Illegal Cigarettes Research Articles

Response of legal and illegal cigarette prices to a tax increase in Ethiopia

BackgroundIn 2020, Ethiopia passed a landmark tax proclamation implementing an evidence-based mixed excise system aimed at curbing tobacco use. This study evaluates the impact of the tax increase of more...

Juridical Review Of The Enforcement Of Criminal Laws For Illegal Tobacco Trafficers Without Excise Reviewed From Legislationconcerning Excise

The case of the circulation of illegal goods, especially cigarettes without duty in Tanjung Balai City, is a case that is attracting serious attention, because there were a lot of catches by Teluk Nibung Customs and Excise officers during the 2021 to 2022 period, in the form of 2,313,172 cigarettes. With a total value of goods of Rp. 9,840,000,000.00 (nine billion eight hundred and forty million rupiah) with a total potential state loss of Rp. 3,913,000,000.00 (three billion nine hundred and thirteen million rupiah). This research aims to determine the factors causing the circulation of illegal cigarettes without duty in Tanjung Balai, law enforcement against the circulation of illegal cigarettes without duty in Tanjung Balai, as well as obstacles and efforts to enforce the law on the distribution of illegal cigarettes without duty.The nature of research in writing a thesis uses descriptive analysis, the type of research uses Normative law while the data collection method uses Library Research, and the type of data in this research uses Secondary Data. Criminal acts regarding fake excise stamps and the use of used BKC excise stamps are regulated in Article 55 of Law no. 39 of 2007 and factors that can hinder the Directorate General of Customs and Excise and related agencies from effectively monitoring and enforcing the law on the distribution of illegal tobacco in the city of Medan are the lack of public awareness of illegal tobacco, weak supervision and enforcement carried out by the relevant authorities. , there is still a lack of awareness of Tobacco producers in producing illegal Tobacco. The government is expected to increase State revenues from the excise sector along with efforts to safeguard State revenues and issue several strategic policies, namely by neutralizing the market for Illegal Tobacco products.

How does the Cigarette Company Deal with the Rise of Illegal Cigarette Products

The phenomenon of the rise of illegal cigarette products in Bekasi poses a problem for cigarette companies. The reason is that these illegal cigarettes do not use excise tapes or use fake excise tapes that are detrimental to cigarette companies or the government. The trade in illegal cigarette products does not have a circulation permit among the community. This study aims to find the influence of price and product packaging suitability on consumer purchase decisions on illegal cigarette products in East Bekasi. The method used was a quantitative approach with pre-survey results of 20 respondents. With the final survey results, 100 respondents were collected through google form using a data collection technique, namely purposive sampling. The statistical data processing used is Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (SmartPLS). In combating illegal cigarette products, continuous efforts are needed and finding the right innovations in order to break the circulation of illegal cigarettes in the community. Such as strengthening regulations in collaboration with the government and law enforcement agencies. Tightening supervision of cigarette products circulating in the community. Some implications for cigarette companies such as issuing new innovations for the community to increase competitiveness in the market. A marketing campaign that promotes the importance of legality that can affect a cigarette product. A significant contribution to the literature on cigarette companies in this study is to look at business strategies from the perspective of cigarette companies in terms of dealing with the rise of illegal cigarette products. This study provides a new insight into policies that can be used into effective plans to reduce the circulation of illegal cigarettes while maintaining business sustainability.

The Extent of Illicit Cigarette Sales in Five Rural Districts of Pakistan: A Cross-sectional Study.

The Illicit Tobacco Trade (ITT) subverts tobacco control efforts. Cigarette packs sold without legal health warnings undermine efforts to warn the public about the dangers of tobacco. Furthermore, cigarettes sold below minimum retail prices are indicative of tax evasion leading to revenue loss and budgetary deficits in high tobacco-burden economies. The extent of the ITT in rural areas of such countries might differ from urban. We estimated the extent of illicit cigarette sales in selected rural areas of Pakistan. We analyzed cigarette packs collected from 85 villages in Pakistan as part of a cross-sectional consumer survey of 2550 rural households. We classified cigarette packs as noncompliant if these were missing: A text health warning, pictorial health warning (PHW), underage sale prohibition warning, retail price, or manufacturer details. To measure the extent of tax evasion, we estimated the proportion of packs purchased below the legal minimum retail price. Only 35% (429/1228) of rural smokers were able to show their cigarette packs. Out of these, 89% (382/429) of packs were noncompliant with the cigarette packaging and labeling laws. In rural areas, 83% (357/429) of packs did not have PHW and 33.8% (145/429) did not have printed retail prices. Among all packs, 41% (177/429) were purchased below the minimum retail price of 63 Pakistani Rupees and hence highly likely to have evaded taxes. We found a very high previously unreported proportion of noncompliant cigarette packs in selected rural areas of Pakistan indicating weaker implementation of tobacco control laws in rural areas. This paper presents previously unreported estimates of the share of illicit cigarette sales in rural areas of Pakistan. Most packs (89%) in our sample were noncompliant with the packaging and labeling regulations and a significant proportion (41%) were purchased below the minimum price. The extent of illicit tobacco was found to be far greater in rural than in urban areas of Pakistan. Taking advantage of poor law enforcement, the tobacco industry may be complicit in flooding the rural markets with illegal and cheap cigarettes. Given this disparity, law enforcement authorities must focus on rural areas.

Media Socialization Of Surakarta City Government Programs Through Shadow Puppet Shows In 2022

This research aims to determine the communication process of the socialization of the Surakarta City Government program using shadow puppet media in 2022. The research method uses a descriptive analysis approach with data collection methods through observation methods, interview methods, and literature study methods. The data obtained was analyzed descriptively and qualitatively consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that communication is an important element in implementing wayang performance activities as a medium for socializing government policy programs. The communication process through puppets can run more easily, more comfortably, and on target. So that the socialization material order can be understood by the public. Puppets can be a means of communication between the government and the community (wayang audiences) in delivering programs, in this research the Law on Illegal Cigarettes program with the theme Gempur Illegal Cigarettes.

PENENTUAN STRATEGI PEMASARAN HASIL TEMBAKAU DI TENGAH NAIKNYA TARIF CUKAI DAN PEREDARAN ROKOK ILEGAL

The tobacco products industry in Indonesia is facing two big challenges: increasing excise rates and the circulation of illegal cigarettes. An increase in excise rates increases cigarette prices and can reduce demand. On the other hand, illegal cigarettes offer cheaper prices and are competitors to legal products. CV Gagak Hitam is a cigarette company that was founded in 2004 and is still running the tobacco products industry in the form of hand-rolled kretek cigarettes (SKT) and machine-made kretek cigarettes (SKM) amidst rising excise rates and the circulation of illegal cigarettes. This research focuses on determining marketing strategies for tobacco products at CV. Black Crow uses SWOT analysis. The analysis results show that CV. Black Crow has several strengths, such as a strong brand, wide distribution network, and consumer loyalty. However, CV Gagak Hitam also has several weaknesses, such as high prices and a negative image of tobacco products related to health. Opportunities that can be utilized by CV. Black Crow is increasing public awareness of health and the development of digital technology. The threats facing this industry are increasing excise rates, the circulation of illegal cigarettes, and increasingly stringent government regulations. Marketing strategies that can be implemented by CV. Gagak Hitam in the midst of this situation is developing innovative products at competitive prices, strengthening brand image and increasing consumer awareness, utilizing digital technology to reach consumers and increase marketing efficiency, as well as working with the government to overcome the circulation of illegal cigarettes. Keywords: tobacco products; excise rates; illegal cigarettes; marketing strategy swot analysis.

Association between illegal drug use and cigarette smoking among Ethiopian students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cigarette smoking is a persistent public health problem as it is a risk factor for many diseases. Previous studies on the role of illegal drug use in cigarette smoking have yielded disparate and inconclusive results, hindering the development of effective intervention strategies to address this issue. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking and its associated factors, with a specific focus on the influence of illegal drug use among students in Ethiopia. We conducted a comprehensive search of international databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, CINAHL, African Journals Online, HINARI, Global Health, and Google and Google Scholar. Grey literature was also identified from various university digital libraries. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA) guidelines. Due to the high heterogeneity among the included studies (I2 = 98.6%; p-value <0.001), we employed a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval (CI) to estimate the pooled effect using STATA 14 software. The publication bias was assessed using a statistical Egger regression test. A total of 22 studies involving 18,144 students met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of lifetime and current cigarette smoking among students in Ethiopia was 13.8% (95% CI: 9.90-17.82) and 9.61% (95% CI: 7.19-12.03), respectively. Students who used illegal drugs were twenty-three times more likely to smoke cigarettes compared to their counterparts (OR = 23.57, 95% CI: 10.87-51.1). Living in urban settings (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.15-7.28) and the habit of alcohol consumption (OR = 4.79; 95% CI: 1.57-14.64) were also identified as factors associated with cigarette smoking. We found that more than one in eight students in Ethiopia have engaged in lifetime cigarette smoking. Notably, students who used illegal drugs exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of cigarette smoking. In light of these findings, it is imperative to implement comprehensive public health interventions that target illegal drug use, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption, with a particular emphasis on urban residents.

Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pelaku Pengedar Rokok Ilegal (Studi Kasus di KPPBC Tipe Madya Pabean A Pasuruan)

This phenomenon of illegal cigarette distribution can still be found in the Pasuruan area. The characteristics of illegal cigarettes include, among other things, excise stamps not being attached to cigarette packs, fake excise stamps being attached to cigarette packs and/or affixing excise stamps that do not correspond to their intended purpose. The Directorate General of Customs and Excise has the authority to take action and investigate illegal cigarette dealers in accordance with Law Number 39 of 2007 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 1995 concerning Excise. The purpose of this research is to determine law enforcement against illegal cigarette dealers in the Pasuruan area by KPPBC Pasuruan. The research method used in this research is empirical juridical. Primary and secondary data were obtained through interviews with KPPBC Pasuruan enforcement and investigation section staff. The data analysis method is qualitative descriptive. The results of this research are that law enforcement carried out by KPPBC Pasuruan cannot be carried out optimally because in its implementation there are obstacles such as widespread distribution of cigarettes and a lack of officers. However, these various obstacles can be overcome with existing efforts.

Strategi Bertahan Hidup Industri Rokok Kecil Terhadap Kenaikan Cukai (Studi Kasus Rokok Ilegal di Kabupaten Probolinggo)

This study examines the survival strategy of small cigarette industries against excise tax increases (a case study of illegal cigarettes in Probolinggo District). Departing from the phenomenon of cigarettes being excisable goods in order to reduce the prevalence of smokers, it has become a problem for small cigarette industries because the increase in excise tax takes into account the ability of small cigarette industries in Probolinggo Regency. The formulation of the research problem is how the survival strategy for small cigarette industries continues to produce and what are the factors that make small industries continue to produce amid an increase in excise taxes. This research was conducted in Sidomulyo Village with a research period of 2022–2023 using James C. Scott's survival strategy theory with a qualitative approach and the case study method. The results of this study show that small cigarette industries carry out survival strategies by using used excise, not paying excise taxes, producing clandestinely, and owning other assets or businesses. The driving factors for the small cigarette industry to survive are high income; the inhibiting factors are intensive control and sanctions by the local government and the pandemic. The conclusion of the research is that the only small cigarette industry that can survive is a small cigarette industry that has the spirit to maintain the cigarette industry as a "family heritage”.

Pertangungjawaban Pelaku Tindak Pidana Menjual Atau Menyediakan Rokok Kena Cukai Yang Tidak Terdaftar

Cigarettes without excise duty or cigarettes with a hammer excise stamp on them can also be said to be illegal cigarettes with the characteristics of the original excise stamps including that the original excise stamps can be detected by naked eye, the hologram paper is usually green with the Indonesian symbol but the color can change every year, and Original excise tape paper has worm-like fibers and watermarks. Cigarettes that are mandatory for distribution in Indonesia can be achieved with business legality, production legality, and promotion legality as the bureaucracy of cigarette distribution in Indonesia. And as explained above, that smoking is a product of processed tobacco, in accordance with Law Number 39 of 2007 concerning Excise, cigarette packages must be affixed with and attached with excise tape as proof of excise payment so that cigarettes can be said to be legal to offer, hand over, provided for sale. Law Number 39 of 2007 concerning Excise also regulates that cigarettes that circulate without excise bands and do not comply with the applicable laws are said to be illegal cigarettes, anyone who distributes them can be said to be against the law and can be subject to imprisonment and fines.

Illegal product purchasing in the experimental tobacco marketplace: Effects of menthol cigarette and cigarette ventilation ban

BackgroundTobacco regulations may increase demand for illegal cigarettes. We use the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace to estimate the impact of banning menthol cigarettes (Experiment 1) and decreasing allowable cigarette filter ventilation levels (Experiment 2). MethodsCrowdsourced participants were randomized into one of four groups (2×2 factorial design). Experiment 1 included menthol availability (yes/no) by purchasing option (legal only vs illegal available). Experiment 2 included filter-vented cigarettes availability (yes/no) by purchasing option (legal only vs illegal available). Participants were given an individualized budget to purchase tobacco. Percent budget spent was the outcome measure. ResultsExperiment 1, with a legal marketplace only, non-menthol cigarette purchasing was lower (p=0.010) and electronic-cigarette purchasing was higher (p=0.016), when cigarettes were banned compared to when they were available. With an illegal marketplace, switching to legal non-menthol cigarettes was less likely (p<0.001) and purchasing illegal menthol cigarettes was higher (p<0.001), when cigarettes were banned compared to when they were available. Experiment 2, with a legal marketplace only, cigarette purchasing was lower (p=0.010), when the participant's filtered vented cigarettes were banned compared to when they were available. With an illegal marketplace, purchasing the legal low-ventilated cigarette option was lower (p<0.001) and significant differences in illegal filter-vented cigarette purchasing were not observed, when their filter-vented cigarettes were banned compared to when they were available legally. ConclusionsWithout an illegal option, both restrictions decreased cigarette purchasing, but the menthol ban increased e-cigarette purchasing. With an illegal option, a menthol ban increased illegal cigarette purchasing, but decreasing filter ventilation did not.

Urgensi Kebijakan Kenaikan Tarif Cukai Rokok Elektrik di Indonesia

The Indonesian Government added electric cigarettes (e-cigarettes) as excise objects to improve the cigarette excise policy. Since 2018, the level of e-cigarettes has increased continuously. The age distribution of smokers who consume e-cigarettes is also starting to be troubling. Tobacco Control Support and the Association of Indonesian Public Health discovered that many e-cigarettes smoker are young children and teenagers. To reduce the prevalence rate of smokers, especially among children and teenagers, the Indonesian government made a policy to increase the excise tariffs and its minimum retail selling price. Increasing cigarette excise is often a problem because it has many impacts on other related sectors. In contrast to regular cigarettes, e-cigarettes had not much relation to many other sectors so the researchers aim to see whether increases in e-cigarette excise and minimum retail prices can help the government achieve its goals. By the government making an excise tariff policy, several sectors must be considered such as state revenue, consumption levels, involved sectors, and controlling illegal cigarettes. The tariff system and excise structure are also important instruments for the government to control the level of cigarette consumption. Researchers used qualitative methods and descriptive techniques to analyze data. The increase in excise tariffs for e-cigarettes has not reached its maximum, however increasing retail prices of e-cigarettes could also reduce consumption levels, especially the prevalence of using e-cigarettes among young kids and teenagers.

IMPACT OF TOBACCO EXCISE ON SECTORAL OUTPUT AND GROSS INCOME OF INDONESIA : AN APPLICATION OF INPUT OUTPUT ANALYSIS

(Excise on Tobacco Products (CHT) as the largest contributor to the Indonesian economy when compared to other excisable goods reaches 96% so it is considered quite effective to improve the country's economy. CHT has increased every year with the aim of controlling the negative impact of cigarette consumption and relaxing the success of the High Risk Excise Control (PBHT) in eradicating illegal cigarettes. This study aims to analyze the impact of the CHT increase on sectoral output and Gross Domestic Product. The method of analysis in this study is Input-Output using the 2010 IO table (updated in 2019). The classification of the Input Output table is 185 sectors and aggregated into 21 sectors. The analysis in this study is multiplier analysis, distribution and linkage. The result is that the increase in CHT on the tobacco product processing industry has no impact on the national economy as a whole, so it is better for the CHT increase regulation to remain in effect. The government must supervise related parties in the production of the cigarette industry so that fraud does not occur if the CHT increase is still in effect.

The Digital Socialization Effectiveness of “Destroy The Illegal Cigarettes” at Customs and Excise Office in Surakarta

The Digital Socialization Effectiveness of “Destroy The Illegal Cigarettes” at Customs and Excise Office in Surakarta

The visual attentional pattern toward smoking area signs in legal and illegal cigarette smokers: Preliminary findings

Attentional patterns towards signs of smoking area might be different on individual levels. This would play a significant role in the decision-making process of illegal smoking behavior. In order to understand and effectively intervene the such behavior, this study aims to investigate the attentional pattern of the legal and illegal smokers toward the area signs (e.g. smoking area vs. no-smoking area) using a free viewing task and eye-tracking method. The participants were grouped into 25 legal smokers groups (LSG) and 15 illegal smokers groups (ISG) based on their usual smoking spots specified in the self-report questionnaire. During the free-viewing task where their visual attentional pattern was measured by an eye-tracking method, the participants were presented with eight pictorial stimuli with the area signs and the smoking-related cues. To examine the initial orientation process, the initial fixation latency, total dwell time, and dwell time by time blocks were analyzed for the smoking area signs. As a result, while LSG showed faster initial fixation toward the smoking area signs than no-smoking area signs, ISG did not. Also, LSG showed higher proportion of initial visual attention to smoking area signs. These findings suggest that the initial orienting attentional pattern of LSG toward the area signs might play a significant role in the legal smoking behavior.

Tobacco control policies in India: a review

With up to half of those who use tobacco as intended dying from it, tobacco is also the main product that legitimate consumers buy that harms each consumer. Because of insufficient public awareness of the risks, aggressive advertising, and a lack of effective public policies to combat it, tobacco use is widespread. It has been estimated that tobacco use during the 20th century contributed to about 100 million deaths overall. The global adult tobacco survey (GATS) India (2010) estimates that there are 275 million adult tobacco users in India (216 million in the country and 59 million in the metro area). In 2004, India was one of the first few countries to ratify the WHO framework convention on tobacco control. The general public's and local communities' support for tobacco control has worked in concert with government-sponsored tobacco control policies. Combating the world-ending effects of tobacco requires the successful implementation of planned procedures. Therefore, the push of tobacco regulations is on the small legal cigarette market, which puts a lot of use pressure on the illegal cigarette alternative, which is resistant with hints the Nation.

Trend of Smuggled Cigarette Consumption in Tehran in the Last Two Decades.

Illicit tobacco trade is focused on Iran as a main target in the WHO's eastern Mediterranean region. Serial studies of Cigarette Packs Survey with same method were conducted in Tehran between 2003 and 2015 to evaluate consumed smuggled cigarettes. This study as the fourth Cigarette Packs Survey is designed to indicate the trends of illicit cigarette trade in Tehran in the last two decades. A cross-sectional household study was carried out in early 2021 in Tehran on 3042 persons who smoked at least one daily cigarette for a year. The sampling method was like the sampling method used in three previous studies. Participants aged≥15 years were asked to reveal their current cigarette pack, which was either legal cigarettes (having governmental label); or illegal cigarettes (without governmental label). The subjects included 2536 males (83.4%) and the mean age was 39.9±12.1 years; 1854 subjects (60.9%) showed foreign cigarettes and 1188 (39.1%) showed domestic cigarettes; 2705 (88.9%) consumed legal cigarettes and 337 (11.1%) consumed illegal cigarettes. Consumption of illegal cigarettes by gender showed greater use of smuggled cigarettes in males (11.7%vs 8.1%). No significant differences were seen based on the marital and educational status in terms of illegal cigarettes prevalence. Compare with previous studies, the trend of consumption of illicit cigarettes was decreasing in past two decades. This could be due to new regulation on monitoring cigarette distribution and changing illegal brands to legal as joint production.

Cigarette butts in two urban areas from Brazil: Links among environmental impacts, demography and market

Environmental impacts are currently linked to smoking cigarette behavior, as cigarette butts (CBs) represent the most common litter item in natural areas. Despite this, even the best ranked Brazilian cities, in terms of urban cleaning, have no information about urban littered CBs. Thus, CBs were monitored in Santos and Niterói cities, aiming to assess contamination, Cigarette Butt Pollution Index (CBPI) and the illegal market size. CBs were collected in 36 walkways considering different land usage types and urban density levels. The CBPI was calculated, and brands were used to identify the size of the illegal market. CBs contamination in Santos (0.25 CBs/m2) was three times higher than Niterói (0.08 CBs/m2) and their occurrence and distribution presented no relationship with land usage types and urban population densities levels. CBPI = 17.6 was severe and the highest so far reported. A total of 28 cigarette brands were found both studied cities. Further, illegal cigarette consumption in Santos and Niteroi was estimated, based on brands of collected CBs, at 25.2% and 36.8%, respectively. Such data may be valuable for implementation of logistic reverse actions seeking to environmentally sustainable and socially resilient cities. Cigarette consumption threatens human life and the environment, and tobacco companies should be accountable for the pollution they generate.

Brand-switching and tobacco taxation in Vietnam

BackgroundThe government of Vietnam is embarking on a radical tobacco excise tax reform, switching from the current pure ad valorem scheme to a mixed system by adding a specific component....

New evidence of illicit cigarette consumption and government revenue loss in Indonesia.

INTRODUCTIONIllicit cigarettes because of their affordability could increase smoking prevalence, especially among young people. They also cause a large revenue loss for the government. This study aims to estimate illicit cigarette consumption and government revenue loss in Indonesia, a country with a very high smoking prevalence, especially among males.METHODSWe estimated illicit cigarette trade in terms of volume and revenue loss. Illicit trade was estimated as the discrepancy between legal cigarette sales and domestic consumption recorded by national representative surveys. Data sources included Basic Health Research Survey, Global Adult Tobacco Survey, National Socioeconomic Survey, and data from Ministry of Finance.RESULTSWe found that illicit cigarette consumption fluctuated from 19 billion sticks in 2007 to 14 billion sticks in 2013, and sharply increased to 59 billion sticks in 2018. Relative to cigarette consumption, illicit cigarettes were the lowest at 5% in 2013 and highest at 19% of consumption in 2018 (assuming 0% underreporting). The estimated government revenue loss ranged from IDR 24.2 to 42.0 trillion (US$ 1668 to 2897 million), which corresponds to 15.8% to 27.5% of cigarette excise revenue in 2018.CONCLUSIONSIn Indonesia, illicit cigarette consumption was found to be high and increasing, which contributed to a large government revenue loss (almost onethird of tobacco excise tax revenue). To reduce illegal cigarette production and smuggling, the government should increase resources to enforce the regulation on the excise tax system including stronger penalties, especially related to illicit cigarette production.