Iliac Blade Research Articles

Biostratigraphic significance of a new record of Protuberum cabralense, a bizarre traversodontid cynodont from the Middle‑Late Triassic of Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT Traversodontid cynodonts are one of the most abundant and diverse groups of tetrapods in the Triassic assemblages of Brazil. These cynodonts are distributed across four Brazilian Assemblage Zones (AZ), ranging from the late Ladinian to the early Norian. The most taxonomically diverse record comes from the Dinodontosaurus AZ, which has so far yielded at least six traversodontid genera. Among these taxa, Protuberum cabralense represents one of the most bizarre forms. This cynodont is characterised by the presence of enlarged and rounded protuberances along the dorsal surface of the ribs, the vertebral neural spines and dorsal portion of the iliac blades. These structures have been suggested to serve as a defensive mechanism or related to burrowing/digging habits. We report the first occurrence of P. cabralense at the Linha Várzea 1 site, located in the municipality of Paraíso do Sul, Brazil. This site is considered late Ladinian to early Carnian in age. The new material consists of five rib fragments, which possess the characteristic protuberances on their dorsal surface. A biostratigraphic investigation demonstrates the absence of P. cabralense in fossiliferous sites that yielded the cynodonts Luangwa. This observation contributes to the discussion regarding a potential subdivision within the Dinodontosaurus AZ.

Reassessment of a theropod ilium from the Kem Kem beds of Morocco and the evolution of ilia in Spinosauridae

A theropod ilium MHNM KK04 from the Kem Kem Beds (Cenomanian) of Morocco was originally described as an abelisaurid. It is here reinterpreted as a spinosaurine spinosaurid. The phylogenetic relationships of MHNM KK04 were analyzed. A thorough and careful comparison between spinosaurids and abelisaurids was made. The Kem Kem ilium was identified as a spinosaurid based on the similarity to the Spinosaurus aegyptiacus neotype and the MSNM V6900 specimen (i.e., the lateral wall of brevis fossa is taller than the medial wall, the ventral margin of the postacetabular blade is straight, and the ventral margin of postacetabular process is posteroventrally oriented). However, MHNM KK04 is slightly different from the ilium of the Spinosaurus aegyptiacus neotype (i.e., the ilium dorsal margin is sub-horizontal to slightly anteriorly inclined, the dorsoventral height of the iliac blade at the postacetabular portion is approximately the same size as the blade height above the acetabulum, and the postacetabulum length is slightly longer than the ischial peduncle length). MHNM KK04, together with previous studies, shows that there were at least two morphotypes of spinosaurines in the Late Cretaceous of Kem Kem beds. Nevertheless, taphonomy, intraspecific or ontogenetic variation cannot be ruled out in the present work. This reclassification adds to the number of juvenile spinosaurines from the Kem Kem beds and provided evidence on the evolution of ilia in spinosaurids.

The axial skeleton of Tiktaalik roseae

The axial columns of the earliest limbed vertebrates show distinct patterns of regionalization as compared to early tetrapodomorphs. Included among their novel features are sacral ribs, which provide linkage between the vertebral column and pelvis, contributing to body support and propulsion by the hindlimb. Data on the axial skeletons of the closest relatives of limbed vertebrates are sparce, with key features of specimens potentially covered by matrix. Therefore, it is unclear in what sequence and under what functional context specializations in the axial skeletons of tetrapods arose. Here, we describe the axial skeleton of the elpistostegalian Tiktaalik roseae and show that transformations to the axial column for head mobility, body support, and pelvic fin buttressing evolved in finned vertebrates prior to the origin of limbs. No atlas-axis complex is observed; however, an independent basioccipital-exoccipital complex suggests increased mobility at the occipital vertebral junction. While the construction of vertebrae in Tiktaalik is similar to early tetrapodomorphs, its ribs possess a specialized sacral domain. Sacral ribs are expanded and ventrally curved, indicating likely attachment to the expanded iliac blade of the pelvis by ligamentous connection. Thus, the origin of novel rib types preceded major alterations to trunk vertebrae, and linkage between pelvic fins and axial column preceded the origin of limbs. These data reveal an unexpected combination of post-cranial skeletal characters, informing hypotheses of body posture and movement in the closest relatives of limbed vertebrates.

Vectidromeus insularis, a new hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, England

The Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, UK, has produced a diverse dinosaurian fauna over the past 150 years. Hypsilophodontids are the most common small dinosaurs in the assemblage. Currently all hypsilophodontids are referred to Hypsilophodon foxii, originally described based on skulls and skeletons from the Hypsilophodon bed near Cowleaze Chine, in the uppermost Wessex Formation. We report a new hypsilophodontid, Vectidromeus insularis gen. et sp. nov., from exposures near Sudmoor Point, lying at the base of the exposed Wessex, ∼150 m below the Hypsilophodon beds. Associated elements of the dorsal vertebrae, pelvis, hindlimbs, and tail are preserved. The specimen represents a juvenile, but differs from adult and juvenile Hypsilophodon foxii in the short and deep posterior iliac blade, short pubic peduncle, laterally exposed brevis fossa, rectangular ischia, and large fourth trochanter. Vectidromeus adds to the diversity of dinosaurs in the Wessex Formation. With other putative hypsilophodontids now assigned to other families, the Hypsilophodontidae currently comprises just Hypsilophodon and Vectidromeus, both from the Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight. Hypsilophodontidae appear to be endemic to the Early Cretaceous of Europe.

An Iliac Blade Osteochondroma- a Rare Case Presentation and Review of Literature

Most common benign tumors in orthopedic outdoor clinics seem to be osteochondroma/exostosis which are around 20-50% of all benign bony lesions. Flat bones like iliac blade, scapula, ribs and clavicle which develop from intra-membranous ossification are rarely involved. A28 year old female from rural area presented to orthopedic outdoor clinic with pain and swelling around the inguinal region on right side for past 18 months and diagnosis was made after incisional biopsy. Iliac blade is a rare site for presentation and the patient had no neurovascular compression or mass effect on surrounding structures. Osteochondromas of flat bones are rarely encountered, therefore, proper diagnosis should be made and other differential diagnoses should be considered during evaluation of mass around the pelvic girdle.

Use of calcaneal plates in the treatment of posterior pelvic ring injuries and displaced iliac blade fractures- A case series

IntroductionThe operative fixation of pelvic ring injuries and associated acetabulum fractures presents a challenging scenario to most of the orthopaedic trauma surgeons. Current development of anatomically contoured reconstruction (ACR) plates gained popularity in fixing complex pelvic ring fractures. This study was done to assess the functional and radiological outcomes using of lateral wall stainless steel (LWSS) calcaneal plates in posterior pelvic ring injuries and displaced iliac blade fractures. Materials and methodsRetrospectively selected eight cases of pelvic ring injuries planned for fixing posterior pelvic instability and iliac blade fractures using LWSS plates. Mean follow-up was 18 months (Range 12–26 months). ResultsAverage time for radiological bony union achieved in 18 weeks (Range 13–22). Seven patients returned to their normal work. Average Majeed score was 60 (Range 50–68). Mean duration of surgery was 160 min (Range 120–200). ConclusionThis technique can be routinely used as supplementary fixation for posterior pelvic ring instability and iliac blade fractures. LWSS calcaneal plates showed no screw breakage or implant failure. Further this technique was cost effective in developing countries with limited resources.

New loricata remains from the Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence (Middle-Upper Triassic), southern Brazil

Loricatans have an almost worldwide distribution, with a diverse range of body plans and a temporal distribution that extends from the Triassic Period until the present. Middle-Upper Triassic strata from southern Brazil preserved several records of Loricata traditionally bundled as ‘Rauisuchians’, including Prestosuchus chiniquensis, Decuriasuchus quartacolonia, Dagasuchus santacruzensis and Rauisuchus tirandentes. In this study we describe isolated vertebrae, scapula and ilium from the Dinodontosaurus Association Zone, which are compatible in terms of morphology, size and stratigraphical context to the other early Loricata from this unit. The ilium in particular was recognized as pertaining to the genus Prestosuchus. This assignation is supported by the shared dorsally concave curvature of the iliac blade, which was recovered as a synapomorphy for the genus in a phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, this contribution presents new comparative material, especially in the case of poorly sampled elements for the genus (such as the ilium). Additionally, the Linha Várzea Site, where the materials come from, is added to the map of records of Loricata from the Brazilian Triassic.

A Case of Extracranial Metastasis of Glioblastoma Multiforme Seen on Bone Scintigraphy.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system in adults. It is known for its devastating intracranial progress thus attributing to its very short survival. Here, we report a case of 37-year-old female with GBM post surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy who presented with pain in right hip region. She was referred to our department for evaluation of skeletal metastasis. Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate bone scan revealed an expansile lesion involving the right iliac blade along with extensive lytic bony lesions throughout the axial skeleton.

A New Method for Quantifying 3D Skeletal Morphology in Living Subjects Using Low‐Dose Stereo Radiographs

Accurate and repeatable assessments of three‐dimensional (3D) skeletal morphology are critical to interpretations of vertebrate functional anatomy. In skeletal specimens, these goals can be accomplished using in‐silico models derived from 3D laser scan, photogrammetry, or computed tomography (CT) data. Assessments of skeletal morphology in living subjects, especially humans, are more challenging and are often either cost‐prohibitive (e.g., magnetic resonance) or expose subjects to high doses of ionizing radiation (e.g., CT). Here, we present a new, open‐source method for assessing 3D skeletal morphology using ultra‐low dose biplanar radiographs. Biplanar radiographs were obtained using an EOS Imaging System (EOS Imaging, Inc., Paris, France). A custom‐built calibration frame with radiopaque markers was scanned using this system on multiple days in multiple positions inside the scanning space. We quantified the 3D coordinates of markers by placing landmarks at the center of each marker in both anterior‐posterior and lateral radiographs. Landmark data for each scan were collected independently by two observers to determine inter‐observer error. 3D coordinates of landmarks in each scan differed by <1 mm between observers, suggesting strong repeatability in assessing morphology of living subjects. To assess distortion in EOS images, we constructed a second calibration device, a flat plate with radiopaque markers at the corners of three squares with 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm sides, respectively, surrounding an origin point. The calibration plate was scanned with the origin point at the center of the scan area and the sides of the squares parallel to the detectors. We identified distortion at the edges of EOS images which could significantly impact measurements on skeletal features near the margins of the scan area (i.e., hips, pelvis, lower limbs) and developed a method to mathematically correct for resulting distortion in landmark data. Finally, we demonstrate this method using measurements of iliac blade and spinous process orientation in a sample of living human participants. This method will be applicable to studies of multiple human cohorts, including symptomatic and asymptomatic groups, as well as to other biplanar radiograph platforms and study organisms.

Energetic costs of hindlimb‐dominated locomotion in sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi)

Human bipedal locomotion is unique, requiring a suite of musculoskeletal adaptations that were acquired gradually throughout hominin evolution. For example, lordotic lumbar spines move the center of mass over the hip joint and resists axial compression, short, laterally‐oriented iliac blades increase the leverage of the hip extensors and abductors, and the adducted hallux facilitates weight transfer during a propulsive toe‐off. Sifakas and other primates occasionally move bipedally in the wild, especially in terrestrial settings, but because they lack specialized anatomy, bipedal locomotion should be less efficient. In this study we test the hypothesis that energy costs differ among sifaka locomotor modes and predict that terrestrial bipedal locomotion is associated with greater energy expenditure than their more habitual mode of arboreal locomotion, vertical clinging and leaping. Bipedal (n=77) and vertical clinging and leaping (n=74) gait cycles were filmed in nine sifakas at the Duke Lemur Center. Locomotor data (stride length, peak body height of the cycle, and velocity) were measured from these videos using ImageJ and used to calculate energy expenditure using published equations. Linear mixed models were used to statistically test the differences in energy expenditure between locomotor modes while accounting for the effects of velocity and repeatedly measuring the same individuals. Results demonstrate that the cost of bipedalism is significantly greater than that of vertical clinging and leaping (p<0.0001). This result supports the idea that the locomotor adaptations in the hominin musculoskeletal system reduce the cost of locomoting bipedally. Furthermore, because sifakas rely on bipedal locomotion in terrestrial settings, these results have conservation implications for understanding the energetic demands of sifaka locomotion in deforested habitats.

The immature Homo naledi ilium from the Lesedi Chamber, Rising Star Cave, South Africa

Objectives Homo naledi is represented by abundant remains from the Dinaledi Chamber of the Rising Star Cave system in South Africa. While pelvic elements from the Dinaledi Chamber of the cave are fragmentary, a relatively complete ilium (U.W. 102a–138) was recovered from the Lesedi Chamber. We reconstructed and analyzed the Lesedi ilium, providing qualitative descriptions and quantitative assessment of its morphology and developmental state.Materials and MethodsWe compared the Lesedi ilium to remains from the Dinaledi Chamber, other South African hominin fossils, and an ontogenetic series of human ilia. We used the Dinaledi adults as a guide for reconstructing the Lesedi ilium. To assess development of the Lesedi ilium, we compared immature/mature proportional ilium height for fossils and humans. We used 3D geometric morphometrics (GMs) to examine size and shape variation among this sample.ResultsThe Lesedi ilium showed incipient development of features expressed in adult H. naledi ilia. The proportional height of the Lesedi ilium was within the range of human juveniles between 4–11 years of age. GM analyses showed that the Lesedi ilium had an iliac blade shape similar to those of australopiths and an expanded auricular surface more similar to humans.ConclusionsThe reconstructed Lesedi specimen represents the best preserved ilium of H. naledi, confirming the australopith‐like iliac blade morphology first hypothesized in adult specimens, and establishing that this anatomy was present early in this species' ontogeny. In contrast to australopiths, the Lesedi ilium displays an enlarged sacroiliac joint, the significance of which requires further investigation.

A new faunistic component of the Lower Triassic Panchet Formation of India increases the continental non-archosauromorph neodiapsid record in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction

AbstractThe fossil record of Early Triassic diapsids is very important to understand how the end-Permian mass extinction affected ecosystems and the patterns and processes involved in the subsequent biotic recovery. Vertebrate fossil assemblages of continental deposits in current-day South Africa, China, and Russia are the best source of information of this clade during the aftermath of the extinction event. Although considerably less sampled, the Induan continental rocks of the Panchet Formation of the Damodar Basin (eastern India) have also yielded a relatively diverse vertebrate assemblage composed of fishes, temnospondyls, synapsids, and a single proterosuchid taxon. Here, we report on a small isolated diapsid partial ilium (ISIR 1132) from the upper Panchet Formation. This specimen has a distinct morphology compared to other tetrapods that we know, including a shallow emargination on the dorsal margin of the anterior portion of the iliac blade, and ratio between height of iliac blade versus maximum height of iliac acetabulum at level of the dorsalmost extension of supraacetabular crest ≤0.45. Comparisons and a quantitative phylogenetic analysis found ISIR 1132 as a non-archosauromorph neodiapsid. This new specimen expands the reptile diversity in the Panchet Formation as well as for the rest of Gondwana, where Early Triassic non-archosauromorph neodiapsid species are extremely scarce.

MP65-12 EFFECTS OF BOLSTER ALIGNMENT ON ANATOMICAL ORIENTATION OF KIDNEY IN REFERENCE TO PRONE PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY

You have accessJournal of UrologyStone Disease: Surgical Therapy V (MP65)1 Sep 2021MP65-12 EFFECTS OF BOLSTER ALIGNMENT ON ANATOMICAL ORIENTATION OF KIDNEY IN REFERENCE TO PRONE PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY Rishi Nayyar, Prashant Singh, Barun Bagga, Sanjay Sharma, Amlesh Seth, Prabhjot Singh, and Brusabhanu Nayak Rishi Nayyar Rishi Nayyar More articles by this author , Prashant SinghPrashant Singh More articles by this author , Barun BaggaBarun Bagga More articles by this author , Sanjay SharmaSanjay Sharma More articles by this author , Amlesh SethAmlesh Seth More articles by this author , Prabhjot SinghPrabhjot Singh More articles by this author , and Brusabhanu NayakBrusabhanu Nayak More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002105.12AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: During prone percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) rolled blankets or foam or gel bolsters are often placed underneath the patient to allow for chest and abdominal wall expansion. This study aimed to evaluate the anatomical changes in kidney orientation in prone position with the use of horizontal and vertical bolster alignment. METHODS: Patients who had renal stone disease underwent computed tomography scan in prone position. Measurements were made to quantify the cranio-caudal, antero-posterior, side to side and rotational movements of kidneys. RESULTS: The kidneys move caudally with both bolster positions. Horizontal bolsters provide more caudal displacement than vertical bolsters (p<0.01), more so on right side. There was a mean 2.14 and 2.03 cms increase in right upper calyceal-diaphragm and lower calyceal-diaphragm distance, respectively with the use of horizontal bolsters as compared to vertical bolsters (p<0.01) (Figure 1). Similarly, the mean increase on the left side was 1.50 and 1.41 cms, respectively (p<0.01). Horizontal bolsters also result in more (0.4-0.85 cm) calyx-skin distance (p<0.01), being more pronounced at lower calyx. Also, there was significant increase in the erector spinae-mid posterior calyceal-colon angle with the horizontal bolsters as compared to the vertical bolsters (124.89 v/s 110.05; p<0.01 for the right and 96.25 v/s 85.73; p<0.01 for the left kidney). There was insignificant medial rotation (kidney angle 15.17 v/s 22.06; p=0.58 for the right kidney and 31.26 v/s 39.58; p=0.475 for the left kidney) and insignificant decrease in the posterior abdominal wall space available for puncture (rib iliac blade distance 8.59 v/s 9.11 cms; p=0.93 for the right kidney and 8.61 v/s 9.04; p=0.99 for the left kidney) with the horizontal bolsters. CONCLUSIONS: Horizontal bolster position provides significantly more caudal displacement of both the kidneys; the right kidney being displaced more as compared to the left. However, there is also increase in skin-calyceal distance with horizontal as compared to the vertical bolsters. These assessments may help the surgeons decide optimal bolster position individualized to the patient. Source of Funding: None. © 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 206Issue Supplement 3September 2021Page: e1124-e1124 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Rishi Nayyar More articles by this author Prashant Singh More articles by this author Barun Bagga More articles by this author Sanjay Sharma More articles by this author Amlesh Seth More articles by this author Prabhjot Singh More articles by this author Brusabhanu Nayak More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...

Acetabular Orientation in Hominins and Other Anthropoids

Hominin pelvic form differs dramatically from that of other primates by having more laterally facing iliac blades, a wider sacrum and a larger, transversely broad pelvic inlet. Acetabular orientation may differ as well, plausibly related to differences in load transmission during habitual bipedal posture and locomotion. Here, we test the hypothesis that hominin acetabular orientation differs from that of other anthropoids using two approaches. First, we performed a 3D geometric morphometric analysis of landmarks collected on the acetabula of 220 specimens representing 30 extant taxa, humans, A. afarensis (AL 288-1), and a Neandethal (Kebara 2). Second, we measured the 3D orientation of the acetabulum on in silico models of individual hipbones that were aligned to the median plane by registering models to landmark coordinates that had been collected on articulated pelves. We fit a plane to the acetabular rim and measured its orientation relative to the median plane, a “transverse” plane fit to the lumbosacral joint, and a “coronal” plane orthogonal to the median and lumbosacral planes. Angles between the acetabular plane and reference planes are 3D angles, measured as the angle between the normal vectors of the acetabular and selected reference plane in the plane containing both normal vectors. The sample for this analysis included 77 specimens from 22 extant anthropoid taxa, humans, Kebara 2, A. afarensis (AL 288-1), and A. sediba (MH 2). Results of the geometric morphometric analysis do demonstrate differences between hominins and non-hominins, but results are confounded by variation in acetabular size. Analysis of angular relationships between the acetabulum and reference planes, though, support the hypothesis that hominin acetabula indeed are more anteriorly and inferiorly oriented than those of other anthropoids. Other taxa are generally similar, although African apes exhibit slightly more anteriorly oriented acetabula than other anthropoids. Results suggest that the orientation of the acetabulum is a key component in the suite of pelvic characteristics related to habitual bipedality in hominins and should be considered in future analyses of hominin pelvic morphology.

Great apes and humans evolved from a long-backed ancestor

There is current debate whether the Homo/Pan last common ancestor (LCA) had a short, stiff lumbar column like great apes or a longer, flexible column observed in generalized Miocene hominoids. Beyond having only four segments, three additional features contribute to lumbar stiffening: the position of the transitional vertebra (TV), orientation of the lumbar spinous processes, and entrapment of lumbar vertebrae between the iliac blades. For great apes, these features would be homologous if inherited from a short-backed LCA but likely functionally convergent through dissimilar phenotypes if evolved from a long-backed LCA. We quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed human, ape, and monkey thoracic and lumbar vertebrae using 3D surface scanning and osteological measurements to compare spinous process morphology and sacral depth. We also used a large sample of hominoid vertebral counts to assess variation in the position of the TV and lumbosacral boundary. All extant hominoids modally place the TV at the ultimate thoracic. However, humans and orangutans place the TV at the 19th postcranial vertebral segment, whereas other apes place the TV at the 20th. Furthermore, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans each have distinct patterns of spinous process angulation and morphology associated with lumbar stiffening, while human spinous process morphology is similar to that of longer backed gibbons, monkeys, and Miocene hominoids Morotopithecus and Pierolapithecus. Finally, chimpanzees are unique compared with other hominoids with a greater sacral depth facilitating lumbar entrapment, and there are differences among African apes with respect to the mechanisms governing variation in the lumbosacral boundary. These differences suggest that lumbar stiffening is convergent among great apes and that human bipedalism evolved from a more generalized long-backed ancestor. Such a model is more consistent with evidence of TV placement in Australopithecus.

Clinico-radiological Outcomes of Using Modified Stoppa Approach for Treating Acetabular Fractures: An Institutional Review.

IntroductionAcetabular fractures are complex intra-articular fractures. The extra-pelvic ilioinguinal (IL) has been the workhorse for the anterior approach and remains the gold standard. The major difference between the IL and the Stoppa approaches is that Stoppa allows for the avoidance of the middle window of the IL approach. Hence, the modified Stoppa approach (MSA) can be adopted by a comparatively less experienced surgeon with minimal complications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the radiological and functional outcomes of patients operated on using the MSA.Materials and methodsPatients operated on by the MSA for acetabular fractures with a minimum of one year of clinical and radiographic follow-ups were reviewed. CT scans and radiographs were evaluated for the fracture pattern, time to surgery, operative time, blood loss, quality of reduction (Matta criterion), FO [Harris hip score (HHS) and Nach Merle d'Aubigné and Postel score (NMAPS)] and complications (perioperative and follow-up). Twenty-three of 26 patients with 45 acetabular fractures operated between January 2016 and November 2018 were included. Descriptive statistics were used for demographic data, and Pearson’s chi-squared statistic was calculated for the association between radiological and functional outcomes.Results Among the 23 patients, the mean age was 38.5 years (range: 15-65) with a male-to-female ratio of 18:5. The average time to surgery was 11.5 days (range: 2-32), operating time was 155 minutes (range: 90-243), and average blood loss was 650 ml (range: 500-1,250). A supplemental lateral window was used in 20 patients (87%), and three underwent the combined anterior and posterior [Kocher Langenbacks (KL)] approach. All cases were unilateral. The transverse fracture was the most common pattern (eight patients) followed by the associated both-column fracture in six and T-type, isolated anterior column fracture, and anterior column and posterior hemi-transverse fractures seen in three patients each. Iliac blade (high anterior column) fracture was seen in 14 cases and one patient had associated sacral type II fracture. Road traffic accidents accounted for 61% of the injuries and injury severity score (ISS) of >15 (polytrauma) was seen in more than 50% of the cases (associated with other organ injuries). The radiological outcome was anatomical in 52% of the cases, imperfect in 39%, and poor in 9%. The functional outcomes were good to excellent in 74% (HHS) and 79% (NMAPS) of the cases. The association and correlation between them were nonsignificant (p-value: >0.5). Two patients developed a superficial infection and three had iatrogenic obturator nerve palsy. One patient had a direct inguinal hernia, one had grade 3 bedsores, and two patients developed grade 2 arthritic changes during the follow-up. No case of vessel injury was encountered.ConclusionAdoption of the MSA for the treatment of acetabular fractures leads to a good-to-excellent anatomical reduction in most cases while providing direct visualization of the quadrilateral plate and posterior column. The learning curve is smaller for less-experienced surgeons in terms of complications and results. We recommend this technique as a viable alternative to the IL approach for anterior acetabular fixation.

RAIBLIANIA CALLIGARISI GEN. N., SP. N., A NEW TANYSTROPHEID (DIAPSIDA, TANYSTROPHEIDAE) FROM THE UPPER TRIASSIC (CARNIAN) OF NORTHEASTERN ITALY

Tetrapod remains are extremely rare in the early Carnian (Late Triassic) Calcare del Predil Formation on the Italian side of the Julian Alps (Friuli Venezia Giulia Autonomous Region), which yielded the fossil assemblage including the famous Raibl ichthyofauna. A new tanystropheid archosauromorph, Raibliania calligarisi, is here named based on a partial skeleton found in this formation along the Prasnig Brook. The new taxon is similar to Tanystropheus, sharing with it the very elongated cervical vertebrae, but is characterized by the presence of relatively large button-like teeth; apex of the neural spines not transversely thickened; articular facets on the upper corners of the neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae; short and distally pointed pleurapophyses of the second and last 'lumbar' vertebra; ilium with a long preacetabular process bearing a robust and transversely thick tuberosity and a medial ridge bordering the entire ventral part of the iliac blade; and pubis with a cranial process. Tanystropheids lived in the present day Alps and Prealps of Friuli Venezia Giulia Region from the late Anisian to the mid-late Norian and were an important component of the coastal reptile faunas, although they were less common than eusauropterygians and placodonts during the early Carnian. Tanystropheids with extremely elongated cervical vertebrae are reported in this area from the upper Anisian to the lower Carnian.

The clinical characteristics and conservative management of isolated iliac wing fractures: A single-center experience from North India

Background: The fracture of iliac bone or blade is uncommon injury and usually a part of pelvic ring disruption with varied clinical presentation. Isolated iliac bone fractures are rare, with literature limited to few reports or small series. Materials and Methods: Retrospective data of consecutive cases of isolated iliac bone fractures were analyzed during the period of July 2014 to August 2019. Relevant patient demographics, mode of injury, pattern of fracture, associated adjacent regional or remote injuries were noted for each case. Details of previous treatment and that of treatment given by us were also noted for each case. Results: A total of 18 cases with isolated iliac bone fracture of the pelvic bone were noted. The mean age was 31.2 years (range: 22–54 years). All the cases were male, and fall from height was etiology in 12 cases, followed by road traffic accidents in the rest. Left- and right-side involvement was noted in 11 and 7 cases each. The fracture pattern was minimally displaced simple in 13 and comminuted in 5 cases. The conservative management was done in all cases. The radiological union and clinical stability of fractures were assessed as end points. The fracture united in all cases within 8–9 weeks and without any immediate or remote complication. Level of evidence - Level 5, Observational Study. Conclusion: The uncommon isolated iliac wing fractures require better recognition and documentation for its management. Further studies should provide a better understanding of these injuries and treatment guidelines.

Scelidosaurus harrisonii from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: postcranial skeleton

PRISM FUND TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE ST JOHN'S COLLEGE OXFORD SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION (WASHINGTON DC)

A late Miocene hominid partial pelvis from Hungary

Substantial differences among the pelves of anthropoids have been central to interpretations of the selection pressures that shaped extant hominoids, yet the evolution of the hominoid pelvis has been poorly understood due to the scarcity of fossil material. A recently discovered partial hipbone attributed to the 10 million-year-old fossil ape Rudapithecus hungaricus from Rudabánya, Hungary, differs from the hipbones of cercopithecids and earlier apes in functionally significant ways. Comparisons were made to extant and other fossil anthropoids using combination of non-landmark-based and linear metrics. Measurements were taken on 3D polygonal models of hipbones collected using laser scans. These metrics capture functionally relevant morphology given the incomplete preservation of the Rudapithecus specimen. This fossil displays features that reflect changes in spinal musculature and torso structure found only in extant great and lesser apes among hominoids. Rudapithecus has an expanded cranial acetabular lunate surface related to orthograde positional behaviors, a shallow acetabulum and relatively short ischium like orangutans and hylobatids. It displays evidence of moderately coronally-oriented iliac blades as in all extant apes and Ateles, and flaring iliac blade shape of siamangs and great apes, associated with some level of spinal stiffness. However, this fossil lacks the long lower ilium that characterizes chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans, associated with their reduction of the number of lumbar vertebrae. The R. hungaricus pelvis demonstrates that the extreme elongation of the lower ilium seen in extant great apes does not necessarily accompany adaptation to orthograde posture and forelimb-dominated arboreal locomotion in hominoid evolution. Lower iliac elongation appears to have occurred independently in each lineage of extant great apes, supporting the hypothesis that the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo may have been unlike extant great apes in pelvic length and lower back morphology.