Ileocolic Artery Research Articles

A CASE OF ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION OF THE ILEUM WITH RECURRENT MASSIVE MELENA

A 55-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of recurrent massive melena with unknown bleeding site for two years. Blood pool scintigraphy revealed the active bleeding in the ileocecum. Abdominal angiography revealed the bleeding from arteriovenous malformation at the branch of the ileocolic artery. Immediately, the bleeding was successfully treated with intraarterial infusion of vasopressin, and thereafter an ileocecal resection was performed electively. In general, the patient with massive melena has a high risk for emergency operation. Therefore, the active bleeding from arteriovenous malformation revealed angiographically, should be first treated with intraarterial infusion of vasopressin like in this case. It is better to perform the operation after the general condition is improved.

Solitary ileocolic arteriovenous malformation: spongostan and silk therapeutic embolisation.

A debilitated patient with liver cirrhosis and poor haemostasis had a severe lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage. A superior mesenteric arteriogram revealed an early persistent and promiment draining vein in the ileocolic...

The ileocolic artery as a separate aortic branch in a patient with an aortic aneurysm

The infrarenal aorta does not usually have important arterial branches which have to be reimplanted during aortic surgery. Only when both hypogastric arteries are occluded may it be considered necessary to reimplant a patent inferior mesenteric artery in order to prevent colonic ischaemia. Accessory renal arteries should also be reattached to the aortic graft to prevent renovascular hypertension. All other aortic branches, like lumbar arteries, can be oversewn. Normally, the coeliac trunk and the superior ruesenteric artery and all the collaterals between these two systems, combined with the collateral system from the inferior mesenteric artery and/or hypogastric arteries are sufficient to preserve intestinal viability. 1'2 We report a patient, undergoing repair of an asymptomatic infrarenal aortic aneurysm, who had an ileocolic artery as a separate dominant arterial branch from the aorta. This anatomical variation has not been reported before. 1-3

Analysis of vascular anatomy and lymph node metastases warrants radical segmental bowel resection for colon cancer.

To determine the indications for limited colon cancer surgery in each location, we reviewed the arterial branching patterns and lymph node metastases along the course of specific vascular trunks in 344 colon cancer patients who had undergone preoperative angiography and colectomy with lymph node dissection. Our conclusions are follows: Because the ileocecal artery always arises from the superior mesenteric artery and lymph node metastases of cecum cancer were limited to nodes along the ileocolic artery, cecum cancer can be cured by ileocecal resection. The right colic artery has various origins, and ascending colon cancer shows various patterns of lymph node metastases. Therefore a right hemicolectomy should be performed for ascending colon cancer. The middle colic artery forks into right and left branches, and each branch has different branching variations. If the right colic and middle colic arteries have a common trunk, a right hemicolectomy should be performed for transverse colon cancer on the right side. If the left branch of the middle colic artery has an independent replaced origin, lymph node dissection should be modified according to the variant origin. If the left colic artery and the first sigmoidal artery have a common trunk, the lymph nodes along the common trunk should be removed for sigmoid colon cancer and for descending colon cancer. Of the patients with sigmoid colon cancer, 6.3% also had lymph node metastases along the superior rectal artery. Given that the lymph nodes along the superior rectal artery are skeletonized, sigmoid colon cancer can be also cured by partial sigmoidectomy.

Right colonic arterial anatomy. Implications for laparoscopic surgery.

Hemorrhagic complications can be a major cause of conversion and/or morbidity during laparoscopic intestinal surgery. The limited exposure currently provided in laparoscopic intestinal resection demands a precise knowledge of mesenteric vascular anatomy to avoid such complications and to expedite the procedure. Most surgical texts depict a "normal pattern" of arterial supply to the right colon consisting of three arterial branches (ileocolic artery, right colic artery, and middle colic artery) arising independently from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Based on previous reports and clinical observations, we hypothesized that the right colic artery arises infrequently from the SMA, and most commonly, there are only two colonic arteries arising independently from the SMA. We performed detailed dissections of the SMA in 56 human cadavers. We found the ileocolic artery in all of our cases and the middle colic artery in 55 of 56 cadavers but only six cases of a right colic artery emanating directly from SMA. Our data, combined with review of published anatomic studies, lead us to conclude that in the vast majority of cases there are only two independent branches arising from SMA that supply the large intestine, the ileocolic and the middle colic arteries. The right colic artery directly arising from SMA is unusual (10.7 percent). This knowledge may help lower the risk of vascular complications during laparoscopic intestinal surgery.

Optimizing results and techniques of mesenteric lengthening in ileal pouch-anal anastomosis

The techniques for ileoanal pull-through procedures have been well described previously. However, little attention has been given to the techniques to maximize ileal mesenteric length. Furthermore, no studies have provided data that support the technical recommendations. The purposes of this study are to describe our technique for ileal pouch construction and ileal mesenteric lengthening, and to provide data supporting our recommendations. The operative summaries of 74 consecutive ileal J-pouch-anal anastomoses procedures were reviewed with attention to the management of the mesenteric vasculature. Complete data with respect to the handling of the mesenteric circulation were available for 66 cases. Ileal J-pouch-anal anastomoses were achieved with both the ileal branch of the superior mesenteric artery and the ileocolic artery intact in 23% of cases. The ileocolic artery was divided in 48% of cases, and the ileal branch of the superior mesenteric artery was divided in 29% of cases. In addition, one or more distal arcade vessels between the vasa recta and the ileocolic artery were divided in 18% of cases. Ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis was possible in all 74 patients. These data emphasize the variability in mesenteric circulation and the complexity of pouch construction in patients undergoing ileoanal pull-through procedures. However, with attention to the techniques described, ileal J-pouch-anal anastomoses should be possible in virtually all patients.

HYPERTONIC SALINE TREATMENT OF HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN AWAKE RATS

Hypertonic saline solution (HTS) treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UCHS) in anesthetized animals leads to increased bleeding, fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP), and increased mortality. To rule out the effect of anesthetic drugs on this response, HTS infusion in UCHS was studied in awake rats. 24 h prior to the experiment, the animals were cannulated under neurolidal-ketalar anesthesia and two major branches of the ileo-colic artery were encircled with a silk suture. On the next day the awake animals were randomly divided into two groups: in group 1 (n = 16) controlled hemorrhagic shock (CHS) was induced by arterial bleeding of 20 mL/kg; in group 2 (n = 16) UCHS was induced by transcutaneous tear of two branches of the ileo-colic artery. The animals in each group were then divided into two subgroups: group A was untreated and group B was treated with 5 mL/kg 7.5% NaCl (HTS) after 10 min. Arterial bleeding in group 1A was followed by a fall in MAP to 63 +/- 2 mmHg (p < .001), and the hematocrit decreased to 37 +/- 3% (p < .01) in 10 min. Injury to two branches of the ileo-coli artery was followed by intra-abdominal bleeding, fall in MAP to 87 +/- 6 mmHg (p < .01), and a decrease in hematocrit to 32 +/- 2% (p < .01) in 10 min. Infusion of HTS in group 1B was followed by an increase in MAP to 84 +/- 4 mmHg (p < .01) and a fall in hematocrit to 22 +/- 2% (p < .01) after 60 min, while in the untreated group 1A, the MAP was 65 +/- 4 mmHg (p < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Further studies on the presence of functional tissue factor activity on the subendothelium of normal human and rabbit arteries

Although tissue factor (TF) activity has been observed on the subendothelial surface of rabbit aorta and human umbilical cord, immunofluorescent and in situ hybridization methods have failed repeatedly to demonstrate TF in the intima of human blood vessels. In the present study, TF activity on everted, de-endothelialized arteries was studied by two methods. One utilized a flow system and measured fibrin deposition and fibrinopeptide A formation. The other utilized a newly developed rotating probe system and measured the conversion of factor X to factor Xa in the presence of factor VIIa and Ca +2. The study attempted to control, or assess, the possibility that functional TF could have been exposed on the vessel surface by the procedures used to prepare the arterial segments. By both methods, TF activity was detected on the subendothelium of rabbit aortae and human umbilical arteries, and was unaffected by the length of storage or by inclusion of actinomycin D in the storage buffer. TF activity was also observed in the subendothelium of adult human ileo-colic, internal mammary, and renal arteries, studied by the rotating probe method. The latter may underestimate TF activity, as some of the factor Xa formed appears to bind to the subendothelial surface. TF activity (Xa formation) was detected on the luminal surface (subendothelium) of non-everted arteries, but increased activity was observed after eversion of the vessel. The source of the subendothelial TF, and its presence in normal subendothelium in vivo, requires further study. In addition, if any of the TF activity observed in this study was derived from injured endothelial or myointimal cells during preparation of the everted vessel segments, the techniques described could serve as a useful model for studying TF-induced thrombosis and factor Xa formation on injured blood vessels, and for evaluating the anti-thrombotic properties of TF-inhibitors.

A CASE OF SUPPURATIVE PYLEPHLEBITIS DUE TO ACUTE APPENDICITIS

A case of suppurative pylephlebitis of the portal vein following acute appendicitis is reported. A 52-year-old male with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus developed acute abdominal pain and high fever. Although physical findings and laboratory data were indicative of the pre DIC state accompanied by liver dysfunction secondary to panperitonitis, CT examination suggested obstruction of the portal vein and superior mesenteric vein. During surgery, the appendix showed acute inflammatory changes with localized peritoneal abscess, and the ileocolic, superior mesenteric and extra hepatic portal veins were confirmed completely obstructed with thrombi. Following appendectomy, peritoneal lavage and drainage, a polyethylene catheter was inserted into the ileocolic artery, through which antibiotics and urokinase were injected in addition to the systemic administration of antibiotics, y-globulin, heparin, antithrombin-HI, and gabexate mesilate. Angiography on the 38 postoperative day revealed cavernous transformation of the portal vein, with the main portal trunk being completely obstructed. Escherichia coli was isolated from culture of blood sample collected preoperatively and that of ascites or the thrombus obtained during surgery. Suppurative pylephlebitis of the portal vein is a rare disease, but it can be associated with intraperitoneal infections including acute appendicitis, if the patient has some underlying disease such as diabetes mellitus. This case indicates that surgical removal of infected focus followed by conservative treatment is able to save the patient's life.

La Nostra Esperienza con la Tasca Ileo-Colica Continente (Indiana Modificata): Note di Tecnica

The ileo-colic continent pouch in a modified Indiana version has been used in our Unit for some years now on those patients where an orthotopical neo-bladder is impossible. This technique exploits the ileocecal valve's characteristics of continence. The operative stages are indicated, highlighting the main characteristics and unusual technical aspects. We usually use the ascending colon section with supply from ileo-colic artery to obtain a small pouch, which is then enlarged with a 25 cm long detubulised ileal section. The uretero-ileal anastomosis is made by sub-mucosal anti-reflux tunnel. The terminal ileus, which will act as a duct, is anastomised to the umbilical skin, keeping it straight. The choice of umbilical site for the anastomy is excellent for easy self-catheterisation and external appearance. Couch capacity is immediately 600 cc. Urodynamic evaluation shows low pressure in all stages of filling (up to 900 cc) without pressure peaks due to peristaltic contractions.

Contributions of alpha 1-adrenoceptors, alpha 2-adrenoceptors and P2x-purinoceptors to neurotransmission in several rabbit isolated blood vessels: role of neuronal uptake and autofeedback.

1. The roles of autofeedback and neuronal uptake in neurotransmission produced by electrical field stimulation in several rabbit isolated blood vessels were examined. 2. Blocking drugs were used to separate the possible purinergic and noradrenergic contributions to the end organ response: prazosin, antagonist at postjunctional alpha 1-adrenoceptors; rauwolscine and yohimbine, antagonists at pre- and postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors; alpha,beta-methylene ATP, desensitizing agent at postjunctional P2x-purinoceptors. In addition to desensitizing postjunctional P2x-purinoceptors, alpha,beta-methylene ATP potentiated the noradrenergic component of the nerve-induced responses. 3. In the presence of an intact neuronal uptake mechanism, the vessels showed different contributions of purinergic (via P2x-purinoceptors) and noradrenergic (via alpha 1-adrenoceptors and alpha 2-adrenoceptors) components to the end organ response to nerve stimulation: saphenous artery (approximately equal contributions from P2x-purinoceptors and alpha 1-adrenoceptors), ileocolic artery (mainly P2x-purinoceptors with a smaller contribution from alpha 1-adrenoceptors), plantaris vein (mainly alpha 1-adrenoceptors with a small contribution from alpha 2-adrenoceptors and P2x-purinoceptors) and saphenous vein (alpha 1-adrenoceptors). 4. The presence of alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated autofeedback could be demonstrated for both purinergic and noradrenergic components of the nerve-induced responses in the artery preparations. In the veins, potentiation of nerve-induced responses by alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists could not be studied due to blockade of postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction. 5. Blockade of neuronal uptake with cocaine potentiated the noradrenergic component of the nerve-induced responses. Both alpha 1-adrenoceptor- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated components were potentiated, with a relatively greater potentiation of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated component. In the case of saphenous vein an alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated component which was previously absent was uncovered.6. Blockade of neuronal uptake with cocaine had no effect or reduced the purinergic component of responses, the latter effect presumably due to enhanced alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated autofeedback.7. In the presence of cocaine, nerve-induced responses in the saphenous vein were biphasic. Rauwolscine potentiated the first phase and inhibited the second phase thus demonstrating effects of pre- and postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated activation in the same preparation.8. In conclusion, neuronal uptake and autofeedback processes play important and complex interacting parts in determining the relative contributions of alpha 1,- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors and P2.-purinoceptors in the end organ response to neurotransmission in blood vessels.

Yenidoğanda A.Mesenterica Superior’un Kolonu Besleyen Dalları Ve Varyasyonları

The branches and variations of the superior mesenteric artery blood supplying for the colon in the newborn infants ✓ The branches of the superior mesenteric artery which blood supplies for the colon in the 46 fulterm newborn infants with normal birth weight were studied. The ileocolic artery was found out to be the least variable and to be existing all the time. In 10.8 percent of the cases, no right colic artery was seen. The a. colica media was observed to exist in all the cases. In 10.7 percent of the cases, the accessory middle colic artery was detected. The findings ob¬tained were compared with those in the literature. ✓ Normal dogum tartili ve miadinda 46 yenidoganda a. mesenterica superior (AMS)'un kolonu kanlandiran dallarini ve varyasyonlarini arastirmak amaciyla yapilan bu calismada a.ileocolica'nin daima bulunan ve en az degiskenlik gosteren arter oldugu saptandi. A.colica dextra'nm % 10.8 olguda bulunmadigi, a.colica media'nin tum olgularda varligi gozlendi. Olgu¬larin % 10.7'sinde ise, a.colica media accessoria'ya rastlandi. Elde edilen bulgular, literatur bulgulari isigi altinda degerlendirildi

The effect of ethanol on responses of the isolated rabbit ileocolic artery

Antagonist drugs were used to separate the purinergic and adrenergic contributions involved in the sympathetic vasopressor responses produced by electrical field stimulation in the ileocolic artery of the rabbit. Blocking drugs were applied either alone or in various combinations and sequences. The effect of ethanol was studied in conditions of α-adrenoceptor blockade, P 2x purinoceptor desensitisation, or in the absence of antagonists. From these studies it is concluded that ethanol has a selective potentiating effect on α-adrenoceptor-mediated responses.

Adrenergic and purinergic cotransmission in nicotine-evoked vasoconstriction in rabbit ileocolic arteries

The possible involvement of ATP, in addition to noradrenaline, in nicotine-evoked vasoconstriction was studied in branches of the ileocolic artery of the rabbit. For measurement of vasoconstrictor responses, the arteries were simultaneously incubated and perfused. For measurement of the release of [3H]-noradrenaline, they were preincubated with [3H]-noradrenaline and then superfused. Prazosin (0.1 mumol/l) antagonized the constrictor effect of exogenous noradrenaline but not that of exogenous ATP. Desensitization of P2X-receptors by alpha, beta-methylene ATP markedly attenuated the effect of exogenous ATP but not that of noradrenaline. The presumed P2-purinoceptor antagonist suramin (100 mumol/l) reduced the maximal contraction obtainable with noradrenaline and shifted the concentration-response curve for the constrictor effect of alpha, beta-methylene ATP to the right, but did not change the effect of ATP. Nicotine elicited monophasic vasoconstrictions which faded while nicotine was still in the medium. The concentration-response curve was bell-shaped with an EC50 of 50 mumol/l and a maximal effect at 180 mumol/l, and the exposure time-response curve indicated that responses were maximal after 5 s of contact of nicotine (180 mumol/l) with the tissue. Neither prazosin 0.1 mumol/l nor desensitization by alpha,beta-methylene ATP changed the time course of the response to nicotine, but both depressed the magnitude of the responses over the whole concentration- and exposure time-response curves. The depression was greater with prazosin than with alpha,beta-methylene ATP. Desensitization by alpha,beta-methylene ATP or addition of suramin 100 mumol/l practically abolished the prazosin-resistant part of the response. The effect of nicotine was blocked by hexamethonium as well as by sympathetic denervation by 6-hydroxydopamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Different sensitivities of rabbit isolated blood vessels exhibiting co‐transmission to the slow calcium channel blocker, nifedipine

1. Antagonist drugs were used to separate the purinergic and adrenergic contributions as well as the adrenoceptor sub-types involved in the sympathetic vasoconstrictor responses produced by electrical field stimulation in rabbit isolated ileocolic and proximal saphenous arteries. Blocking drugs were applied either alone or in various combinations and sequences. 2. Nifedipine attenuated vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation both in the presence and in the absence of alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents. However in the presence of alpha,beta-methylene ATP, nifedipine produces at best only a small attenuation of the vasoconstrictor response. 3. These results suggest that the purinergic component of the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation, at least in these tissues, can be antagonized by nifedipine, whereas the alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated response is relatively resistant.

Nucleotides as cotransmitters in vascular sympathetic neuroeffector transmission.

Postganglionic sympathetic cotransmission by noradrenaline (NA) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was studied in isolated arteries from rabbits using as tools alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and alpha, beta-methylene-ATP which first activates and then desensitizes purine P2X receptors. In the pulmonary artery, NA was the only chemical signal responsible for neurogenic vasoconstriction. In sharp contrast, ATP was the only signal eliciting electric as well as mechanical postjunctional responses in small jejunal arteries. Mixed adrenergic and purinergic transmission was found in the largest ramus caecalis of the ileocolic artery. The purinergic component prevailed in short pulse trains and early in long trains, whereas the adrenergic component prevailed in the late phases of long (20 s) trains. Prejunctional alpha 2-adrenergic autoinhibition markedly depressed purinergic as well as adrenergic transmission as soon as a latency of about 2 s was exceeded.

Presynaptic α2‐autoinhibition in a vascular neuroeffector junction where ATP and noradrenaline act as co‐transmitters

1. alpha 2-Autoinhibition of transmitter release was investigated in the largest rami caecales of the rabbit ileocolic artery. Vasoconstriction, elicited by electrical field stimulation or by exogenous agonists, was measured as an increase in perfusion pressure. 2. Short periods of electrical stimulation elicited monophasic vasoconstriction, whereas longer periods (greater than 10 s) produced biphasic vasoconstriction. Prazosin had no significant effect on the first component of the biphasic vasoconstriction elicited by electrical stimulation, but did reduce the second component at higher frequencies. alpha, beta-Methylene ATP significantly attenuated the first component whilst the second component was relatively resistant. 3. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine did not change responses evoked by very short pulse trains (less than 2 s) but enhanced responses to longer pulse trains. When vasoconstriction was biphasic, both phases were potentiated by yohimbine. 4. The results indicate that the vasoconstriction elicited by brief trains of sympathetic nerve impulses is mainly or exclusively mediated by ATP, whereas at longer pulse trains a noradrenergic component comes into play. The potentiation produced by yohimbine is due to interruption of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated autoinhibition of transmitter release. The autoinhibition affects both purinergic and adrenergic components of sympathetic neurotransmission.

ヒト胎児の腹部消化器に分布する動脈

The arterial supply of the abdominal digestive organs and the developmental process were studied in 25 Japanese fetuses from 3 months to 9 months old into whose arteries latex rubber was injected. The results were as follows: 1) The branching patterns of the celiac trunk were classified into 5 types. The most common type or the complete celiac trunk was found in 18 cases (72%). Four variation types or incomplete celiac trunks were found in 7 cases (28%). 2) The rates at which the following arteries were observed in the stomach were as follows: 100% for the left gastric artery, 100% for the left and right gastroepiploic artery, 100% for the short gastric artery, 100% for the gastroduodenal artery, 92% for the right gastric artery, 24% for the branch of the left inferior phrenic artery, and 16% for the posterior gastric artery arising from the splenic artery. The left gastric artery was better developed than the other arteries in 3-month-old fetuses. 3) The rates at which the following arteries were observed in the liver were as follows: 100% for the proper hepatic artery, 28% for the accessory left hepatic artery and 8% for the accessory right hepatic arteries. The accessory left hepatic artery in 3-month-old fetuses was better developed than in older fetuses. 4) The rates at which the following arteries were observed in the pancreas were follows: 100% for the branches of the splenic artery, 100% for the branches of the gastroduodenal artery and 100% for the branches of the superior mesenteric artery. Further, dorsal pancreatic arteries not arising from the splenic artery were found in 20% of cases. The dorsal and great pancreatic arteries branching from the splenic artery could not be distinguished from one another in younger fetuses. 5) The rates at which the following arteries were observed in the duodenum were as follows: 100% for the branches of the superior and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries. This arterial supply was the same in all the fetuses. 6) The arterial supply of the jejunum and the ileum were as follows: the jejunum and the ileum were supplied only by the branches of the superior mesenteric artery. The minimum number of the branches was 7 and the maximum 12. 7) The arterial supply of the large intestine was as follows: the caecum was supplied only by the ileocolic artery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock by hypertonic saline and external counterpressure

The effect of an external counterpressure device (ECPD) on hypertonic saline treatment of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UCHS) was studied in rats. The rats were divided into five groups. In group 1 (n = 11) UCHS induced by incision of three radicals of the ileocolic artery was treated by 5 mL/kg NaCl 0.9% (normal saline). In group 2 (n = 20), UCHS was treated by 5 mL/kg NaCl 7.5% (hypertonic saline). In group 3 (n = 6), UCHS was treated by inflation of ECPD to 50 torr. In group 4 (n = 7), UCHS was treated by ECPD and normal saline; in group 5 (n = 9), UCHS was treated by ECPD and hypertonic saline. Incision of the ileocolic artery in group 1 rats led to a fall in mean arterial pressure to 33 torr (P less than .001) followed by a spontaneous rise to 48 torr (P less than .01) with a mortality rate of 27% and a mean survival time of 161 +/- 9 minutes. Infusion of hypertonic saline during UCHS was followed by a further fall in mean arterial pressure to 18.5 torr (P less than .001); mortality was 80% within 80 minutes with a mean survival time of 35.5 minutes, which was significantly lower than in group 1 (P less than .01). Inflation of ECPD during UCHS in group 3 or treatment with ECPD and normal saline in group 4 did not alter the hemodynamic response and mortality, which were similar to those of group 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Is hypertonic saline resuscitation safe in 'uncontrolled' hemorrhagic shock?

Hypertonic saline treatment of hemorrhagic shock (HS) results in increased systemic blood pressure, cardiac output, and splanchnic blood flow. To determine whether this elevation in blood pressure and flow would augment blood loss from injured intra-abdominal vessels and thus enhance mortality rate, "controlled" HS was induced by bleeding of 20 ml/kg from an arterial cannula that was immediately occluded after hemorrhage, and "uncontrolled" HS was induced by incision of three major radicals of the ileocolic artery leading to continuous intra-abdominal blood loss. Seventy rats were divided into eight groups: Group I (n = 5) underwent carotid artery and jugular vein cannulation and was observed for 3 hr; in Group II (n = 10) "controlled" HS was induced by arterial hemorrhage of 20 ml/kg; in Group III (n = 7) "controlled" HS was treated by 5 ml/kg NaCl 0.9%; in Group IV (n = 8) "controlled" HS was treated by 5 ml/kg NaCl 7.5%; in Group V (n = 4) midline laparotomy and identification of the ileocolic artery was performed; in Group VI (n = 9) "uncontrolled" HS was induced by incision of three major branches of the ileocolic artery; in Group VII (n = 9) "uncontrolled" HS was treated by 5 ml/kg NaCl 0.9%, and in Group VIII (n = 18) "uncontrolled" HS was treated by 5 ml/kg NaCl 7.5%. In untreated "controlled" HS (Group II), mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell to 35 torr followed by a spontaneous rise to 62 torr (p less than 0.001) after 3 hr with a survival of 80% of the animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)