Illegal Service Research Articles

Women and Children in Foreign Mercenary Regiments During the Smolensk War

This article discusses the presence of women and children in early modern military communities with reference to the foreign regiments in Russian service during the Smolensk War of 1632–1634. While gender history has been extensively researched in the context of Western European military history, it has not yet received much attention in studies of seventeenth-century Russian warfare. The article explores possible avenues for such research, drawing primarily on Russian-language archival records of the semi-autonomous regiments for which all non-Russians (mostly Germans, Englishmen, and Scots) were recruited abroad. Other sources include the surviving wills of English mercenary officers, the church records of the Lutheran parish in Moscow, and the accounts of foreign travellers to Russia. The article systematises evidence on the wives, mistresses, and children of foreign soldiers and officers who came to Russia as members of their families or in some other status. These data prove the constant presence of women and children in the foreign regiments during the siege of Smolensk. The article examines the legal situation of these persons and the policy of the Russian authorities towards them. It also discusses their property situation, inheritance issues, and women’s participation in legal and informal conflicts within the military communities, as well as corruption cases related to the illegal service of minors in the regiments. It also examines the social tensions created by marriages between mercenaries and the daughters and widows of foreigners living permanently in Russia. Documentary evidence of any contact between mercenaries and Russian women is almost entirely lacking.

Uncovering the size of the illegal corporate service provider industry in the Netherlands: a network approach

Economic crimes such as money laundering, terrorism financing, tax evasion or corruption almost invariably involve the use of a corporate entity. Such entities are regularly incorporated and managed by corporate services providers (CSPs). Given this potential for enabling economic crime, the CSP industry in the Netherlands is heavily regulated and CSPs require a license to operate. Operating without a licence is illegal. In this paper, we estimate the size of the illegal CSP sector in the Netherlands. For this, we develop a classification method to detect potentially illegal CSPs based on their similarity with licensed CSPs. Similarity is computed based on their position within the network of directors, companies and addresses, and the characteristics of such entities. We manually annotate a sample of the potential illegal CSPs and estimate that illegal CSPs constitute 31–51% of the total number of CSPs and manage 19–27% of all companies managed by CSPs. Our analysis provides a tool to regulators to improve detection and prevention of economic crime, and can be extended to the estimation of other illegal activities.

Evropski mejni režim: Tihotapljenje ljudi in paradoks kriminalizacije solidarnosti

Članek razpravlja o tihotapljenju ljudi v kontekstu evropskega mejnega režima. Oriše teptanje pravice do azila, razčleni demonizacijo tihotapcev in prikaže paradoks kriminalizacije solidarnosti. Kot tržna nelegalna storitev se tihotapljenje ljudi bistveno razlikuje od solidarnosti z ljudmi na poti. Protitihotapska zakonodaja pa ukinja razlike med tihotapljenjem in solidarnostnimi praksami, saj materialna korist ni nujen element kriminalizacije pomoči pri migraciji. Ugotavlja, da »nasilne meje« in državni pregon antagonizem tihotapstvo-solidarnost umeščajo na isti kontinuum in da so solidarnostne prakse upor proti nasilnim mejam, tihotapljenje pa njihov učinek.

Fake Braces by Quacks In Malaysia: A Major Concern

Dental quackery has been a problem for decades and is becoming a major concern in many countries, including Malaysia. Recent development of a new service offered by quacks in Malaysia is “fake braces”, which alarmed dental professionals. The fake braces appear similar to the professionally fitted orthodontic appliances comprising of archwires that are secured on brackets by coloured ligatures except they are fitted by unqualified individuals who have no formal clinical training. In addition, the orthodontic materials and dental equipment used for this illegal service were substandard and unregulated. Therefore, such fitted appliances are harmful to the teeth and oral health. Efforts to record the extent of fake braces practice and its oral health consequences have been challenging as they are marketed through the social media, and the victims were either reluctant to come forward or did not know the appropriate channel to file a complaint to the health authority. This paper aims to highlight typical presentation of fake braces, modus operandi of fake braces providers, the harmful effects of fake braces on the patient’s oral health, the role of social media advertising in promoting fake braces, and the impacts to the illegal providers.

Uber technologies Inc.: re-entering the South Korean Taxi hailing service after the eviction

Subject Area Competing in Emerging Markets; Internationalization of Service Firms; Global Marketing. Study level/applicability Senior undergraduate or graduate students in business schools. Case overview Uber first entered the South Korean taxi hailing service in Seoul in September 2013. In March 2015, the company shut down its operations after being charged for operating an illegal service. However, in January 2016, Uber decided to re-launch Uber’s premium service, UberBLACK after working with the city government. Given the country’s unique characteristics, was the decision to re-enter the market justifiable? Would Uber’s new strategies including partnering with a local company be sufficient? How could Uber gain more market share against its local powerful competitors? Expected learning Outcomes This case allows students to understand the challenges of internationalizing services of a global company in an emerging market that has strong national cultures and domestic preferences. The students will learn how to analyze the country and industry external environment as well as internal resources and capabilities to formulate the appropriate market entry strategies and to effectively implement them. The students will also learn the critical role of host country government and how to manage its relationship, the first- and second-mover advantages/disadvantages and the sustainability of innovative business models. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy

Non-Revenue Water (NRW) is a challenge for Global Water Supply System Management: A case study of Dhaka Water Supply System Management

Non-revenue Water (NRW) is an important component of commercial water system management. NRW is the result of pipelines leakage, improper, illegal service connections and theft water. NRW contributes system loss that is a buzzword. Actually, NRW is uncounted water that has been produced but it is confirmed to be “lost” before it consumes the customer. This matter agitates for all concern and specially it affects the whole economy. Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) is one of the main utilities in Dhaka City and it is the mostimportant sector of the Government of Bangladesh. The potable water distribution network has been installed at the whole area of the city and it covers periphery of the city and its extension is going from N. Gonj to Tongi as well as surrounding area of this city. Non-revenue water surveys were conducted on specific fields and areas that were selected randomly. It would be gradually becoming a serious issue affecting the interest of all concerned andwould be one of the major crises to be solved with techno-managerial concept.

A novel provable data possession scheme based on geographic location attribute

Increment of mobile cloud video motivates mobile users to utilize cloud storage service to address their demands, cloud storage provider always furnish a location-independent platform for managing user's data. However, mobile users wonder if their cloud video data leakage or dynamic migration to illegal service providers. In this paper, we design a novel provable data possession protocol based on data geographic location attribute, which allows data owner to auditing the integrity of their video data, which put forward an ideal choice for remote data possession checking in the mobile cloud storage. In our proposed scheme, we check out whether the video data dynamic migrate to an unspecified location (such as: overseas) by adding data geographic location attribute tag into provable data possession protocol. Moreover, we make sure the security of our proposed scheme under the Computational Diffie-Hellman assumption. The analysis and experiment results demonstrate that our proposed scheme is provably secure and efficient.

Indicators to Identify Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal.

This article presents indicators to support transplant professionals, judicial and law enforcement authorities and victim support workers with the identification of trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal. It outlines the legal and illegal service providers that facilitate trafficking in human beings for the purpose of organ removal and guides the reader through the following criminal process: recruitment, transport, entrance, documents, housing, transplant, aftercare, and finance. Identification of illegal transplant activities by transplant professionals can support police and judiciary with the investigation, disruption, and prosecuting of trafficking networks.

Implementation of Optical Meanders of the Optical-Fiber DTS System Based on Raman Stimulated Scattering into the Building Processes

The Optical fiber DTS (Distribution Temperature Systems) are unique distributed temperature systems using optical fiber as a sensor. These systems are able to measure the temperature along the fiber, in some case they can measure tension as well. For their function they use nonlinear effect in optical fiber (Raman nonlinear effect, Brillouin nonlinear effect). The greatest advantage of this sensor system is just using of the optical fiber (electromagnetic resistance, small size, safety using in inflammable and explosive area, easy installation, etc.). The Optical fiber DTS systems can be used with advantage even in areas, where the using of classic sensors would be problematic. The typical example is monitoring of outflows in pipelines, illegal service connection etc. In some processes it is necessary to know exact temperature (tension) in particular points. There it can appear a problem with resolution of the optical-fiber DTS. This article deals with problems of the optical meanders implementation into the building processes.

A New Efficient Key Agreement Scheme for VSAT Satellite Communications Based on Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem

A satellite communication is suitable for broadcasting service and long-hual transmission based on telecommunications. In the satellite communication environment, unauthorized user should not have to obtain his/her required services from the satellite communication systems without authentication. Therefore, authentication is an important security technique to prevent illegal service requests. Quite recently, Lee-Lin-Hwang proposed a secure scheme based on key agreement scheme with mutual authentication to solve the security problems on the VSAT satellite communications. However, Lee-Lin-Hwang's scheme is inefficiently designed because it is based on the RSA cryptosystem. Therefore, the scheme cannot be applicable for the low-power satellite communication environments because it involves high communication and computation costs. Based on these motivations, this paper proposes a new efficient and secure key agreement scheme for VSAT satellite communications based on elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC) to minimize the complexity of computational costs between VSAT and HUB and fit VSAT satellite communication environments. Compared with previous schemes, the newly proposed scheme has the following more practical merits: (1) it provides secure session key agreement function by adopting elliptic curve cryptosystem, (2) it can reduce the total execution time and memory requirement due to the elliptic curve cryptography, and (3) it not only is secure against well-known cryptographical attacks but also provides perfect forward secrecy. As a result, the proposed scheme is extremely suitable for use in satellite communication environments since it provides security, reliability, and efficiency.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.40.3.634

Risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection in a Taiwanese aboriginal community.

The aim of this study is to identify the risk factors associated with anti-HCV positive status in a Bunun aboriginal community in Taiwan. In a door-to-door survey we collected 712 blood samples, and employed an enzyme immunoassay for anti-HCV to detect the recombinant antigen of viral genome including one structural and two nonstructural proteins. The prevalence of anti-HCV was 16.9% for the whole community covering an age range of five years to 84 years, but it was 48% in individuals older than 45 years. The calculated annual incidence rate was 1.25%. Information about possible risk factors was obtained from questionnaires completed in 1992. Age, sex, village of residence, educational level, and the extraneous factor of having been iatrogenic injected during a period one or two years before the survey, showed a significant association with positive anti-HCV status. A dose response relationship between the rate of positive anti-HCV status and frequency of injections was found statistically significant (P < 0.001). Accordingly, a second visit was made to find the possible infection source, and according to information obtained from the recall of 211 interviewees, an illegal medical service was suspected of spreading the recent infection.

Ethical Considerations

We should expect in our careers to be confronted with ethical choices of good vs. bad. However, these choices are often subtle in their approach and the personal repercussions vs. the overall good will be different if it is on a personal level. Some situations are easy to determine which ethical decision must be made. Obviously, illegal situations would be an easy determination. Illegally dumping large quantities of hazardous waste in places easily discoverable by authorities would immediately cause each of us to cry foul and notify proper authorities. Signing and sealing a document very remote from your education and training, e.g. making application for an environmentally sensitive land use if ones education, training and expertise is in electronics, is obviously unethical and illegal. This would be a very easy decision to make and very few professionals (if any) would perform this illegal service.