Illegal Logging Research Articles

Identification and Population Density of Primate Animals in the Stik Jantho Aceh Besar Educational Forest

Long tail macac (Macac fascicularis) and black langur (Trachypitecus auratus) are two species of primates protected by law. The conservation status of both is listed as vulnerable in the IUCN and appendix II status in CITES. The very sharp population decline in the monkey population is due to declining habitat quality and poaching. The STIK educational forest is a secondary forest, which is disturbed by illegal logging and forest fires. The vegetation that forms the habitat for the lives of kedih and black langur primates in this area is not yet known. There is no data on primates from the kedih and langur groups in the STIK Jantho educational forest. This is the reason why this research is important to be conducted. The purpose of this study was to obtain data on monkeyand black langurs including the number of groups, the number of species, age structure and sex ratio in the STIK Jantho educational forest. Data collection in this study used the transex path method by recording the number of groups, the number of individuals, age structure and sex ratio. Data analysis using Arch GIS 10.1 to determine the distribution of monkey and black langur by plotting each coordinate obtained, using GPS visualized in the form of a map. Determination of the density of kedih and black langur using the formula: P = D x A. Found 2 types of primate animals (Trachypitecus auratus and Macaca fascicularis), each 1 group. The number of Trachyipitecus auratus individuals 10 individuals and Macaca fascicularis 50 individuals. Both species of primate animals are included in the developing age structure and have a complete composition (adult males and females, infant and juveneel. The results are presented in the form of a distribution map of black langur groups, and the population density of kedih and black langur primates, narrated in the form of a research reporthis document.

Sustainable forest-based law enforcement against corporate illegal logging: A comparative study of Indonesia and Malaysia

Sustainable forest-based law enforcement against corporate illegal logging: A comparative study of Indonesia and Malaysia

Assessing a "Least-Concern" Red List Tree Species from Madagascar Used in Traditional Medicine: Morella spathulata (Myricaceae) Phyto-Compounds and Anti-Inflammatory Properties.

Morella spathulata (Myricaceae family) is a common plant from Madagascar and is present on the IUCN Red List of threatened species classified at the 'least concern' level, used by the local population to treat numerous illnesses and pain. Despite its frequent use, comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological research on the species is limited. This study evaluated the antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as the toxicity of methanol extracts from the leaves (MS_L) and bark (MS_B) of M. spathulata. The research involved the analysis of nutritional traits such as sugars, organic acids, vitamin C, polyphenolic content (TPC) and the main phytochemicals by HPLC analysis. Antioxidant capacity was assessed through DPPH and FRAP assays. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing and carrageenan-induced paw oedema tests in mice. The results showed a high content of phenolic and bioactive components in the leaf and bark extracts, associated with antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. The interaction of key compounds such as ferulic acid and ellagic acid with proteins involved in pH regulation and immune modulation provides clues to the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects. However, conservation efforts are crucial due to habitat loss and illegal logging, and further studies are needed to fully explore the plant's therapeutic potential.

Spatial Anaysis and Modelling to Mappping Priorities Areas for Restauration: Study Case: Natural Protected Area Montes Azules, Chiapas, Mexico

Natural Protected Areas play a fundamental role in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems throughout the world and are designated and managed with the purpose of preserving biological and cultural capital, ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources, and maintaining ecosystem services. The Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, like other Natural Protected in Mexico, faces significant challenges such as deforestation, illegal logging, and loss of vegetation cover, as well as socio-environmental conflicts, factors that hinder the biological and cultural conservation of the area. Likewise, despite their importance, many Natural Protected face significant challenges in terms of effective monitoring and planning. The lack of adequate monitoring and planning strategies, as well as staff and budget, makes it difficult to assess the conservation status of these areas and to implement appropriate management measures. Therefore, creating specific monitoring tools is essential to periodically evaluate their conservation status and identify threats and pressures on ecosystems in order to design adaptive and effective management strategies. The objective of this study is to offer a first methodological approach to identify priority areas for restoration within the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, which will allow decision-makers to design and apply conservation strategies in the area. The determination of the priority areas for restoration was based on an environmental management process, where the Land suitability is the base for the territorial arrangement, which was modeled together with the current land use and land cover through rules of decision and having the natural protected area as a frame. For land suitability, the land classification system was used according to its use capacity or American system of the 8 classes developed by the Soil Conservation Service of the United States; for mapping land use land cover, an object base classification method was used. The total transformed area in 2023 occupies an extension of 39,475.38 ha, approximately 50% of this lands corresponds to sloping and very steep land and in some cases with shallow to very shallow soils, not suitable for agriculture. The area identified as priority zones for restoration corresponds to an extension of 19,514.5 ha, which represents nearly 50% of the transformed area, and 6% of the total of study area, from which 6,860.5 ha are top priority for restoration. As main conclusion can be said that the methodological proposal described here serves as a first approximation to identify priority zones for restoration in the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, allowing for a more detailed identification of these areas at the local level, which will allow decision-makers to design and apply conservation strategies in the area.

Illegal logging or illegal transportation, storage, sale of forest: criminal and legal characteristics of the environmental offense

The article is devoted to the criminal and legal characterization of illegal logging or illegal transportation, storage, and sale of forest. The author identifies distinct features of the subject matter of the crime, such as: the integrity of trees and shrubs, their virginity, and the absence of age restriction criteria for felled trees and shrubs. The author formulates the criteria for attributing certain territories to the crime scene. The author emphasizes that the understanding of deforestation only as separation of a tree from the root leads to a narrowing of the scope of criminal law prohibition, since such actions as damage, uprooting, causing significant damage to the environment remain outside the scope of criminal liability. It is proposed to give a clear explanation of the meaning of the concept of “deforestation” in the note to Article 246 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The author emphasizes the critical remarks on the legislator’s expansion of the objective party, namely, the inclusion in the disposition of Part 1 of Article 246 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, in addition to felling, of such actions as transportation, storage, sale of illegally felled trees or shrubs that caused significant damage. The author establishes that the legislative approach to the formulation of the material elements of a crime which are characterized by the above actions creates a number of problems in the process of qualifying an act. The author provides arguments that it is inexpedient to decriminalize transportation, storage, and sale of illegally felled trees or shrubs which caused significant damage, since such actions do not lose their public danger, especially in the context of the environmental situation complicated by the war. At the same time, the author does not support the view that it is expedient to establish administrative liability for transportation and storage of illegally felled trees and shrubs. It is proposed to differentiate criminal liability in this regard. Transportation, storage, and sale of illegally felled trees or shrubs should be provided for as a criminal offense with a formal composition (Part 1 of Article 246 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), while excluding transportation and storage of illegally felled trees or shrubs from the disposition of Part 1 of Article 65 of the Code of Administrative Offenses as administratively punishable actions. Liability for illegal felling of trees or shrubs in forests, protective and other forest plantations which caused significant damage should be provided for in Part 2 of Article 246 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (as a crime with material composition). It is found that the most common motives for this crime are mercenary motives.

Nilai Ekonomi Pengelolaan Hutan Lindung Blok Kawae KH. Maria/RTK 25 BKPH Maria Donggomasa Dinas LHK Provinsi NTB

One part of the Sari watershed, which was a strategic area for Bima City, was the Kawae Block protected forest area. This forest area acted as a catchment area for the Bima City Region and supports the lives of the people of Wawo, Bima Regency and its surroundings. In the last decade, the Kawae Block protected forest area has come under pressure from vulnerability in several ways, especially pressure from destruction due to illegal logging and encroachment on forest areas for farming of seasonal crops (corn). The aim of this research were to analyze the factors that directly cause damage and the economic value of damage as well as the economic value of potential natural resources in the Kawae Block Protected Forest Area. This research was conducted in the Kawae KH Block Protected Forest Area. Maria/RTK 25 BKPH Maria Donggomasa Provincial LHK Service. NTB with an area of 1,500 hectares. The sample used was 210 respondents. The variables used in this research were the price value of NTFPs and the price value of water to calculate the value of direct benefits of forest areas, ecological benefits, flood control and carbon emission reduction/carbon credits to calculate the value of indirect benefits of areas and the value of biodiversity to calculate the value of selected benefits. Data analysis was carried out for regional economic valuation using the total economic value valuation method (Total Economic Value). The research resulted in the factors that directly cause damage to the area; they were land burning, encroachment on areas for agricultural land for seasonal crops/corn, excessive community management, rosewood theft/illegal logging and opening of farming roads. Meanwhile, the total economic value of the HL Kawae Block area was IDR. 61,135,306,500,-. The economic value resulting from sustainable forest management is much more profitable than the results of cultivating seasonal crops (especially corn).

AI-Powered IoT and UAV Systems for Real-Time Detection and Prevention of Illegal Logging

AI-Powered IoT and UAV Systems for Real-Time Detection and Prevention of Illegal Logging

The Long-Term Effects of the Lacey Act Amendment on High-Risk Timber Species: Insights from 15 Years of Interrupted Time Series Analysis

Despite comprising a small portion of U.S. wood consumption, tropical hardwoods like Keruing and Meranti are highly valued for their aesthetic and physical properties. However, their sustainability is threatened by illegal logging and over-harvesting, compounded by the use of generic names that obscure species identities, complicating trade monitoring and regulation. Enacted in May 2008, the Lacey Act Amendment (LAA) aims to ensure the legality of plant and plant product sourcing in the U.S. This study evaluates the LAA's impact on the import of these tropical hardwoods from Indonesia and Malaysia, hypothesizing that the amendment has curtailed illegal imports, thereby reducing import volumes and increasing prices. Using data from 1990 to 2023, we employed i) intervention multiple regression analysis with Autoregressive Error and ii) intervention Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models with Step Transfer Function to analyze changes in import trends. Findings indicate that while LAA has significantly impacted import trends as anticipated, the effects are complex and evolving over time, highlighting the need for ongoing regulation analysis and enforcement monitoring. This research underscores the critical role of targeted legal frameworks in promoting sustainable trade practices and conservation, offering valuable insights for policymakers aiming to combat exploitative and illegal logging globally.

Legal Protection and Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Legal Certainty in Managing Natural Resources

<p><em>Indigenous peoples possess traditional rights to natural resources within their territories, yet these rights are frequently overlooked or marginalized due to inadequate policies and regulations. This research aims to examine the legal protection of the Baduy tribe's rights in managing natural resources and to explore how legal certainty can be achieved in this regard. Utilizing a normative juridical approach, the study analyzes relevant laws and regulations pertaining to indigenous rights and state-provided legal protection. The findings reveal that the recognition and protection of customary law communities in Indonesia highlight the state's commitment to supporting social entities with autonomy over their lives. Despite the pressures of modern integration, indigenous peoples continue to uphold their identity, traditions, and customary rights. Legal acknowledgment of these rights is enshrined in the 1945 Constitution and various laws, including Law No. 5 of 1960 on Agrarian Affairs, Law No. 4 of 2009 on Mining, Law No. 41 of 1999 on Forestry, and Law No. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources. However, effective implementation is often hindered by regulations that do not adequately address customary rights. While Constitutional Court Decision No. 35 of 2012, which recognizes customary forests as belonging to indigenous communities, represents significant progress, challenges persist. The need for revisions to create more inclusive laws or regulations is pressing. For the Baduy tribe, Lebak Regency Regional Regulation (Perda) Number 32 of 2001 on the Protection of Ulayat Rights is a critical development. This regulation offers legal certainty and safeguards their traditional rights, including customary land and natural resources, and tackles issues like illegal logging and forest encroachment. By acknowledging local wisdom and customs, this regulation aims to preserve Baduy culture and enhance security and social stability in their area.</em></p>

Assessing the Provisioning of Ecosystem Services Provided by the Relics Forest in Togo’s Mono Biosphere Reserve

In most Sub-Saharan African countries, such as Togo, forest ecosystems provide ecosystem services to the local population. These ecosystem services are of vital importance to the local populations, who depend on the benefits derived from their use to meet their socio-economic needs. The permanent dependence of these populations on ecosystem services is a major factor accelerating the degradation of natural resources, which are already under pressure from climatic factors. The present study assesses the provisioning of ecosystem services provided by the relics forest in the southeast region of the Mono Biosphere Reserve in Togo. Individual interviews and group discussions were carried out with 420 households in fourteen villages around the reserve to identify the current uses of woody species. The results show that 100% of the respondents cited plant species, such as Mitragyna inermis, Lonchocarpus sericeus, and Diospyros mespiliformis, as used for wood. Species, such as Mimusops andogensis and Triplohiton scleroxylon, were cited as exclusively used for wood by 94% and 86%, respectively. Other species, such as Vitex doniana and Dialium guineense, in addition to their use for wood (93% and 70%), were cited, respectively, by 97% and 98% of respondents as used for fruit, and by 82% and 90% for their leaves. The heavy daily use of these species compromises their sustainability. An analysis of Sorensen’s similarity index, according to gender, age, ethnic group, and sector of activity, revealed a variation in this index ranging from 0.6 to 1, reflecting households’ knowledge of the use of these seven species. The local populations are already feeling the effects of the low availability of these commonly used species. According to them, the depletion of these resources is caused mainly by agricultural clearing, illegal logging, and bushfires.

Impact assessment of COVID-19 and PMO15 on labour in the plantation-wood processing sector in Lao PDR with policy recommendations

The primary objective of this research was to 1) explore the impacts of COVID-19 on availability of, and demand for, labor in the plantation-wood processing sector in Lao PDR; 2) the Government and industry response measures to COVID-19; and 3) the impacts of 2016 Prime Ministers’ Order (No. 15/PM, PMO15) aimed at addressing illegal logging and controlling log exports were also considered, as representative of a similar ‘shock’ to the sector. The research, undertaken in Vientiane Capital City, adopted a mainly qualitative methodology utilizing literature reviews and semi-structured interviews to gather data from the government, industry and workers. Micro, small and medium sized companies and their employees were surveyed. The research found that Lao wood manufacturers were affected by the shutdowns in response to COVID-19 and there were follow-on effects up and down value chains. The experiences of Laos were found to be similar to those experienced in wood producing countries globally. Supply issues and access to markets were key factors impacting the ability of factories to continue to operate and retain workers. Government protection measures were effective but challenging to implement, and access to support was difficult. Impacts on male and female differed. Awareness of, and access to, mandatory social security insurance by workers was very low. Other forms of social ‘safety-net’ were more apparent and important, including company-based programs, charity, and family/self-help. Improved dissemination of information about the need for, and benefits of, social security should occur to mitigate future shocks. The high dependence on foreign workers to fill skilled jobs in the sector remains an issue. Coupled with reforms in response to PMO15, to improve factory and product standards and ongoing export restrictions, there is a need further build Lao skills and capacity. Current efforts to up-skill Lao workers for employment in emerging wood product industries must be maintained, and improved recognition of Lao-acquired competencies is needed. Market needs analysis including the development of product dossiers is required together with the building of relevant technical expertise. Without this the Lao wood processing sector will be remain vulnerable to future shocks.

Illegal Logging Eradication in the Perspective of National Criminal Law and Local Wisdom of Manggarai Community

This study discusses illegal logging as an environmental problem, especially in forestry. Illegal logging is a criminal offence, especially in violation of Law Number 41 of 1999 on Forestry and Law Number 18 of 2013 on Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction. Illegal logging is also prohibited based on the Manggarai community's local wisdom. The prohibition is motivated by the tradition of the Manggarai community, which utilizes the forest and recognizes the roko molas poco customary ritual. The ritual aims to inform the Manggarai people that anyone who wants to take a tree in the forest must bring a new tree seedling in exchange. This ritual also shows the responsibility to preserve the forest so it is not damaged. However, there are still people who commit illegal logging. This study aims to analyze and find regulations and concepts for eradicating illegal logging from the perspective of national criminal law and the local wisdom of the Manggarai community. The type of study used is empirical legal research. This study is a novelty because previous researchers should have specifically reviewed the role of local wisdom, especially the Manggarai community, in eradicating illegal logging. The results show that the role of criminal law and the local wisdom of the Manggarai community is significant in eradicating illegal logging crimes. Criminal law regulates the provision of criminal sanctions against individuals and groups who commit illegal logging. The same thing also applies to the local wisdom of the Manggarai community, namely the roko molas poco ritual that the taking or utilization of timber forest products must not conflict with the ritual; if it conflicts, then it will be subject to customary fines. Based on this explanation, not only national law has a role in combating illegal logging, but local wisdom law also has a role.

Review of biodiversity assessment and resource management orientation for sustainable rural development in Lang Son province, Vietnam

This study examines the conservation and biodiversity management efforts in Lang Son province, Vietnam, in the context of global environmental concerns. Under Decision No 2447/QD-UBND, the province’s Special-use Forest Planning focuses on conserving areas such as the Huu Lien Nature Reserve and the Mau Son special-use forests. This initiative covers a substantial planned land area to sustain biodiversity and foster rural development up to 2030. Recent surveys indicate a notable increase in plant species within these areas, from 842 species in 2017 to 961 in 2019, and significant efforts towards conserving endangered species like the Asiatic black bear and the Annam flying frog. The province encompasses diverse ecosystems spread across 832,075.82 ha, characterized by varied terrains and climates contributing to its rich biodiversity. These regions are crucial for various species, including those listed in conservation documents, such as the 77 plant species recorded. RAP-Plant analysis and Monte Carlo simulation indicate that Lang Son’s biodiversity, with a Shannon index of 2.85 and Simpson index of 0.75, is threatened by a projected forest area decline to 514,578.61 ha by 2040, risking extinction for rare species like Hoang dan and Lan kim tuyen. Furthermore, Lang Son’s strategic initiatives towards sustainable agricultural practices, forest management, and restoration efforts highlight the integration of biodiversity conservation into broader socio-economic development plans. The province’s approach aligns with global strategies emphasizing the protection of endangered and endemic species as essential to maintaining ecological balances and supporting sustainable development. This study underscores the importance of comprehensive regional planning and community engagement in biodiversity conservation efforts to mitigate economic development, illegal activities, and climate change challenges. Threats such as illegal logging and habitat fragmentation persist, necessitating more vital community-based conservation efforts and robust legal frameworks.

The potential impact of legality requirements for China’s imported timber: a global forest product model‐based analysis

Utilizing the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM), this paper analyzes the potential impacts of China’s timber import legality requirement policies. Two alternative scenarios are compared with the baseline scenario: (1) China requires that imported timber must comply with the requirements of Verified Legal Compliance (VLC), (2) China imposes tighter requirements for imported timber, which must come from sustainably managed forests and meet Forest Certification (FC) requirements. The results show a decline in log production but an increase in processed wood exports to high‐risk countries, suggesting a move towards more valuable wood processing. Both high‐ and low‐risk countries are expected to see an increase in forest stocks. Welfare analysis indicates that high‐risk countries will benefit from industrial upgrades, while China might face welfare losses. Nevertheless, the enforcement of legal standards for timber imports into China is likely to enhance the perceived legitimacy of the sources of domestic timber materials, thereby facilitating the re‐entry of processed timber products into developed markets. This study proposes that China’s timber import regulations could offer mutual advantages, aiding in the fight against illegal logging and encouraging the legal timber trade.

The Yaya Reserve: From the Evolution of its Plant Cover to Proposals for Sustainable Management

The Yaya reserve, one of the biodiverse forests in Ivory Coast, faces significant threats from agricultural colonization, illegal logging, and demographic pressure, which could jeopardize its sustainability. This paper focuses on contributing to the reserve’s sustainable management. To achieve this, three categories of data were collected: remote sensing data, floristic inventory data, and survey data from the neighboring populations. Remote sensing data were obtained by downloading images from the USGS earth explorer website. Floristic data were obtained through surface and itinerant survey. Survey data were collected using a structured interview. The images were processed to calculate the areas of various land use classes. The floristic data were analyzed for species richness and composition, while the survey data were analyzed to understand local perceptions of landscape dynamics, current management practices, and proposals for participatory management. The results revealed two major periods in the forest’s dynamics: increased deforestation from 1986 to 2005 and subsequent restoration from 2005 to 2022. These phases of degradation and restoration are likely related to recent social and political crises and management challenges. The floristic inventory identified 167 woody species across 134 genera and 47 families. 24 species (14% of the total) are endemic to West Africa, and 21 species (12.42%) are listed on the IUCN red list, indicating a relatively good conservation of the forest. The survey data highlighted the vulnerability of the forest and underscored the importance of centralized decision-making in management. The study suggests that participatory management could be a viable alternative for protecting the reserve. The hypotheses clearly states that the active involvement of local populations in the sustainable exploitation of forest resources can improve living standards, while helping to preserve the forest from exploitative practices.

Law Enforcement Against Illegal Logging in The Jurisdiction of the Tejakula Buleleng Police Sector

The practice of illegal logging is generally carried out by individuals who have official permission from the government to carry out forest logging, such as holders of Forest Ruler Rights (HPH) concession permits, however, if it is further detailed, the perpetrators of illegal logging are organized groups. Law enforcement in overcoming the crime of illegal logging Tejakula Sector Police use 2 (two) means, namely: Penal efforts that focus more on the repressive nature, namely actions taken after the crime occurs with law enforcement and imposition of penalties for crimes that have been committed, and non-penal efforts, a countermeasure that focuses more on the preventive nature, namely actions in the form of prevention before the crime occurs. To solve the problems in this study, the research method is the type of normative legal research supported by conducting field observations with the interview process with the Tejakula Buleleng Sector Police Investigator. So the expected results in this study, the most substantial is the difference in interpretation in terms of administrative sanctions there is a blurring of legal norms in Article 18 paragraph (1) of Law Number 18 of 2013 concerning the prevention and eradication of forest destruction, because in its application or implementation sometimes there is overlap between the meaning of the sentence of the implementation of government coercion sanctions with administrative sanctions of forced money

Illegal Logging in Rural Southeast Nigeria: Implications for Environmental Crime and Ecological Sustainability

Illegal Logging in Rural Southeast Nigeria: Implications for Environmental Crime and Ecological Sustainability

Development of Long-Range, Low-Powered and Smart IoT Device for Detecting Illegal Logging in Forests

Development of Long-Range, Low-Powered and Smart IoT Device for Detecting Illegal Logging in Forests

Interlaboratory and cross-platform accessibility of time-of-flight wood identification database

The mass spectral database of tree species built by US Fish and Wildlife Service has thousands of entries and has been a valuable resource to combat illegal logging and international trade. The database was and continues to be constructed using a particular ambient ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) platform in the agency branch in Ashland, OR, with which queries of unknown wood samples are investigated exclusively. Laboratories that operate different MS instruments also have an interest in using the database if they can produce valid matches to known samples compatible with the database. Four species were selected for inter-laboratory comparison using Orbitrap MS instruments and the equivalent TOF-MS platform with direct analysis in real time ionization of institution-sourced wood samples. Identities of the known samples were confirmed by examination of their microscopic wood anatomy. Orbitrap analysis was able to identify each species as confidently as the TOF instruments, often with less variation in spectra but not necessarily greater mass accuracy or better-matched signal abundance to the control database. The Orbitrap program also had to be doubled to two scanned mass ranges appended for greater peak intensity, before spectra could be correctly matched to the database, but the program was successful.

Indonesian National Policy of Criminal Law in Enforcing Law Against Illegal Logging of Conservation Forest Timber

Abstract Crime in the forestry sector in the form of illegal felling of trees creates problems that are quite complicated to overcome. Tree felling in Indonesia is one of the cases most frequently handled by the Environmental and Forestry Law Enforcement Service. Illegal logging leads to deforestation and a decrease in the size of state forests. This article aims to discuss law enforcement against illegal logging crimes and how national laws can reduce the occurrence of these crimes. This research uses a normative juridical approach, namely a study of statutory regulations as primary data supported by secondary data using a literature review. The findings of this research are that in law enforcement efforts to respond to these crimes, the Indonesian Government has implemented regulatory provisions that have been stated firmly in the Prevention and Combating of Forest Destruction Law (2013), which have comprehensively provided opportunities for regional governments through the distribution of central government authority, as well as the involvement of the community and legal agencies or corporation that has a permit to manage forest products in an effort to prevent and eradicate illegal logging crimes, imposing consequences on wrongdoers through incarceration, criminal fines, and administrative penalties. However, the legal policies in this law have not effectively reduced the occurrence of crime because other regulations still contain policies that open up opportunities for illegal logging. Therefore, synchronization between regulations and laws related to forestry issues is required. Keywords: criminal sanctions; Illegal logging; law enforcement.