Ileal Digestibility Of CP Research Articles

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the nutritional value of various hydrolyzed feather meals and comparison of their effect on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers

In the current study, the nutritional value of various hydrolyzed feather meals (HFM) was investigated in two separate experiments (an in vitro and an in vivo experiment). The in vitro experiment was based on a completely randomized design with five replications and seven treatments including (1) Raw feather meal (RFM), (2) HFM by autoclave (Au-HFM), (3) Fermented feather meal (FFM) by Bacillus licheniformis (Bl-FFM), (4) FFM by Bacillus subtilis (Bs-FFM), (5) FFM by Aspergillus niger (An-FFM), (6) FFM by Bacillus licheniformis + Bacillus subtilis + Aspergillus niger (Co-FFM), and (7) HFM by an enzyme (En-HFM). The highest in vitro pepsin-pancreatin and apparent ileal CP digestibility were observed in Co-FFM, and the lowest amount belonged to RFM (P < 0.05). For the in-vivo experiment, 480 1-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were distributed in the experimental units in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments and 5 replicates (12 chicks/replicate). The treatments were: (1) Control diet (without feather meal (FM)), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), and (8), diets containing 4 % RFM, Au-HFM, Bl-FFM, Bs-FFM, An-FFM, Co-FFM, and En-HFM, respectively. For the in-vivo study, the birds fed control and Co-FFM diets had the highest feed intake, body weight gain, and the lowest feed conversion ratio compared to the other treatments (P < 0.05). The broilers fed the control and FFMs diets had the lowest relative weight of abdominal fat and liver compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, our findings advise the poultry feed industry to look for Co-FFM as an effective alternative and cheaper feed ingredient to replace part of soybean meal in poultry diet.

Apparent metabolizable energy and ileal amino acid digestibility of commercial soybean meals of different origins in broilers

We studied the chemical composition and the in vivo AMEn content and apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of CP and amino acids (AA) of 27 samples of soybean meals (SBM) from Argentina (ARG), Brazil (BRA), and USA, collected in Spain. On 88% DM basis, the BRA meals had more CP (46.9 vs. 46.0 and 45.9%; P < 0.05) and less sucrose (5.21 vs. 6.28 and 6.47%; P < 0.001) and stachyose (4.20 vs. 4.66 and 4.78%; P < 0.05) than the USA and ARG meals. Urease activity, protein dispersibility index, KOH protein solubility, and trypsin inhibitor activity values, were higher for the USA meals than for the South American meals (P < 0.05). In the in vivo trial, broilers received a common crumble diet from 0 to 16 d of age and then, their respective experimental diets (53% of a N-free diet and 47% of each of the 27 SBM tested) in mash form, for 5 d. The AMEn (2,334 vs. 2,282 and 2,277 kcal/kg; P = 0.062) and the AID (87.3 vs. 86.7 and 86.4%; P = 0.054) and SID (91.9 vs. 91.2 and 90.8%; P < 0.05) of the protein, were greater for the USA meals than for the ARG and BRA meals. In fact, the SID of Lys (93.5 vs. 93.0 and 92.1%; P < 0.001) and of the sum of Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and Cys (91.4 vs. 91.0 and 90.2%; P < 0.05) were greater for the USA meals than for the ARG and BRA meals. In summary, the chemical composition, protein quality indicators, AMEn content, and ileal digestibility of the CP and the AA of the SBM, varied with the country of origin of the soybeans. In order to increase the accuracy of the feed formulation process, the composition and nutrient content of commercial batches of SBM, by country of origin should be controlled and periodically updated.

Approaches to determine the efficiency of novel 3-phytase from Klebsiella pneumoniae and commercial phytase in broilers from 1 to 14 d of age

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a laboratory 3-phytase (the expression of the phyK gene, Lab-Phy) and a commercial 6-phytase (Quantum Blue 40 P, Com-Phy) alone and in combination (corn-soy-based diets) in broilers. A total of 400, day-old Ross 308 male broilers were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 10 replicate cages (8 chicks/cage) for a 14-day trial. Experimental treatments included the positive control (0.95% Ca and 0.48% nonphytate phosphorus (nPP), PC), negative control (0.90% Ca and 0.22% nPP, NC), and NC which was supplemented with Lab-Phy 250 FTY/kg and Com-Phy 250 FTY/kg alone or in combination of Lab-Phy 125 FTY/kg and Com-Phy 125 FTY/kg. The inclusion of Lab-Phy in the NC diet significantly improved the P and Ca content in the tibia compared to the NC group. Moreover, the inclusion of Com-Phy alone and in combination with Lab-Phy in the NC diet significantly increased the P and Ca content in the tibia compared to the Lab-Phy. The mRNA expression of NaPi-IIb was upregulated in the duodenum by the reduction of nPP and downregulated by the inclusion of any phytase, whereas other nutrient transporters were not influenced by the reduction of nPP or the addition of phytase in the small intestine mucosa. Broilers receiving the NC diet obtained the lowest body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) at 8 to 14 and 1 to 14 d of age. The NC group showed the lowest villi height and surface area, Newcastle disease (ND) antibody titer, and digestibility of nutrients compared to the PC group at 14 d of age. Supplementing the NC diet with the Lab-Phy and Com-Phy individually, or in combination tended to improve BW, BWG, tibia characteristics, villi characteristics, ND, and retained CP and P, and apparent ileal digestibility of CP, P, methionine, and threonine. The present research indicated that the studied traits by the combination of phytases were slightly better than the average of the 2 individually, suggesting there might be some value in combining the laboratory and commercial phytases.

Phytase Supplementation of Four Non-Conventional Ingredients Instead of Corn Enhances Phosphorus Utilization in Yellow-Feathered Broilers.

Simple SummaryThe serious shortage of feedstuff resources is a prominent problem in the world today, and under the influence of the global food crisis, the price of ingredients has also increased. Due to the usable nutritional value and reasonable price of non-conventional ingredients, making full use of non-conventional ingredients is an important way to alleviate the shortage of feed resources, reduce the cost of livestock and poultry feeding, and improve economic efficiency. However, due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors in unconventional feed ingredients, existing studies suggest that supplementation with feed enzymes, including phytase and xylanase, can enhance feed utilization by eliminating anti-nutritional factors. By evaluating the nutritional composition and use-value of certain non-conventional feed ingredients, an application database can be established that can provide a reference for the extensive use of these resources.The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of unconventional feedstuff such as wheat, broken rice, distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS), and wheat bran, replacing 15% of the corn in the basal diet and the supplementation of bacterial phytase on nutrition digestibility. A total of 500 yellow-feathered broilers with similar body weights of 1.65 ± 0.15 kg were divided into 10 dietary treatments with 5 replicates per treatment (5 male and 5 females per cage). The AME and AIDE were significantly higher when supplied with phytase (p < 0.01) in the DDGS group. The ileal and total tract digestibility of calcium and phosphorus were significantly increased in the phytase-supplied group (p < 0.001). Additionally, the ileal digestibility of CP was increased when phytase was supplemented (p < 0.001). The results infer that the wheat, broken rice, DDGS, and wheat bran had no negative effect when replacing 15% corn. Supplementing 0.02% phytase in their diets can effectively optimize nutrient digestibility in yellow broilers.

Fermented soybean meal increases nutrient digestibility via the improvement of intestinal function, anti-oxidative capacity and immune function of weaned pigs

The nutritional components of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) vary because of the complex process of microbial fermentation. The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional value of FSBM from two sources and explore the mode of actions of FSBM on the improvement of nutrient digestibility with the measurements of digestive enzymes and serum biomarkers. Eight weaned barrows (initial BW: 14.12 ± 0.24 kg) equipped with T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin-square design with four experimental diets and four periods. Four experimental diets included a soybean meal control diet, two FSBM diets, and a nitrogen-free diet. The two sources of FSBM increased the contents of CP, amino acid and lactic acid, while decreased the levels of anti-nutritional factors, including glycinin, β-conglycinin and trypsin inhibitors. Compared to soybean meal control diet, both FSBM diets significantly increased the apparent and standardised ileal digestibility of CP and amino acids (P < 0.05), increased the activities of lipase, maltase and invertase in digesta (P < 0.05), increased total antioxidant capacity, activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, the levels of interleukin-4, IgA, IgG and IgM in serum (P < 0.05), while decreased the levels of diamine oxidase, malondialdehyde, interleukin-6, and interleukin-2 in serum (P < 0.05). Additionally, the standardised ileal digestibility of amino acids were highly correlated with the aforementioned digestive enzymes and health-related serum biomarkers. In summary, FSBM diets showed an improved nutritional value evidenced by the higher nutrient digestibility, which may be partially derived from its beneficial effects on intestinal integrity, anti-oxidative capacity and immune function.

Supplemental Effects of Phytase on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in the Jejunum and the Impacts on Nutrient Digestibility, Intestinal Morphology, and Bone Parameters in Broiler Chickens.

Simple SummaryA positive modulation of the gut microbiota is associated with benefits regarding intestinal health and subsequent growth performance. The supplementation of phytase has been studied for improving nutrient digestibility, bone parameters, and growth performance. This study aimed to determine the effects of increasing doses of phytase on the modulation of mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum enhancing intestinal health and the impacts on nutrient digestibility, bone parameters, and growth performance of broiler chickens. It was demonstrated that the use of phytase enhanced the intestinal health of the broiler chickens by potentially increasing beneficial and reducing harmful bacteria, enhancing intestinal morphology, and consequently improving nutrient digestibility and bone parameters. Our results suggest that the use of phytase can positively modulate the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, enhance intestinal integrity, nutrient digestibility, and bone parameters of broiler chickens.This study aimed to determine supplemental effects of phytase on modulation of the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, bone parameters, and growth performance of broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty newly hatched broiler chickens (Ross 308) (44 ± 2 g BW) were randomly allotted in 6 treatments with 10 birds per cage based on a completely randomized design and fed for 27 d. The treatments consisted of one negative control (NC), diet formulated meeting the requirements suggested by Ross recommendations (2019), and without phytase supplementation. The other treatments consisted of a positive control diet (PC) formulated with 0.15% deficient Ca and P and split into 5 treatments with different phytase inclusion levels (0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 FTU/kg feed). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to feeds as an indigestible marker to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. On d 27, 3 birds were randomly selected from each cage and euthanized to collect samples for analyzing the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, oxidative stress status, AID, and bone parameters. Data were analyzed using the proc Mixed of SAS 9.4. Phytase supplementation tended to have a quadratic effect (p = 0.078) on the overall ADG (maximum: 41 g/d at 2833 FTU/kg of feed). Supplementation of phytase at 2,000 FTU/kg increased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and reduced (p < 0.05) Pelomonas. Moreover, it tended to reduce Helicobacter (p = 0.085), Pseudomonas (p = 0.090) Sphingomonas (p = 0.071). Phytase supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the villus height and the AID of CP; and tended to increase (p = 0.086) the AID of P. Phytase supplementation increased (p < 0.05) breaking strength and P content in the tibia. In conclusion, phytase supplementation showed potential benefits on the modulation of the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum by tending to reduce harmful bacteria (Pelomonas, Helicobacter, and Pseudomonas) and increase beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus). In addition, it showed positive effects increasing apparent ileal digestibility of CP and P, enhancing intestinal morphology (villus height), and improving the bone parameters (bone breaking strength, ash, and P content). Phytase supplementation at a range of 38 to 59 FTU/d or 600 to 950 FTU/kg of feed provided the most benefits related to nutrient digestibility.

Growth performance, nutrients digestibility, caecum microbiota, antioxidant status and immunity of broilers as influenced by kombucha fermented on white sugar or sugar beet molasses

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of fermented kombucha on green tea with white sugar or sugar beet molasses in broiler chickens. Birds (n = 448) were randomly allotted into seven treatments of four replicates each. Treatments were included: tap water with no kombucha (Control), water containing 3 ml/100 ml kombucha based on white sugar (SK3%), water containing 6 ml/100 ml kombucha based on white sugar (SK 6%), water containing 3 ml/100 ml kombucha based on sugar beet molasses (MK3%), water containing 6 ml/100 ml kombucha based on sugar beet molasses (MK6%), SK 3%+MK 3% and SK 6%+MK 6%. Except for SK3%, all birds received SK or MK in their drinking water had greater (p ≤ .05) BWG than control. Feed intake increased (p ≤ .05) in SK6% group in comparison to the control. All SK or MK treatments resulted in lower (p ≤ .05) FCR in comparison with the control. Birds received the MK6% and SK6%+MK6% treatments showed greater (p<.05) apparent ileal digestibility of CP. ALT levels decreased (p ≤ .05) in birds received all kombucha treatments. The SK and MK treatments decreased (p ≤ .05) total coliform counts in caecum whereas the lactobacillus population increased (p ≤ .05) in birds received 6% of SK, MK or their combination. The SK6%+MK6% and MK6% groups had greater (p ≤ .05) antibody titre against NDV. Plasma and liver activities of CAT and SOD were greater (p ≤ .05) in kombucha treatments in comparison with the control group. In conclusion, kombucha fermented on white sugar or sugar beet molasses showed growth promoting effect in broilers and addition of 6 ml fermented kombucha on sugar beet molasses per 100 ml of drinking water result in the best performance. Highlights Kombucha can improve performance in broilers Kombucha can improve intestinal morphology and caecum microbiota in broilers Kombucha can improve antioxidant status in broilers

PSVII-39 Impact of reducing dietary fermentable protein level on growth performance in nursery pigs

Abstract Inclusion of highly digestible proteins can reduce protein fermentation in the hindgut and ameliorate digestive stress after weaning. This study evaluated the impact of reduced fermentable protein (FP) level on growth performance in nursery pigs. A total of 1,760 pigs (~19 d of age; initial BW = 5.4 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a study with 5 dietary treatments, 16 pens/treatment, and 22 pigs/pen. The pigs were housed in two barns which were blocked separately by pen location and randomly allocated to treatments. Treatments were: 1) Corn, soybean meal diets with antibiotics and pharmacological levels of Cu (235 ppm) and Zn (3000 ppm) (PC); 2) Corn, soybean meal diets without antibiotics and nutritional levels of Cu and Zn and standard level of FP (NC); 3) NC + 7.5% of FP; 4) NC - 7.5% of FP; 5) NC - 15% of FP. The content of FP for each ingredient was calculated by subtracting the apparent ileal digestible CP from the apparent total tract digestible CP. Treatment diets were formulated to similar energy and nutrient levels that met or exceeded NRC (2012) requirements. Pen weights were obtained on d 0, 8, and 22.5 post-weaning and growth performance parameters were calculated. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.3 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Constructed contrasts tested the effect of antibiotics, Cu, and Zn (PC vs. NC) and level of FP (+7.5, NC, -7.5, -15%; linear and quadratic). From d 0 to 22.5 post-weaning, the NC had reduced BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F when compared to the PC (P &amp;lt; 0.05). As the level of FP decreased, there were linear increases in BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P &amp;lt; 0.01). In summary, reducing fermentable protein in the diet by using high quality protein sources improved growth performance of nursery piglets.

Amino acid digestibility of corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles with the addition of casein in pigs1

This experiment was conducted to determine the ileal digestibility of CP and AA in casein by regression analysis and to investigate the effects of casein in experimental diets on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in corn distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to pigs. Twenty barrows (initial BW = 50.5 ± 4.46 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were used. Eighteen pigs were assigned to a triplicate 6 × 3 incomplete Latin Square design with 6 diets and 3 periods. Two pigs were used as replacements. Three diets were prepared to contain 60, 100, or 140 g/kg casein to determine the ileal digestibility of CP and AA in casein by regression analysis, and 2 diets were prepared to contain either 480 g/kg DDGS or 308 g/kg DDGS and 60 g/kg casein. Casein and DDGS were the sources of nitrogen (N) in experimental diets. A N-free diet was prepared based on cornstarch and dextrose. Experimental periods consisted of 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection periods. The AID of CP and AA in casein linearly increased (P < 0.01) with increasing concentration of casein in the diets. The SID of indispensable AA in casein ranged from 94.7% (SEM = 1.16) for Ile in pigs fed the diet containing 60 g/kg casein to 103.3% (SEM = 2.21) for Arg in pigs fed the diet containing 100 g/kg casein. Except for Arg, pigs fed the diet containing DDGS and casein had greater (P < 0.001) SID of CP and indispensable AA than those fed the diet containing DDGS without casein. The ileal digestibility of indispensable AA in casein determined by regression analysis ranged from 96.8% (SE = 3.14) for Thr to 103.1% (SE = 4.40) for Arg. The AID and SID of CP and AA for DDGS in the diet containing casein were calculated by difference method using the ileal digestibility of CP and AA in casein determined by regression analysis. The AID of Lys for DDGS in the diet containing casein was greater (P = 0.035) than those without casein; however, the AID of CP and the other indispensable AA, except for Arg, Phe, and Trp, for DDGS in the diet containing casein was less (P < 0.05) than those without casein. The SID of Lys and Phe for DDGS in the diet containing casein was greater (P < 0.05) than those without casein. In conclusion, improved AA composition in semi-purified experimental diets may affect the SID of AA in low-quality protein ingredients.

Processing diets containing corn distillers’ dried grains with solubles in growing broiler chickens: effects on performance, pellet quality, ileal amino acids digestibility, and intestinal microbiota

The present study investigated the effects of feed form and distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestine microbiota in broilers. A total of 720 broilers (Ross 308; average BW 541 ± 6g) was randomly allotted to 6 treatments on the basis of BW. There were 6 replicates in each treatment with 20 birds per replicate. Birds were fed 3 different feed forms (mash, simple pellet, and expanded pellet) and DDGS (0 or 20% of diet) in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Simple pellet (SP) and expanded pellet (EP) fed birds showed an increase in BW gain (P < 0.05). The interaction between feed processing and DDGS level was observed on pellet hardness (P < 0.01). The lowest (P < 0.01) pellet durability index (PDI) and hardness were observed in the diet with DDGS. Values for PDI and hardness were higher for EP compared with SP (P < 0.01). Simple pellet decreased ileal digestibility of CP compared to mash feed. The inclusion of DDGS decreased the digestibility of CP, and tended to decrease digestibility of DM (P = 0.056) and gross energy (P = 0.069). Expanded pellet feeding decreased (P < 0.05) the ileal digestibility of isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, cysteine, and glutamine compared with mash diet. Processed feed increased (P < 0.01) pH in the gizzard and duodenum; however, processing decreased pH in ileum. The addition of DDGS to the diet reduced pH in the duodenum. The population of Lactobacillus spp. was lower in the duodenum of birds fed the EP diet compared to the mash diet. Processed feed increased the colonization of Clostridium spp. in the gizzard. These results indicated that SP and EP in broiler diet had a potential to improve BW gain, but EP compromised amino acid digestibility. In addition, DDGS supplementation (20%) decreased pellet quality and CP digestibility in broiler chickens; however, the growth performance and feed intake were not affected.

Apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of AA and starch in hybrid rye, barley, wheat, and corn fed to growing pigs1

An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA and starch and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in three varieties of hybrid rye and in one source of barley, wheat, and corn. Seven growing barrows (initial BW = 26.1 ± 2.4 kg) were randomly allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square design with seven periods and seven experimental diets. Six diets included one of the grains as the sole source of AA, and an N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. In each period, ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on days 6 and 7 following a 5-d adaptation period. At the conclusion of the experiment, all ingredients, diets, and ileal digesta samples were analyzed for starch, CP, and AA. The AID of starch was greater (P < 0.05) in wheat and corn than in barley or hybrid rye, but all grains had AID values for starch that were above 95%. Wheat and barley contained more CP and indispensable AA than hybrid rye, but hybrid rye contained more indispensable AA compared with corn. The SID of CP and all indispensable AA was greater (P < 0.05) in barley, wheat, and corn than in the three varieties of rye. However, because of the greater concentration of AA in hybrid rye than in corn, the quantities of standardized ileal digestible CP and AA were not different between corn and hybrid rye. In conclusion, hybrid rye has greater concentrations of most AA than corn, but the digestibility of AA in rye is less than in other cereal grains. It is likely that the reason for the reduced SID of AA in rye is that rye contains more fructans and soluble dietary fiber than other cereal grains, which may increase viscosity and reduce the efficiency of endogenous peptidases.

Ileal digestibility of amino acids in selected feed ingredients fed to young growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in brewers rice, full-fat rice bran (FFRB), defatted rice bran (DFRB), peanut meal, sesame meal, rapeseed meal, rapeseed expellers, soybean expellers, cassava meal, and bakery meal fed to young growing pigs. Twenty-two barrows (initial BW: 14.09 ± 1.48 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 11 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 11 diets and four 7-d periods in each square. Eleven experimental diets were prepared and test ingredients were the sole source of CP and AA in 10 diets and the eleventh diet was a N-free diet used to measure basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.4%) was included in all diets as an indigestible marker and ileal digesta were collected on day 6 and 7 of each period. Results indicated that the SID of CP and AA was greatest (P < 0.05) in brewers rice and sesame meal and least (P < 0.05) in cassava meal. The SID of indispensable AA was greater (P < 0.05) in sesame meal compared with all other ingredients except brewers rice. Full-fat rice bran had greater (P < 0.05) SID of Arg, Ile, Leu, Lys, and Met compared with DFRB. The SID of CP and most AA was not different among rapeseed meal, rapeseed expellers, and soybean expellers. Bakery meal had the least (P < 0.05) SID of most AA compared with all other ingredients, with the exception of cassava meal. The concentration of standardized ileal digestible CP was greater (P < 0.05) in sesame meal and peanut meal (482.32 and 452.44 g/kg DM, respectively) than in all other ingredients. Soybean expellers had the greatest (P < 0.05) concentration of standardized ileal digestible Lys (22.98 g/kg DM) followed by rapeseed meal (16.11 g/kg DM) and rapeseed expellers (16.17 g/kg DM). Cassava meal and bakery meal had the least (P < 0.05) concentration of standardized ileal digestible CP and most AA compared with the other ingredients. Concentrations of standardized ileal digestible CP and AA in brewers rice, FFRB, and DFRB were less (P < 0.05) than in rapeseed meal, rapeseed expellers, and soybean expellers. In conclusion, peanut meal and sesame meal have greater concentrations of standardized ileal digestible CP and most AA, with the exception of Lys, than other ingredients. Rapeseed meal, rapeseed expellers, and soybean expellers have the greatest concentrations of standardized ileal digestible Lys.

Chemical composition, energy, and amino acid digestibility in 7 cottonseed co-products fed to growing pigs.

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, DE and ME contents, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in 7 cottonseed co-products fed to growing pigs. The 7 cottonseed co-products were: cottonseed meals (solvent extracted) with CP level of 46%, 50%, and 55% (46CSM, 50CSM, and 55CSM), cottonseed protein with CP level of 50% and 55% (50CSP and 55CSP), fermented cottonseed meal (CSMF), and expelled cottonseed meal (CSME). The DE and ME contents of the 7 test ingredients were measured using 48 crossbreed barrows (BW: 44.1 ± 4.2 kg) and 8 diets (including a corn-soybean meal basal diet) in a completely randomized design. The AID and SID of AA of the 7 test ingredients were determined using 7 crossbreed barrows (initial BW: 67.4 ± 8.5 kg) in a 6 × 8 Youden square design with 6 periods and 8 diets (including one N-free diet). The DE and ME values of the 7 cottonseed co-products varied from 12.72 to 15.63 MJ/kg and 12.24 to 14.83 MJ/kg, respectively. Among the 7 cottonseed co-products, 55CSP and CSME had the greatest (P < 0.05) ME and DE values compared to the other cottonseed co-products. In addition, 55CSP had the greatest (P < 0.05) AID and SID of all the AA tested except for Gly and Pro. In contrast, 46CSM or 55CSM had the lowest (P < 0.05) AID and SID of all the AA tested except for Gly and Pro. The 55CSP also had the greatest (P < 0.05) concentrations of standardized ileal digestible CP and all the AA tested except for Gly and Pro. In conclusion, the chemical composition, energy, and AA digestibility of cottonseed co-products with different processing techniques varied widely. Based on the energy and AA digestibility, cottonseed protein with CP level of 55% is a better dietary ingredient for growing pigs compared with the other cottonseed co-products.

Apparent and standardized ileal nutrient digestibility of broiler diets containing varying levels of raw full-fat soybean and microbial protease

BackgroundAlthough soybean meal (SBM) is excellent source of protein in diets for poultry, it is sometimes inaccessible, costly and fluctuates in supply. The SBM can partially be replaced by full-fat SBM, but the meals prepared from raw full-fat soybean contain antinutritional factors. To avoid the risk of antinutritional factors, heat treatment is always advisable, but either excessive or under heating the soybean could negatively affect the quality. However, the potential for further improvement of SBM by supplementing with microbial enzymes has been suggested by many researchers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of birds fed on diets containing raw soybeans and supplemented with microbial protease.MethodsA 3 × 2 factorial, involving 3 levels of raw full-fat soybean (RFFS; 0, 45 or 75 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of protease (0 or 15,000 PROT/kg) was used. The birds were raised in a climate-controlled room. A nitrogen-free diet was also offered to a reference group from day 19 to 24 to determine protein and amino acid flow at the terminal ileum and calculate the standardized ileal digestibility of nutrients. On days 10, 24 and 35, body weight and feed leftover were recorded to calculate the body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). On day 24, samples of ileal digesta were collected at least from two birds per replicate.ResultsWhen RFFS was increased from 0 to 75 g/kg of diet, the content of trypsin inhibitors was increased from 1747 to 10,193 trypsin inhibitors unit (TIU)/g of diets, and feed consumption of birds was also reduced (P < 0.05). Increasing RFFS level reduced the BWG from hatch 0 to 10 d (P < 0.01) and hatch to 24 d (P < 0.05). The BWG of birds from hatch to 35 was not significantly (P = 0.07) affected.Feed intake was also reduced (P < 0.05) during 0 to 35 d. However, protease supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the BWG and FCR during 0 to 24 d. Rising levels of RFFS increased the weight of pancreas (P < 0.001) and small intestine (P < 0.001) at day 24. Except for methionine, apparent and the corresponding standardized ileal digestibility of CP and AA were reduced (P < 0.01) by increasing levels of RFFS in diets.ConclusionThis study showed that some commercial SBM could be replaced by RFFS in broiler diets, without markedly compromising productivity. The AID and SID of CP and lysine were slightly improved by dietary supplementation of microbial protease.

Effects of Xylanase Supplementation and Citric Acid on Performance, Ileal Nutrients Digestibility, and Gene Expression of Intestinal Nutrient Transporters in Broilers Challenged with Clostridium perfringens.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of xylanase and citric acid (CA) on growth, digesta pH, ileal populations of Clostridium perfringens and lactic acid bacteria, ileal nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, and mRNA expression of intestinal nutrient transporters in starter broilers challenged with C. perfringens. The experiment was conducted in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with two levels of CA (0 and 30 g/kg) and 2 levels of xylanase (0 and 200 mg/kg). Each of the four dietary treatments was fed to six replicate pens (15 birds/pen) between 0 and 21 d of age. Dietary CA significantly increased ADFI and ADG; meanwhile, xylanase addition led to a substantial reduction in FCR (P<0.05). No differences in digesta pH, C. perfringens counts, or quantity of lactic acid bacteria were found between the treatments. Xylanase supplementation increased AME values (P<0.01) and ileal digestibility of CP (P<0.05) in challenged birds. The inclusion of CA also increased the AME (P<0.01), and tended to increased ileal CP digestibility (P=0.085). Xylanase supplementation increased α-amylase, trypsin, and sucrose activity in the jejunum (P<0.01). Dietary CA significantly increased (P<0.01) villi length as well as the villus length to crypt depth ratio in jejunum segments. The jejunal mRNA expression of sodium glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) and H+-dependent peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) were upregulated by xylanase supplementation (P<0.01). The results suggest that dietary CA can promote growth as well as improve intestinal morphology and AME in birds challenged with necrotic enteritis. This study shows that xylanase supplementation improved FCR and AME in birds independent of C. perfringens infection; it also elevated the apparent ileal digestibility of CP, digestive enzyme activities, and mRNA expression of nutrient transporters in challenged birds.

Predicting the standardized ileal protein digestibility of processed soybean meal and rapeseed meal in growing pigs using two in vitro methods1

A study was conducted to compare protein digestibility of processed ingredients using 2 in vitro methods with known standardized ileal digestibility of CP (SIDCP) measured in growing pigs. The SIDCP in soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM), and both ingredients retoasted in the presence of lignosulfonate, resulting in processed SBM (pSBM) and processed RSM (pRSM), was determined in a trial with growing pigs surgically fitted with a steered ileocecal valve cannula. Toasting in the presence of lignosulfonate was performed to induce protein damage. Initial pH and degree of hydrolysis after 10 min (DH10) and 120 min (DH120) were determined using the pH-STAT method. Hydrolysis was performed using trypsin, chymotrypsin, and peptidase at pH 8. Size-exclusion profiles of the resulting peptides after hydrolysis were also determined. Crude protein digestibility was determined using a 2-step enzymatic method, with pepsin at pH 2 and pancreatin at pH 6.8. The SIDCP in SBM, pSBM, RSM, and pRSM were 83.9, 71.6, 74.9, and 64.6%, respectively. Initial pH of ingredient solutions measured at constant N concentration was 6.9, 5.9, 6.1, and 5.5, respectively, and was highly positively correlated to SIDCP (r = 0.99, P A study was conducted to compare protein digestibility of processed ingredients using 2 in vitro methods with known standardized ileal digestibility of CP (SIDCP) measured in growing pigs. The SIDCP in soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM), and both ingredients retoasted in the presence of lignosulfonate, resulting in processed SBM (pSBM) and processed RSM (pRSM), was determined in a trial with growing pigs surgically fitted with a steered ileocecal valve cannula. Toasting in the presence of lignosulfonate was performed to induce protein damage. Initial pH and degree of hydrolysis after 10 min (DH10) and 120 min (DH120) were determined using the pH-STAT method. Hydrolysis was performed using trypsin, chymotrypsin, and peptidase at pH 8. Size-exclusion profiles of the resulting peptides after hydrolysis were also determined. Crude protein digestibility was determined using a 2-step enzymatic method, with pepsin at pH 2 and pancreatin at pH 6.8. The SIDCP in SBM, pSBM, RSM, and pRSM were 83.9, 71.6, 74.9, and 64.6%, respectively. Initial pH of ingredient solutions measured at constant N concentration was 6.9, 5.9, 6.1, and 5.5, respectively, and was highly positively correlated to SIDCP (r = 0.99, P

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in eight genotypes of barley fed to growing pigs

To determine chemical composition, physical characteristics and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and amino acids (AA) in eight current hulled barley genotypes, an experiment with growing pigs has been conducted. These genotypes included Yool, Campanile, Lomerit, Travira, Anisette, Canberra, Metaxa and Fridericus. Growing barrows with an average initial BW of 30±2 kg were surgically fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum, and allotted to an 8×9 Youden square design with eight periods of 6 days each and nine pigs. Barley was the sole dietary source of CP and AA. On average, the eight genotypes contained on as-fed basis 10.7% CP, 15.2% total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), 17.1% NDF and 4.1% β-glucan, and had a mean test weight (TW) of 72.2 kg/hl. The SID of CP in the barley genotypes varied from 69% to 74%, and was greater (P<0.01) for genotypes Travira, Anisette and Metaxa compared to Yool and Campanile. Standardized ileal digestibility of Lys, Met and Trp (P<0.05) but not of Thr differed between genotypes. Moreover, barley genotypes differed in their standardized ileal digestible content (cSID) of CP and AA. Furthermore, SID and cSID of CP and most AA linearly decreased (P<0.05) with increasing NDF and total sugar content. Standardized ileal digestibility of CP and some AA and cSID of CP and most AA decreased linearly with increasing TW (P<0.05). Additionally, SID and cSID of CP and AA of most barley genotypes were lower when compared to tabulated values. In conclusion, a comprehensive database on chemical composition and SID of CP and AA in eight current barley genotypes has been made available. However, as present SID values are lower compared to feed tables, adjustments are required to minimize the risk of overestimating the actual protein value of barley for pigs.

Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Corn, Corn Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles, Wheat Middlings, and Bakery By-Products in Broilers and Laying Hens

Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of 5 samples of corn distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS), 5 samples of bakery by-products (BBP), 3 samples of corn, and 1 sample of wheat middlings (WM) were evaluated in broilers and laying hens. Diets containing each of the 14 feed ingredients were evaluated in 21 day-old broiler chickens. The DDGS and BBP containing diets were fed to 30-week-old laying hens, while corn and wheat middling were evaluated in 50-week-old laying hens. All the diets were semi-purified with each feed ingredient being the only source of amino acid (AA). To obtain SIAAD values, apparent ileal AA digestibility was corrected for basal ileal endogenous AA losses using values generated from broilers and laying hens fed a nitrogen-free diet. Ileal crude protein digestibility for the 5 DDGS samples was higher (P<0.05) in broilers than in laying hens. Broilers had higher SIAAD for DDGS 2, 3, 4, and 5 while there was no difference for DDGS 1 except for 4 AA where broilers had higher (P<0.05) SIAAD values. Standardized ileal AA digestibility values for broilers were higher (P<0.05) for BBP 1 and 4. Ileal CP digestibility for corn 1 was higher (P<0.05) for broilers compared to laying hens, and SIAAD values for the 16AA (9 indispensable and 7 dispensable) evaluated in this study were higher (P<0.05) in broilers. Broilers had higher (P<0.05) SIAAD values for 4 (histidine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine) and 6 (histidine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine) indispensable and 3 (cysteine, glutamic acid, and proline) and 4 (cysteine, glutamic acid, proline, and serine) dispensable AA for corn 2 and corn 3, respectively. No difference in SIAAD between broilers and laying hens was observed for WM. Results from this study confirm that high variability in digestibility exists between different samples of DDGS. Differences in SIAAD between broilers and laying hens were observed in some samples of DDGS and BBP.

Xylanase supplementation of a wheat-based diet improved nutrient digestion and mRNA expression of intestinal nutrient transporters in broiler chickens infected with Clostridium perfringens

Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens has become prevalent in the European Union due to the withdrawal of antibiotics in poultry feed. In an experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 336 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were assigned to 4 groups with or without C. perfringens challenge and fed wheat-based diets supplemented with or without xylanase at 5,500 U/kg of diet. The study aimed to investigate effects of xylanase addition on growth performance as well as nutrient digestion and absorption of C. perfringens-infected broilers. Before challenge (d 0-14), xylanase-supplemented birds had greater ADG and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.05). During infection (d 14-21), challenge tended to decrease ADG (P = 0.063) and significantly increased FCR (P < 0.05), whereas xylanase addition greatly reduced FCR (P < 0.05). Clostridium perfringens infection decreased AME values and apparent ileal digestibility of DM of diets (P < 0.05). Xylanase supplementation increased AME values regardless of infection and apparent ileal digestibility of CP in challenged birds (P < 0.05). Activities of duodenal α-amylase and chymotrypsin and pancreatic trypsin were decreased by C. perfringens infection (P < 0.05). Xylanase supplementation elevated pancreatic chymotrypsin activity and reduced duodenal α-amylase and trypsin activities (P < 0.05). It also decreased jejunal α-amylase activity and increased pancreatic α-amylase as well as jejunal sucrase activities in uninfected birds (P < 0.05). The duodenal mRNA expression of sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), H(+)-dependent peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), and liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) were downregulated (P < 0.05), but ileal SGLT1 gene expression was increased by infection (P < 0.05). Xylanase addition upregulated expression of jejunal SGLT1, PepT1, and L-FABP genes as well as ileal PepT1 and L-FABP genes in challenged broilers (P < 0.05). In conclusion, xylanase supplementation of wheat-based diets improved FCR and AME in birds irrespective of C. perfringens infection and elevated apparent ileal digestibility of CP and mRNA expression of nutrient transporters in challenged birds.

Effects of corn source and exogenous enzymes on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous enzymes on growth performance, ileal digestible energy (IDE) and apparent ileal digestibility of CP and amino acids (AA) in broiler chickens fed corn-soy diets formulated using 3 different sources of corn (corn 1, corn 2, and corn 3). One-day-old male broiler chicks (n = 3,600) were allocated to 15 dietary treatments as 5 treatments for each corn as follows: positive control (PC) with no exogenous enzymes and adequate in all nutrients; negative control (NC) without exogenous enzymes and a 3% reduction in calculated ME relative to the PC diet; NC plus a commercial xylanase; NC plus a commercial mixture of xylanase, amylase, and protease; and NC plus a commercial mixture of xylanase and β-glucanase. Enzyme products had no effects on performance variables, and in some instances, they had negative impacts. In most cases, there were no effects of enzyme products on IDE and digestibility of CP and AA in the starter and finisher phases. Effects of exogenous enzymes on ileal digestibility were mainly found in the grower phase, and these responses were mostly observed in birds fed corn 2 diets compared with birds receiving corn 1 or corn 3 diets. Although analyzed nutrient contents of 3 corn samples were similar, supplementing corn 2 diets with enzyme products was associated with greater responses on digestibility parameters. Factors related to diets (e.g., availability of substrates) and birds (e.g., enzymatic activities in the digestive tract) may have limited nutrient digestibility, and these limitations may have provided favorable conditions for exogenous enzymes to specifically work on their substrates in corn 2 diets in the grower phase. Effects of enzyme products on IDE and digestibility of CP and AA were not consistent and varied depending on corn sources, enzyme products, and dietary phases.