-art performance on various vision-language downstream tasks, including visual question answering, visual reasoning, and image-text retrieval.

Embracing Language Inclusivity and Diversity in CLIP through Continual Language Learning

While vision-language pre-trained models (VL-PTMs) have advanced multimodal research in recent years, their mastery in a few languages like English restricts their applicability in broader communities. To this end, there is an increasing interest in developing multilingual VL models via a joint-learning setup, which, however, could be unrealistic due to expensive costs and data availability. In this work, we propose to extend VL-PTMs' language capacity by continual language learning (CLL), where a model needs to update its linguistic knowledge incrementally without suffering from catastrophic forgetting (CF). We begin our study by introducing a model dubbed CLL-CLIP, which builds upon CLIP, a prevailing VL-PTM that has acquired image-English text alignment. Specifically, CLL-CLIP contains an expandable token embedding layer to handle linguistic differences. It solely trains token embeddings to improve memory stability and is optimized under cross-modal and cross-lingual objectives to learn the alignment between images and multilingual texts. To alleviate CF raised by covariate shift and lexical overlap, we further propose a novel approach that ensures the identical distribution of all token embeddings during initialization and regularizes token embedding learning during training. We construct a CLL benchmark covering 36 languages based on MSCOCO and XM3600 datasets and then evaluate multilingual image-text retrieval performance. Extensive experiments verify the effectiveness of CLL-CLIP and show that our approach can boost CLL-CLIP, e.g., by 6.7% in text-to-image average Recall@1 on XM3600, and improve various state-of-the-art methods consistently. Our code and data are available at https://github.com/yangbang18/CLFM.

Soft Contrastive Cross-Modal Retrieval

Cross-modal retrieval plays a key role in the Natural Language Processing area, which aims to retrieve one modality to another efficiently. Despite the notable achievements of existing cross-modal retrieval methodologies, the complexity of the embedding space increases with more complex models, leading to less interpretable and potentially overfitting representations. Most existing methods realize outstanding results based on datasets without any error or noise, but that is extremely ideal and leads to trained models lacking robustness. To solve these problems, in this paper, we propose a novel approach, Soft Contrastive Cross-Modal Retrieval (SCCMR), which integrates the deep cross-modal model with soft contrastive learning and smooth label cross-entropy learning to boost common subspace embedding and improve the generalizability and robustness of the model. To confirm the performance and effectiveness of SCCMR, we conduct extensive experiments comparing 12 state-of-the-art methods on three multi-modal datasets by using image–text retrieval as a showcase. The experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms the baselines.

Multiview adaptive attention pooling for image–text retrieval

Image–Text Retrieval (ITR) aims to bridge the heterogeneity gap between image and text and establish the retrieval ability between the two modalities. There is a large intraclass difference in visual language data; that is, the content of an image can be described from different views. Representing images and texts as single embedded features to measure similarity makes it difficult to capture the diversity and fine-grained information of modal features. Previous methods use cumbersome dilated convolution structures or stack multiple feature pooling operators to perform multiview learning of images, and then take the view with the highest similarity score to the text as the alignment result. This may lead to two problems: (1) The model becomes complex, and has poor scalability and limited feature learning ability; (2) The matching strategy with the highest similarity score may have the problem that text view features deliberately emphasize a certain area, resulting in sub-optimal matching. Therefore, we propose a multiview adaptive attention pooling (MVAAP) network, a simpler and more effective multiview global feature embedding method. Specifically, MVAAP learns the query for each view, extracts the salient image region of the view through an adaptive attention mechanism, and generates an optimal pooling strategy to aggregate it into the global feature of the view. Beyond that, we introduce multiview embedding of the text branch and consider the response between different views to improve the generalization ability of the model. Plenty of experiments on the two mainstream cross-modal datasets of MS-COCO and Flickr30K prove the accuracy and superiority of the method.

Perceive, Reason, and Align: Context-guided cross-modal correlation learning for image–text retrieval

Due to the inconsistency in feature representations between different modalities, namely “Heterogeneous gap”, it remains a persistent challenge to correlate images and texts. Existing studies on image–text retrieval (ITR) mainly emphasize on inter-modal correlation learning through aligning instances or their patches from different modalities. However, it is hard to break through performance bottlenecks of ITR without powerfully supporting from intra-modal correlation. Unfortunately, few studies have sufficiently considered two critical tasks in intra-modal correlation learning: (1) intricate contextual information perceiving, and (2) intrinsic semantic relationships reasoning. Therefore, in this paper, we propose the Context-guided Cross-modal Correlation Learning (CCCL) framework for ITR under a novel paradigm: “Perceive, Reason, and Align”. Firstly, in the stage of “Perceive”, the context-guided mechanism based on the self-attention and gate mechanism is proposed to fully discover contextual information within modalities, eliminating unnecessary interactions between local-level patches. Secondly, in the stage of “Reason”, graph convolutional network with the residual structure is used to uncover relationships among patches within each modality to make reasonable inferences. Thirdly, in the stage of “Align”, to achieve precise inter-modal alignment, the complementarity between different modalities from both global-level and local-level is effectively mined and fused. Finally, to optimize our proposed CCCL framework, the hybrid loss is constructed by combining the cross-modal coherence term with the cross-modal alignment term. Our approach yields highly competitive results on two publicly available ITR datasets, that is, Flickr30K and MS-COCO.

Retraction Note: Simulation of cross-modal image-text retrieval algorithm under convolutional neural network structure and hash method

Retraction Note: Simulation of cross-modal image-text retrieval algorithm under convolutional neural network structure and hash method