Illuminance Meter Research Articles

The mediating role of systemic inflammation in the association between bedroom light at night and new-onset depressive symptoms among Chinese young adults: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe detrimental effects of exposure to light at night (LAN) have received increasing attention. However, the effects of LAN exposure on depressive symptoms and underlying mechanism are less explored. ObjectivesTo investigate the association between LAN exposure with new-onset and trajectories of depressive symptoms, and the potential mediating role of systemic inflammation. MethodsBaseline bedroom LAN exposure was monitored every minute for 2 consecutive nights using a portable illuminance meter. Fasting blood samples were collected at the 1-year follow-up to determine high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline, 1- and 2-year follow-up using the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ). ResultsAt baseline, the mean age of the 347 participants was 18.7 ± 0.8 years, and 35.2 % were men. At 2-year follow-up, the new-onset depressive symptoms were 14.7 %. Compared with low-LANavg (average light intensity from bedtime to rising time) intensity group (LANavg < 3 lx), those with high-LANavg intensity (LANavg ≥ 3 lx) were associated with an 125 % increase in risk for depressive symptoms (HR = 2.25; 95 % CI: 1.27, 4.00); Compared with short-LAN5 (duration of nighttime light intensity ≥5 lx) duration group (LAN5 < 45 min), those with long-LAN5 duration (LAN5 ≥ 45 min) were associated with an 119 % increase in risk for depressive symptoms (HR = 2.19; 95 % CI: 1.18, 4.06). Participants were classified into 3 trajectory groups: consistently low, slow or rapid increase depressive symptoms; both intensity and duration of LAN exposure were associated with higher likelihood of slow or rapid increase depressive symptoms. Additionally, hs-CRP partially mediated the relationship between intensity (mediation proportion: 7.1 %) and duration (mediation proportion: 10.6 %) of LAN exposure with depressive symptoms. ConclusionExcessive bedroom LAN exposure is associated with increased risk of depressive symptoms among young adults, and systemic inflammation may be a partial mediator in the LAN-depressive symptoms association.

Exploring the causes of frequent accidents at highway tunnel exits: Coupling analysis of the slack effect and white hole effect in extra-long tunnels

In this paper, the causes of frequent traffic accidents at the exits of highway tunnels are investigated. This study recruited 34 subjects to conduct vehicle experiments using an illumination meter, eye tracker, Smarter Eye and OBD to measure the illumination, eye movement characteristics, driving trajectory, and speed while driving in a tunnel exit. A questionnaire was used to investigate drivers’ subjective feelings while driving. The change trend of each indicator in the area near the tunnel exit was analyzed, and the relationships among the light environment, driver physiology, driving behavior, and driver psychology were explored. The psychological and physiological inconsistency phenomenon and abnormal acceleration behavior were observed at the tunnel exit, and the slack effect was verified. As the tunnel exit area is driven through, with the rapid increase in illumination, the rate of change of the driver’s pupil area increases, and the distance between the vehicle and the tunnel sidewall increases. It is unreasonable that in a tunnel exit with a poor traffic environment, some drivers experience psychological slack and tend to increase their speed and accelerate out of the tunnel. The slack effect is observed in most drivers, approximately 79.4% of the total. The white hole effect interferes with drivers’ vision and reduces their ability to obtain traffic information. The slack effect reduces drivers’ attention and increases vehicle speed. A coupling effect exists between the white hole and slack effects, which together threaten traffic safety at the tunnel exit.

LED-based standard source providing CIE standard illuminant A for replacing incandescent standard lamps

The calibration scheme for illuminance meters using incandescent standard lamps have long served the industry. However, phasing out of incandescent standard lamps presents difficulties for maintaining calibration schemes. The National Metrology Institutes have received strong addresses for an alternative light source. To address this, an LED-based standard source providing CIE standard illuminant A (Illuminant A standard LED) was developed. The developed standard LED realized an CIE standard illuminant A spectrum using a customized LED package. The spectral distribution mismatch index according to CIE251:2023, was 2.5 %. The aging characteristic after post-assembly was approximately 0.2 % – 0.1 % after 100 h operation, which is superior that of traditional standard lamps. Moreover, the standard LED can be used with actual calibration schemes, and calibrated illuminance meters with sufficient measurement uncertainty for practical use. Illuminant A standard LED have great potential to replace incandescent standard lamps.

Dos &amp; Don’ts in Measuring Illuminance With Smartphones

We explored the reliability of smartphones for measuring illuminance and discussed their use on occupational lighting assessments. In a 20–1000 lux range, we compared the illuminance readings from three Android applications on two smartphones versus a calibrated illuminance meter, and proposed seven calibration criteria. Mean non-calibrated smartphone measurements ranged between 28.36% and 37.58% above the reference illuminance. Two calibration criteria stood out: (i) single correction factor at the mean illuminance level (relative difference = 0.84%); (ii) power function (relative difference = −0.17%). We can state that properly calibrated smartphones might replace a low-end illuminance meter, and provide practical tips for measuring illuminance with smartphones.

Real-ambient bedroom light at night increases systemic inflammation and disrupts circadian rhythm of inflammatory markers

BackgroundExposure to light at night (LAN) has been associated with multiple adverse health outcomes. However, evidence is limited regarding the impacts of LAN exposure on human inflammation. ObjectivesTo examine the association between real-ambient bedroom LAN exposure with systemic inflammation and circadian rhythm of inflammatory markers. MethodsUsing data from a prospective cohort study of Chinese young adults. At baseline, bedroom LAN exposure was measured with a portable illuminance meter; fasting blood sample for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) assay was collected. At 3-year follow-up, 20 healthy young adults (10 LANavg < 5 lx, 10 LANavg ≥ 5 lx) were recruited from the same cohort; time-series venous blood samples were sampled every 4 h over a 24 h-cycle for the detection of 8 inflammatory markers. Circadian rhythm of inflammatory markers was assessed using cosinor analysis. ResultsAt baseline, the average age of the 276 participants was 18.7 years, and 33.3 % were male. Higher levels of bedroom LAN exposure were significantly associated with increased hs-CRP levels. The association between bedroom LAN exposure and systemic inflammation was only significant in the inactive group (MVPA < 2 h/d) but not in the physically active group (MVPA ≥ 2 h/d). In addition, exposure to higher levels of nighttime light (LANavg ≥ 5 lx) disrupted circadian rhythms (including rhythmic expression, circadian amplitude and circadian phase) of some inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory balance indicators. ConclusionExposure to bedroom nighttime light increases systemic inflammation and disrupts circadian rhythm of inflammatory markers. Keep bedroom darkness at night may represent important strategies for the prevention of chronic inflammation. Additionally, for people living a community with higher nighttime light pollution, regular physical activity may be a viable option to counteract the negative impacts of LAN exposure on chronic inflammation.

Exposure to real-ambient bedroom light at night delayed circadian rhythm in healthy Chinese young adults: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundLight at night (LAN) have attracted increased research attention on account of its widespread health hazards. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of real-ambient bedroom LAN exposure on circadian rhythm among young adults and potential sex differences. MethodsBedroom LAN exposure was measured at 60-s intervals for 2 consecutive days using a portable illuminance meter. Circadian phase was determined by the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) time in 7 time-series saliva samples. ResultsThe mean age of the 142 participants was 20.7 ± 0.8 years, and 59.9% were women. The average DLMO time was 21:00 ± 1:11 h, with men (21:19 ± 1:12 h) later than women (20:48 ± 1:07 h). Higher level of LAN intensity (LANavg ≥ 3lx vs. LANavg < 3lx) was associated with an 81.0-min later in DLMO time (95% CI: 0.99, 1.72), and longer duration of nighttime light intensity ≥ 5lx (LAN5; LAN5 ≥ 45 min vs. LAN5 < 45 min) was associated with a 51.6-min later in DLMO time (95% CI: 0.46, 1.26). In addition, the delayed effect of LAN exposure on circadian phase was more pronounced in men than in women (all P-values <0.05). ConclusionsOverall, bedroom LAN exposure was significantly associated with delayed circadian rhythm. Additionally, the delayed effect is more significant in men. Keeping bedroom dark at night may be a practicable option to prevent circadian disruption and associated health implications. Future studies with more advanced light measurement instrument and consensus methodology for DLMO assessment are warranted.

Robotic system for indoor illuminance map generation

The paper describes Romulux, a mobile robot equipped with 3D LiDAR carrying an illuminance meter and dedicated to measure indoor lighting quantity. The aim is to check compliance with lighting standards in terms of level and uniformity. The general architecture of the robot using the Robot Operating System (ROS) is presented, and technical choices are explained according to the different constraints. The space localization of illuminance data is computed with Synchronous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) algorithms. Then measurements are compared to standards requirements and interpolated into a user-defined grid to generate a dense illuminance map. Two experiments, one in a sport hall and one in an ice rink, are presented and results are exposed. The paper will follow the workflow from designing a robot to a functional system able to generate illuminance maps, compare with standards and save energy in case of over lighting.

Investigation of the Efficacy of Horizontal Hollow Light Tubes for Energy Conservation in Illuminating Buildings

This study investigates the properties of light transmission and distribution, examining how incident light angles impact illuminance distribution and daylight factor. Light tubes are acknowledged as promising tools to enhance lighting conditions and reduce energy consumption in building design. The study involved installing horizontal hollow light tubes, each measuring 0.5 m in length and 0.30 m in diameter, on a wooden test model. A 20-watt LED lamp was employed as the light source, and an illuminance meter recorded the values at various horizontal and elevation angles. The study’s assessment included calculating the average illuminance and daylight factor to obtain light transmission efficiency and energy-saving potential. The findings revealed that both aluminum alloy and zinc alloy tubes experienced a decrease in illuminance as incident elevation angles increased, with the most effective light transmission occurring at a horizontal angle of 90°. Notably, the aluminum alloy tube outperformed the zinc alloy tube, demonstrating more than a 15% increase in light transmission efficiency. Furthermore, the daylight factor values from both types of tubes aligned with established standards for residential and office activities, underscoring their potential as energy-efficient lighting solutions for spaces lacking natural light or with limited illumination.

Association Between Bedroom Light Pollution With Subjectively and Objectively Measured Sleep Parameters Among Chinese Young Adults

PurposeTo investigate the cross-sectional associations between real-world multiperiod bedroom light at night and sleep parameters among 365 Chinese young adults. MethodsBedroom light exposure was estimated at the individual level for two consecutive days using a portable illuminance meter. Subjective sleep parameters were measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and objective sleep parameters were assessed by wrist-worn ActiGraph accelerometers for seven consecutive days. ResultsCompared with the low-exposure group (average light intensity < 3lx), the high-exposure group (average light intensity ≥ 3lx) was associated with decreased 1.15% in sleep efficiency (sleep efficiency, 95% CI: −1.78, −0.52; p < .001), increased 3.94 minutes in wake after sleep onset (wake after sleep onset, 95% CI: 1.55, 6.33; p = .001), increased 1.05 unit in movement index (95% CI: 0.20, 1.89; p = .015), and increased 2.16 unit in sleep fragmentation index ( 95% CI: 0.63, 3.68; p = .006). In comparison, each interquartile increase in 2h-average and 1h-average intensity of preawake light (PAL) (PAL-2h and PAL-1h) was associated with 7.04 minutes of increases in total sleep time (95% CI: 0.87, 13.22; p = .025) and 6.69 minutes of increases in total sleep time (95% CI: 0.51, 12.87; p = .034), respectively. DiscussionAltogether, our results support the role of bedroom light exposure in sleep and imply the importance of bedroom light exposure management as a potential strategy to reduce the public health burden of sleep problems. Keeping the bedroom environment dark at night and allowing moderate morning light exposure may be important measures for improving the sleep quality of young adults.

Influence of illuminance on indication detectability during visual testing

Abstract Visually detecting irregularities on components is a complex process, influenced by physical, technical, and human factors. Current standards mainly focus on illuminance, demanding highest accuracy for it, without providing scientific justification. In this research, 63 inspectors visually inspected forgings, with and without crack-like indications. The influence of illuminance on probability of detection was investigated. Therefore, illuminance was varied in three steps (200 lx, 350 lx, 500 lx). Human factors (e.g., experience, motivation) were recorded by using questionnaires. The results show no significant difference in probability of detection between the three illuminance levels. Equal probability of detection rates could be achieved at illuminances below and at the required threshold (500 lx). A difference in illuminance was found between the measurement point and the test area of the respective participant. This leads to higher assumed illuminance than present on the component. Compared with the measurement accuracy of the used illuminance meter, none of these deviations could be used to explain the similar results at different illuminance. The fact that illuminance has a significant influence in detecting indications has been disproven for this case. Whether human factors can provide explanation for the results remains unclear. This will be investigated in further research.

Physical activity alleviates negative effects of bedroom light pollution on blood pressure and hypertension in Chinese young adults

Excessive exposure to light at night (LAN) has become a serious public health concern. However, little is known about the impact of indoor LAN exposure on blood pressure, particularly among young adults. We aimed to investigate the effects of bedroom individual-level LAN exposure in real-world environment on blood pressure and hypertension among vulnerable young adults, and to evaluate the possible buffering effect of physical activity. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 400 healthy young adults aged 16–22 years were included. Bedroom LAN exposure was recorded at 1-min intervals for two consecutive nights using a TES-1339 R illuminance meter. Blood pressure was measured three times (8–11 a.m. in the physical examination day) in the seated position using an Omron HEM-7121 digital sphygmomanometer. A wrist-worn triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X-BT) was used to assess physical activity for seven consecutive days. Each 1 lx increase of bedroom LAN intensity was associated with 0.55 mmHg-increase in SBP (95% CI: 0.15, 0.95), 0.30 mmHg-increase in DBP (95% CI: 0.06, 0.54), and 0.38 mmHg-increase in MAP (95% CI: 0.12, 0.65). Higher levels of LAN exposure were associated with increased risk of hypertension (LAN ≥ 3lx vs. LAN < 3lx: OR = 3.30, 95%CI = 1.19–9.19; LAN ≥ 5lx vs. LAN < 5lx: OR = 3.87, 95%CI = 1.37–10.98). However, these detrimental effects of bedroom LAN exposure on blood pressure and hypertension were not observed among young adults with high MVPA (≥2 h/day) level. MVPA can alleviate negative effects of bedroom LAN exposure on blood pressure and hypertension. Maintaining bedroom settings darkness at night may be an important strategy for reducing the risk of hypertension. Furthermore, for individuals living with high levels of indoor LAN exposure, regular physical activity may be a good option for preventing cardiovascular disease and hypertension.

Determining scalar illuminance from cubic illuminance data. Part 2: Tests in real lighting environments and an approach to improve its accuracy

Scalar illuminance, which describes the constant illumination from all directions, is an important indicator of the abundance of light for a lit object and the adequacy of illumination perceived. This paper proposes a more reliable method to recover scalar illuminance based on tests in natural complex lighting environments. The performance of Cuttle’s Approach 1, Mangkuto’s Approach 2 and Approach 3, together with Xia et al.’s potential Approach 4, were tested under a total of 610 high dynamic range (HDR) panoramic maps of real scenes. The relationships between predicted scalar illuminance and normalised diffuseness levels were checked. The results indicate that the potential Approach 4 is more robust to the cubic meter’s postures, and the predicted scalar illuminance has a regular relationship with normalised diffuseness levels. Approach 4 was corrected, together with Approach 1, formulating a new method named Approach 5S. Later, the proposed Approach 5S was evaluated under 205 indoor and 2233 outdoor panoramas from the Laval HDR databases, and it was shown to recover more reliable scalar illuminance with an average error within 5% in general. This study has provided a practical solution to more accurate vector illuminance-based metrics in real lighting environments. This algorithm can be further integrated into the development of cubic illumination meter instruments.

Association between bedroom light exposure at night and allostatic load among Chinese young adults

Light at night (LAN) has received increasing attention for its potential health hazards to human and animals. However, to our knowledge, no study has explored the specific effects of bedroom nighttime light exposure on allostatic load (AL). To investigate the association between bedroom individual-level LAN exposure and AL among young adults, an integrative index manifests multiple system dysregulation. Using data from a cohort of 484 Chinese young adults aged 16–22 years. Bedroom light was objectively recorded at 1-min intervals for two nights using a portable illuminance meter. Fasting blood samples were collected at one-year follow-up for the detection of AL parameters. AL score was derived as sum of the top quartile of twelve physiological biomarkers in four systems: metabolic system (BMI, WC, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, HbA1c, INS, GLU); cardiovascular system (SBP, DBP); immune and inflammatory systems (hs-CRP), with HDL was lowest quartile. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between LAN intensity with AL score and separate AL parameters. The average age of subjects was 18.7 years, 64.3% were female. The mean AL score of LAN group (average LAN intensity ≥ 3lx) was significantly higher than Dim group (3.6 ± 2.6 vs. 2.7 ± 2.1; P = 0.007). For each 1 lx increase of LAN intensity was associated with 0.15-unit increase in AL score (95% CI: 0.06, 0.24; P = 0.001). Moreover, LAN group was associated with increased 1.01-unit in AL score (95% CI: 0.36–1.66; P = 0.003) compared to Dim group. Significant associations between bedroom LAN exposure with allostatic load and separate AL biomarkers were observed in our study. Keeping bedroom darkness at night may be a practicable option to reduce the wear of multiple body systems and improve human cardiometabolic health from early in life.

A practical method for field measurement of mean room surface exitance

Cuttle has proposed to use mean room surface exitance (MRSE) as a measure of spatial brightness for interior lighting design. One problem hindering the adoption of MRSE is the lack of a practical field-measurement method with verified accuracy. Although Cuttle suggested that MRSE can be estimated by measuring the illuminance caused by indirect light from a position that takes up an overall view of the room, no evidence was provided and that approach was later proved to be inaccurate. This paper presents a newly developed approach for measuring MRSE in a conventional cuboid space, simply by placing an illuminance meter at specific locations, recording the illuminance values caused by indirect light and calculating the weighted average of those values. The weighting parameters can be determined based on the geometry of the space. Furthermore, the rationality of such an MRSE-measurement method is provided, and its accuracy is verified by using Radiance lighting simulation, which suggests an error of less than 10%. Our proposed method shows that measuring MRSE in the field is feasible.

Study on Illumination Measurement Method of Lighting Environment Based on RBF Neural Network

In order to better measure the indoor light environment, evaluate the quality of the indoor lighting environment, and improve the requirements of lighting comfort, a camera image measurement illuminance method based on RBF(Radial basis function)neural network is proposed, and the camera sensor imaging theory is derived and analyzed to obtain the environmental illuminance and camera sensor The relationship between the parameters, the establishment of the RBF neural network model, by building an experimental system platform, collecting data sets to train the network model, fitting the neural network model parameters to obtain the illuminance measurement model, and use the image gray level and the reference point illuminance as the neural network Input and ambient illuminance as output. The prediction result shows that the error between the illuminance value predicted by the neural network and the actual measured value of the illuminance meter is within 10lx, and the relative error is less than 8%, which meets the requirements of lighting building design standards. Therefore, this method can achieve rapid measurement of the illuminance in the environment, and has a relatively high High precision.

Coal gangue image segmentation method based on edge detection theory of star algorithm

ABSTRACT Aiming at the difficult problem of coal gangue image segmentation in complex backgrounds, this paper proposes an image segmentation method based on the edge detection theory of the star algorithm. The pixel matrix is extracted one by one in the X and Y directions of the coal gangue image, and the central pixel of the matrix satisfying the monotonic change condition is assigned as 0. They are mapped to single-value images with equal size in turn, to realize the detection of coal and gangue edges in the images. The response strategy of adjusting matrix length n and assignment factor β in real-time by using the feedback result of the illuminance meter in changing illumination environment is given. Combining the edge detection method of the star algorithm with the morphological method, the fine segmentation of the coal gangue image is completed. The segmentation results are based on the segmentation results obtained by the AI algorithm, and the error rates of the pixel area and centroid coordinates of coal gangue are within 0.29%. This study provides a novel, precise and efficient solution to the problem of image edge detection and segmentation in complex backgrounds.

Evaluating daylighting effectiveness of a traditional house in tropical climate

Sustainable Day lighting is crucial for enhancing visual comfort indoors, which helps to reduce energy consumption on artificial lighting and so improves the psychological well-being of the residents. Various research on sustainable daylighting have been undertaken, but little emphasis has been placed on vernacular architecture, which is the outcome of hundreds of years of optimisation in creating a comfortable shelter utilising accessible materials and established construction techniques. This climate responsive design is being lost to universal architecture in emerging countries such as India owing to modernity. Therefore, this paper tries to evaluate the performance of sustainable day lighting techniques of four different typologies of roofs of traditional houses in Tamil Nadu, India. The study qualitatively and quantitatively examines the climate, geographical location and evaluates the total number of door and window openings and calculates the Window to wall ratio, uniformity ratio, threshold values and average daylight factor. The Quantitative evaluation has been carried out using simulation (DESIGN BUILDER) and experimental method (Illuminance meter) for all the four typologies. The study found that the Wind catcher houses, courtyard houses and clear storey houses achieved visual comfort than the Tiled roof houses. However, Clerestory house achieves the needed threshold value and average daylight factor with uniform spread of daylighting thereby achieving visual comfort without glare. Thus, this study will help us to identify the best typology in terms of achieving visual comfort and the final recommendations will be used by the architects to create sustainable day lighting strategies in modern buildings using solutions from vernacular houses which is usually a deserted area of research.

Exposure to bedroom light pollution and cardiometabolic risk: A cohort study from Chinese young adults

Indoor light environment has altered dramatically and exposure to light at night (LAN) potential leads to the progression of cardiometabolic conditions. However, few studies have investigated the effect of bedroom LAN exposure on cardiometabolic risk. To estimate the associations between multi-period bedroom LAN exposure with cardiometabolic risk among Chinese young adults. We objectively measured multi-period bedroom LAN intensity using portable illuminance meter in an ongoing prospective cohort (n = 484). At one-year follow-up, 230 young adults provided fasting blood samples for quantification of cardiometabolic parameters. Cardiometabolic (CM)-risk score was derived as the sum of standardized sex-specific z-scores for waist circumference (WC), mean arterial pressure (MAP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), with HDL-C multiplied by – 1. Multivariate and univariable linear regression models were used to examine associations of multi-period bedroom LAN exposure with cardiometabolic risk. Exposure to higher bedroom LAN intensity is associated with 1.47-unit increase in CM-risk score (95% CI: 0.69–2.25; P < 0.001). Besides, post-bedtime light exposure was associated with elevated fasting insulin (PBL-1h: β = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01–0.10; PBL-4h: β = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.19–0.47) and HOMA-IR (PBL-1h: β = 0.013, 95% CI: 0–0.03; PBL-4h: β = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.04–0.11) while pre-awake light exposure was associated with elevated total cholesterol (PAL-1h: β = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.02–0.04; PAL-2h: β = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01–0.03), triglyceride (PAL-1h: β = 0.015, 95% CI: 0.01–0.02; PAL-2h: β = 0.01, 95% CI: 0–0.02) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (PAL-1h: β = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01–0.03; PAL-2h: β = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01–0.03). Among young adults, bedroom LAN exposure was significantly associated with higher cardiometabolic risk. Furthermore, different periods of bedroom light exposure have time-dependent effect on cardiometabolic risk. Further research is needed to confirm our findings and to elucidate potential mechanisms.

Analysis of EEG Characteristics of Drivers and Driving Safety in Undersea Tunnel.

To study the influence of the driving environment of an undersea tunnel on driver EEG (electroencephalography) characteristics and driving safety, a real vehicle experiment was performed in the Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Tunnel. The experimental data of the drivers’ real vehicle experiment were collected using an illuminance meter, EEG instrument, video recorder and other experimental equipment. The undersea tunnel is divided into different areas, and the distribution law of driving environment characteristics, EEG characteristics and vehicle speed characteristics is analyzed. The correlations between the driving environment characteristics, EEG characteristics and vehicle speed characteristics model the variables that pass the correlation test. The driving safety evaluation model of an undersea tunnel is established, and the driving safety in different areas of the undersea tunnel is evaluated. The results show that there are obvious differences in illumination, EEG power change rate, vehicle speed and other variables in different areas of the undersea tunnel. The driving environment characteristics are highly correlated with the β wave power change rate. The driving safety of different areas of the undersea tunnel from high to low is: upslope area, downslope area, exit area and entrance area. The study will provide a theoretical basis for the safe operation of the undersea tunnel.

The Influence of Physical Environmental Factors on Older Adults in Residential Care Facilities in Northeast China.

To evaluate the aspects of the objective physical environments of five residential care facilities (RCFs) for older adults and the residents' subjective perceptions of these aspects. The physical environment in RCFs impacts the health and comfort of the residents. However, the design standards for RCFs lack details which can result in insufficient living conditions. Through questionnaire surveys, older adults' satisfaction on the degree of the light, acoustic, and thermal environment in the facilities was obtained. Indoor lighting condition was measured by an illuminance meter in lux, sound pressure level (SPL) with sound level meters in dBA, and temperature in °C with a temperature data logger, and an audiometer was used to test the hearing of the older adults. A total of 480 questionnaires were obtained. Results show that (a) older adults need an appropriate light environment to avoid the negative impact of limited light, (b) poor acoustic environment could affect their mood and health, and (c) when the room temperature is within the range of 20-26 °C (68-78.8 °F), they feel most comfortable. When the appropriate temperature and humidity, balanced illumination, and SPL meet the needs of older adults, it can provide a more comfortable physical environment for them. Examining the interaction between the physical environmental factors that affect older adults in RCFs is important for the design of residential housing and provides more theoretical support for research on the influence of the physical environment on the quality of life of older adults.