Illegal Corruption Research Articles

Антикорупційний аудит: поняття, види та елементи

The prosperity of corruption, especially during the war, is one of the threats to Ukraine's national security, political stability and economy. International audit practice shows that anti-corruption audit is an effective tool for combating corruption and financial fraud. The article aims to distinguish the concepts of anti-corruption audit and anti-corruption compliance, to disclose the types of anti-corruption audit and its elements, and to determine the place and role of anti-corruption compliance in detecting and preventing manifestations of illegal corruption actions. Based on the analysis of the essence, two types of anti-corruption audit are distinguished: internal and external, which makes it possible to determine their differences and areas of application. In scientific literature, anti-corruption audit is often equated with anti-corruption compliance, which, in our opinion, is a component of internal anti-corruption audit. This conclusion follows from the general interpretation provided by the International Compliance Association and from the ideology of compliance, which involves compliance with the internal policies and procedures of the business entity. The elements of an anti-corruption audit are defined based on the provisions of international normative acts, the specifics and requirements of the activities of international organizations; however, for Ukrainian practice, it is appropriate to distinguish its main and additional elements based on the specifics of the activities of business entities and public sector entities. The main elements are mandatory for private and public sector entities, and additional ones depend on the field of activity and the level of corruption risks in the surrounding environment. The interpretation of the term anti-corruption audit proposed in the article, the definition of its differences from anti-corruption compliance and the identification of its structural components will contribute to constructing an effective system of combating fraudulent and corruption schemes in the private and public sectors of the Ukrainian economy.

Prospective associations between US state-level corruption and individual-level cardiovascular risk factors among middle-aged Americans: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979.

To estimate the associations between US state-level corruption and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the nation. We used a US nationally-representative sample of middle-aged adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youths 1979 and data from the Corruption in America Survey to estimate the associations between state-level illegal (private gains) corruption and legal (political gains) corruption in 2013 and individual-level risks of incident diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and depression between 2014 and 2016. Medium and higher levels of illegal corruption were associated with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.75 (95% CI 1.06-2.88) for incident diabetes and 1.70 (95% CI 1.15-2.51) for incident hypertension, respectively. Furthermore, a higher level of legal corruption was associated with ORs of 1.84 (95% CI 1.08-3.13) for diabetes and 1.58 (95% CI 1.05-2.38) for hypertension. No consistent associations were observed for obesity or depression. Our findings suggest that higher levels of corruption contribute to increased risks of developing diabetes and hypertension. Investing resources into fighting corruption may be means to reduce the national burden of cardiovascular disease.

КОРУПЦІЯ НА УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ЗЕМЛЯХ ЯК ПИТАННЯ КУРСУ ІСТОРІЇ ДЕРЖАВИ ТА ПРАВА

Статтю присвячено аналізу способів отримання протиправної вигоди на українських землях у залежності від їх територіально-політичної приналежності в різні періоди історії України та розвитку правового регулювання попередження корупційної складової в діяльності посадових осіб чи органів державної влади. Досліджено основні прояви корупції від Київської Русі до розпаду СРСР; особливу увагу приділено розгляду системи кормлінь, отриманню протиправної вигоди у вигляді подарунків та презентів вищими посадовими особами, тотальній корумпованості радянського суспільства, що проявлялося у вигляді блату, приписок тощо. Установлено, що звернення до цього матеріалу та аналіз історичних джерел у контексті виявлення та протидії корупції сприяє виявленню, міжпредметних зв’язків, дозволяє краще засвоїти відповідні професійні знання як із дисциплін гуманітарного циклу у ЗВО МВС України, так і спеціальних державно-правових, а також формувати активну громадянську позицію в протидії негативним суспільним явищам.

Pas de Deux of Illegal and Legal Corruption in America

American states vary in their ethical climates, but a lack of data impedes comparisons. Based on a survey of reporters covering state politics, we construct new indices measuring illegal and legal corruption in the states. Illegal corruption is private gain, in the form of cash or gifts, by a government official in exchange for specific benefits to private interests; legal corruption is political gain in the form of campaign contributions or endorsements by an official in exchange for such benefits, whether by explicit or implicit understanding. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to capture the difference between the two in America. We find that states vary widely on both dimensions and there is a complementary relationship between illegal and legal corruption which is bidirectional.

Corruption & Purity

Corruption is a complex and contested concept that raises difficult ethical and legal issues at the borderline between individuals’ public and private roles. What is appropriate or required in one role may be inappropriate or even illegal in another. Based on these concepts of role and responsibility, I begin this essay by analyzing three cases that fit comfortably into the “illegal corruption” category: so-called grand and petty corruption and electoral fraud. These categories express widely accepted boundaries at the interface between public power and private wealth. I then discuss more ambiguous cases, such as lobbying and campaign finance, that demand nuanced legal and policy solutions. Responses to both types of behavior must go beyond law enforcement to include the reorganization of government institutions and their relationship to the private sector.

Foreign Corruption: Differentiating Illegal Acts from Legal Acts

While it is seemingly straightforward to determine whether an action is corrupt or not, under the common definitions of corruption, determining its illegality is a very complex analysis. Because companies are generally not given full disclosure of what constitutes illegal corruption, they fear that all corruption illegal, and therefore do not want to jeopardize themselves or the company by disclosing to anyone, including their lawyers, any which may be seen as illegally corrupt.In this paper we will look at what is considered illegal under the laws of Canada and the USA, including defences available to charges of corruption, as well as the relationship between corruption and lobbying, and make some comparison with the developments in the transnational law arena, particularly related to decision of international arbitration tribunals.

Measuring Illegal and Legal Corruption in American States: Some Results from the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics Corruption in America Survey

Using data from the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics Corruption in America Survey, we construct indices measuring two specific forms of corruption across American states: illegal and legal. We define illegal corruption as the private gains in the form of cash or gifts by a government official, in exchange for providing specific benefits to private individuals or groups, and legal corruption as the political gains in the form of campaign contributions or endorsements by a government official, in exchange for providing specific benefits to private individuals or groups, be it by explicit or implicit understanding. We then put our indices to work and investigate why some states are more corrupt than the others. In addition to demographic and economic variables we also investigate how political participation effects corruption depending on how well it is covered by the media. Our results suggest that we have a lot to learn about the politics of corruption control.

“Corruption” and social and economic criminal law: Criminology, criminal policy, political science and law & economics – A new idea about criminal liability of legal entities

If we think there is a significant number of legal offshore in the globalized world, then there is not even a global consensus about what “corruption” is. What is “illegal corruption” in a country may be legal in another country. Moreover, the great global corruption is above the law or above democratic States. And not all democratic States are “Rule of Law”. Therefore, the solution is global in time and space law, democratic, free and true law. While the human being does not reach a consensus of what “corruption” really is, the discussion will not go further than a caricature. Other problem about “corruption” is that it is very difficult to establish the imputation of crimes, including “corruption” (Portugal) on some “companies”, corporations. We have a juridical problem in the composition of the art. 11. of the Portuguese Penal Code.