Ignition Engine Applications Research Articles

Development of Sustainable Biofuel from Seed Waste Using Pyrolysis and Its Sustainability in the Compression Ignition Engine Application

In recent decades, conventional diesel engines have faced serious challenges due to the depletion of fossil fuel sources. The current research investigates the feasibility of using waste Acacia nilotica (AN) seed pyrolysis oil as fuel in diesel engines. The pyrolysis investigations were carried out in a batch-type reactor at temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 650 °C, a heating rate of 10 °C/min, and feedstock sizes ranging from 0.2 to 1.7 mm. The maximum oil yield of 49% was obtained at 500 °C with an optimum particle size of 0.5 mm. The characterization of bio-oil was estimated with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. FTIR analysis detected aliphatic functional groups in bio-oil. GC-MS analysis determined phenolic, acetic, and cresol compounds in pyrolysis oil. Bio-oil contains 64.78% aliphatic hydrocarbons (HC), according to 1HNMR. Blends of AN and diesel were studied in diesel engines to investigate engine parameters, and the findings were compared to standard diesel. Under full load conditions, the efficiency of the AN10 (10% AN seed pyrolysis oil + 90% diesel) blend was discovered to be 32.8%, which is 2.3% lower than normal diesel, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emissions were low. The findings confirmed that up to 30% of the AN blend can substitute for diesel in compression ignition (CI) engine applications.

A numerical analysis of hydrotreated vegetable oil and dimethoxymethane (OME1) blends combustion and pollutant formation through the development of a reduced reaction mechanism

The solution to the dilemma of carbon footprint of internal combustion engines and pollutant emissions is necessary for the survival of this technology. In this context, alternative fuels have shown great potential in terms of achieving cleaner combustion and compliance with ever increasing pollutant emissions regulations. This work is focused on the study of two promising alternative fuels as Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), which is a biofuel and Dimethoxymethane also termed as OME1, which is an e-fuel. A comprehensive numerical approach has been followed to study these fuels. Primarily a compact reaction mechanism having 121 species and 678 reactions has been developed which can be utilized to perform 3D CFD simulations of blends of these fuels. Secondly, a detailed numerical investigation including combustion and emissions analysis has been carried out. Results show that the developed mechanism is able to offer predictions, which match the experimental behavior observed in various combustion parameters and thus can be utilized for compression ignition engine applications involving these promising fuels. In addition, the numerical analysis also highlights that a reduction of 50% and 37% in terms soot and NOx emissions respectively can be achieved by addition of 30% OME1 in the blend containing HVO, suggesting that these blends can be utilized in unmodified CI engines to break the soot-NOx tradeoff without significantly penalizing the energy loss.

Macroscopic and microscopic spray characterisation of Low-Octane blends for gasoline compression ignition engines

Gasoline compression ignition is an advanced combustion technology that controls harmful emissions from low-octane fuels used in compression ignition engines. Fuel’s physical properties and injection strategy influence the fuel–air mixture formation and combustion. High volatile fuel and fuel injection pressure improve the spray atomisation and fuel–air mixture formation. Gasoline-diesel blends are widely investigated for gasoline compression ignition engine applications. This study investigated microscopic and macroscopic spray characteristics of 70 % v/v gasoline and 30 % v/v diesel blend (G70), 80 % v/v gasoline and 20 % v/v diesel blend (G80), and baseline diesel injected at different fuel injection pressures. Parameters such as liquid fuel spray penetration length, spray cone angle, and droplet size and velocity distributions were assessed. The results of these parameters help determine the effect of the fuel injection parameters on combustion. It was found that though the liquid spray penetration length was not significantly different for the three test fuels, G70 exhibited a slightly lower liquid spray penetration length than the other two test fuels. Increasing the diesel fraction in the test blend reduced the spray cone angle and improved the axial dispersion of the fuel spray. The spray droplet diameter reduced with increasing gasoline fraction in the test blend and the fuel injection pressure. Sauter mean diameter decreased by up to 20 % for G80 than baseline diesel and up to 36 % with an increased fuel injection pressure from 300 to 700 bar. This study addressed a significant research gap in the spray characteristics of gasoline-diesel blends and provided a benchmark for simulation based model validation.

Plastic-grocery-bag-derived oil and its emulsion for compression ignition engine application: emulsion characteristics and combustion–performance–emission analysis

Plastic-grocery-bag-derived oil and its emulsion for compression ignition engine application: emulsion characteristics and combustion–performance–emission analysis

Mechanistic investigation of efficient cell disruption methods for lipid extraction from various macro and micro species of algae

Increased rate of use of conventional fossil fuels have caused its depletion and polluted the environment. Biodiesel is a promising fuel for compression ignition engine application. In this work, macroalgae namely Enteromorpha flexuosa is evaluated for the suitability for biodiesel production. Since the lipid yield of Enteromorpha flexuosa is low, cell disruption techniques were used, and results were compared to microalgae namely Spirulina platensis and Nannochloropsis oceanica. The results were investigated using proximity analysis, ultimate analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and fatty acid analysis. Cell disruption of algae was achieved using two methods, i.e., bead milling and acid treatment. Acid treatment resulted in a slightly higher lipid recovery than bead milling. The result showed high degree disruption was achieved with a lipid recovery of 97.05 %, 136.36 % and 65 % with acid treatment and 82.35 %, 50 % and 30 % with bead milling for Spirulina platensis, Nannochloropsis oceanica and Enteromorpha flexuosa, respectively. The fatty acid profile also revealed that Enteromoha flexuosa is a good candidate for quality biodiesel production with high saturated to unsaturated fatty acid and low linolenic fatty acid concentration.

A Novel Hybrid Nanolubricant for Spark Ignition Engine Application: Studies on Stability, Rheological & Heat Transfer Behavior

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Lubricants minimize friction, heat, friction, and wear of moving or rotating parts. They serve several essential roles in IC engines, including lubricating, cooling, cleaning, suspending, and corrosion protection of metal surfaces. Nanolubricants have gained popularity due to their exceptional rheological, tribological, and wear resistance properties. The ability to design and anticipate the behavior of a lubricated mechanical system requires an understanding of rheological and heat transfer performance. This article explored the stability, rheological, and heat transfer performance of a novel ZnO-TiO<sub>2</sub>/5W30 hybrid nanolubricant to employ it as an effective lubricant for spark-ignition engines. The stability of the hybrid nanolubricant is analyzed using a zeta potential test, UV-vis spectrophotometer, and visual inspection. The zeta potential value of 46.3 mV for 0.1 wt.% ZnO-TiO<sub>2</sub>/5W30 hybrid nanolubricant indicates that it is stable at this concentration. The sample passed the stability test after seven days of preparation. The authors observed that the zeta potential value falls faster as the nanoparticle concentration rises in the nanolubricant. According to UV-Visible spectroscopy results, the dispersion of the 0.1% hybrid nanolubricant is comparatively more stable than the 0.5% hybrid nanolubricant. At higher temperatures, non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior is seen in both the hybrid nanolubricant and base engine oil (5W30). The hybrid nanolubricant has a viscosity index of 171, which is higher than that of the base lubricant and indicates a minimal change in kinematic viscosity with temperature. Compared to the base lubricant, the 0.1 wt.% hybrid nanolubricant demonstrated a 4% increase in thermal conductivity at higher temperatures. Hybrid nanolubricant’s improved characteristics make it ideal for use in SI engines.</div></div>

Investigation on engine performance test on compression ignition engine with hybrid metal matrix composite piston

The increase in demand and introduction of stringent emission regulations resulted in the need to develop and implement innovative technologies towards improving the emission and performance characteristics of compression ignition engines. A hybrid metal matrix composite piston (HMMC) of Al7075 reinforced with 6% of 100 ?m silicon carbide (SiC) and 4% of 100 ?m Al2O3 was fabricated. The HMMC piston was mounted on a compression ignition four stroke single-cylinder constant speed engine and the test was carried out with eddy current dynamometer attached with computerized data acquisition system. This paper is focused on the study of performance of Al7075-SiC-Alumina composite piston for compression ignition engine application. Experimental investigations were performed at injection pressure of 200 and 220 bar on both standard piston and HMMC piston and analysed the performance, combustion and emission behaviour of compression ignition engine. From the results it was found that the HMMC piston exhibits an improved efficiency and thereby improving the lifetime of the engine. Though a little compromise in performance and emissions has been accepted, the implementation of HMMC pistons will reduce the carbon foot print of running an internal combustion engine.

High-Temperature Pyrolysis and Combustion of C5–C19 Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs): A Lumped Kinetic Modeling Study

In the effort to mitigate the depletion of fossil fuels and climate change, biodiesels are considered to be one of the most suitable substitutes for petro-diesel in compression ignition engine applications. As a follow up to prior modeling studies for gasoline and jet surrogate fuel components (Zhang, X.; Mani Sarathy, S. Fuel, 2021, 286, 119361), this work proposes a lumped kinetic model for both saturated and unsaturated C5–C19 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) based on the same methodology. The present lumped model includes 52 FAME fuel components, covering a wide range of biodiesel surrogate fuel components, as well as components typically found in biodiesels. This methodology decouples the combustion of FAME fuels into two stages: the pyrolysis of fuel molecules and the oxidation of pyrolysis intermediates. Lumped reaction steps are used to describe the (oxidative) pyrolysis of each fuel molecule, while a detailed model (Aramcomech 2.0) is adopted as the base mechanism to describe the subsequent conversion of these key intermediates. Rate rules adopted for all the FAME fuels are consistent. The present lumped model is validated against experimental data from 20 pure FAMEs and six diesel/biodiesel surrogates, including around 130 sets of validation data. In general, the present lumped model satisfactorily captures most of these validation targets. This lumped model performs comparably with the detailed models developed in the literature under combustion conditions. Combined with the lumped model for 50 hydrocarbon fuels developed in previous work by this group, the lumped kinetic model for FAME fuels developed here can be used to predict the pyrolysis and combustion chemistry of diesel/biodiesel surrogates in CFD simulations after necessary model reduction for the base model. Also, the stoichiometric parameters of the lumped reactions for various pure FAMEs can be used as the database for data science study in FGMech development for real biodiesels.

A relative assessment of chromatographic and spectroscopic based approaches to predict engine fuel properties of biodiesel

Biodiesel produced from renewable sources is known to reduce carbon footprint compared to fossil diesel and thus, has a more significant potential for compression ignition engine applications. Unlike diesel, biodiesel can be produced from various sources and, thereby, subjected to composition variability. A priori knowledge of engine fuel properties of biodiesel would allow a careful feedstock choice for producing biodiesel for automotive and stationary engine applications. Regression models to predict engine fuel properties of biodiesel from its composition using Chromatographic and Spectroscopic-based approaches are explored in the present study to develop the most suitable method. Regression models are developed using composition and Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of seventy biodiesel samples. The composition of the seventy biodiesel samples measured using gas chromatography is correlated with the properties using multilinear regression. In the Spectroscopic-based approach, the seventy biodiesel samples' mid-infrared spectra are correlated with the properties using partial least square regression. The developed regression models based on Chromatographic and Spectroscopic approaches are validated using 33 external validation biodiesel samples. The results obtained show that the calorific value, cetane number, density, and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel samples are predicted with a mean absolute percentage error of 1.16%, 4%, 0.76%, and 2.6%, respectively, using the Chromatographic approach while it is 3.17%, 4.59%, 0.73%, and 3.66%, respectively with Spectroscopic method. The chromatographic approach, which resulted in better prediction than the Spectroscopic method, also captures biodiesel composition variations on the engine fuel properties.

Potential of amyl alcohol mixtures derived from Scenedesmus quadricauda microalgae biomass as third generation bioenergy for compression ignition engine applications using multivariate-desirability analysis

ABSTRACT This study is aimed at synthesizing amyl alcohol from Scenedesmus quadricauda third-generation microalgae biomass which is cultivated sustainably using reactor combinations and Ehrlich biosynthetic pathway. Systematic experimentation was carried out on a compression ignition engine at maximum throttle pedal position condition to assess the potential of amyl alcohol-diesel mixture combinations and to assess its environmental impact at different loads. Optimum mixture proportion of amyl alcohol-diesel blends were identified statistically using multivariate principal component and desirability analysis based on the experimental data acquired from the engine testbed. From the study, it was inferred that a dry biomass yield rate of 4.2 g/L was achieved when the light intensity was maintained at ~51-56 μmol/m2/s in the in-situ raceway pond while cultivating Scenedesmus quadricauda. Experimentation showed that the fuel consumption reduced by 72.4% for AA20D80 at low-high load conditions. Improved combustion characteristics are achieved at higher concentrations of amyl alcohol operating at medium-high loads. The lowest smoke and NOX emission of 52.85 mg/m3 and 104 ppm was observed for AA40D60 at no-load condition. Statistical analysis revealed that the optimal amyl alcohol-diesel mixture combinations to be AA20D80 with combined desirability of 0.497.

Critical insights into the effects of plastic pyrolysis oil on emission and performance characteristics of CI engine.

Pyrolysis is an encouraging solution considering the facts of energy demand and waste plastic management as it produces liquid fuel for compression ignition engine application. This study provides critical insights into the effects of waste plastic oil on the emission and performance characteristics of compression ignition engines. Though most of the studies have shown a negative influence, promising outcomes have been noticed in a few specific cases. A maximum of 71%, 80%, 76%, 71%, 21%, and 13% decrease in nitrogen oxide emission, carbon monoxide emission, unburnt hydrocarbon emission, smoke emission, exhaust gas temperature, and brake-specific fuel consumption, respectively, have been noticed with waste plastic oil or its blends at certain operating conditions. Nevertheless, the presence of long carbon chains, higher aromatic content, and non-homogeneous air-fuel mixture owing to the wide product distribution in plastic oil are the few reasons which affected the emission and performance characteristics of the engines. More rigorous investigations are needed to improve the quality of the fuel and to establish correlations between the fuel properties and pyrolysis parameters. In addition, the effects of incorporating exhaust gas recirculation, emulsification process, and use of additives with waste plastic oil need to be explored more for reducing the emissions with satisfactory engine performance, and in this regard, the use of bio-additives with waste plastic oil can provide a new direction to this research field. Further, studies on the economic feasibility and the impact of waste plastic oil on engine materials are also required.

Experimental analysis of higher alcohol–based ternary biodiesel blends in CI engine parameters through multivariate and desirability approaches

The present work has enabled to aspire the enhancement of palm biodiesel viability for compression ignition (CI) engine applications using reformulation strategy by the addition of higher alcohols. In this work, 20% and 30% of 1-decanol and n-hexanol were used for ternary blend preparation along with palm biodiesel concentration as 20–30% and 50% diesel fuels for combustion, emission, and performance behaviour investigation in CI engine. Furthermore, the experimental results were also compared with 100% palm biodiesel (P100) and pure diesel (D100) and a binary blend of D50B50 fuels. The experimental study has revealed that the presence of higher alcohols in the ternary blends has improved the cylinder pressure and heat release rate whereas the same trend was not evident in binary biodiesel blend. All the ternary blends of higher alcohols-biodiesel and diesels have shown higher brake thermal efficiency and reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption. At the same time, decanol and hexanol addition in the palm biodiesel-diesel blends has favoured in all exhaust emission reductions with slight exemption in NOx emission. The experimental results are optimized through multivariate and desirability analyses for identifying the effective composition of blend. Multivariate analysis has revealed that the higher alcohol proposition in the ternary blend was more influential than the type of higher alcohol. Furthermore, the desirability study has also validated the prescribed proportion with the maximum error of 6.17% for D50P22DC28 and 4.84% for D50P26HE24. Finally, the research concludes that decanol would be the preferable choice for ternary blend preparation than hexanol due to its overall better performance.

Computational study of ECN Spray A and Spray D combustion at different ambient temperature conditions

The combustion process of the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray A and Spray D is studied over a wide range of ambient temperatures from 750 K to 900 K. With nominal diameters of 89.4 μm for the Spray A and 190.3 μm for the Spray D, these n-dodecane sprays are representative for light- and heavy-duty compression ignition engine applications, respectively. Computational Fluid Dynamics calculations are carried out using a Lagrangian parcel Eulerian fluid approach in a Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes framework. For the Spray D reference condition, two sub-grid flame structure assumptions and the effect of turbulence chemistry interaction (TCI) on autoignition and flame structure at quasi-steady state are assessed in the context of a well-mixed and an Unsteady Flamelet Progress Variable (UFPV) combustion model. After that, UFPV approach is used to evaluate combustion behavior for the different ambient temperature conditions. Reference condition results show that both well-mixed and flamelet assumptions lead to a similar autoignition sequence. In terms of ignition delay time, TCI plays an important role, within the UFPV model, in reproducing the experimental trend observed for the increase in nozzle diameter. In terms of lift-off length, the well-mixed model is observed to predict a longer value compared to the flamelet-based sub-grid assumption. Lastly, the analysis of the autoignition sequence and flame structure at quasi-steady state is also extended over the whole range of ambient temperature conditions.

Experimental investigation of the relationship between thermal barrier coating structured porosity and homogeneous charge compression ignition engine combustion

Heat transfer has a profound influence on homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion. When a thermal barrier coating is applied to the combustion chamber, the insulating effect magnifies the wall temperature swing, decreasing heat transfer during combustion. This enables improvements in both thermal and combustion efficiency without the detrimental impacts of intake charge heating. Increasing the temperature swing requires coatings with lower thermal conductivity and heat capacity. A promising avenue for simultaneously decreasing both thermal conductivity and capacity is to increase the porosity fraction. A proprietary solution precursor plasma spray process enables discrete organization of the porosity structure, called inter-pass boundaries, which in turn produces a step-reduction in thermal conductivity for a given porosity level. In this investigation, yttria-stabilized zirconia is used to create four different thermal barrier coatings to study the potential of structured porosity as means of improving the “temperature swing” behavior in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine. The baseline coating is “dense YSZ,” applied using a standard air-plasma spray process. Next, significant reductions of the thermal conductivity are achieved by utilizing the solution precursor plasma spray process to create inter-pass boundaries with a moderate overall porosity. Performance, efficiency, and emissions are compared against both a baseline configuration with a metal piston and an air-plasma spray “dense YSZ” coating. Experiments are carried out in a single-cylinder gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition engine with exhaust re-induction. Experiments indicate that incorporating structured porosity into thermal barrier coatings produces tangible gains in combustion and thermal efficiencies. However, there is an upper limit to porosity levels acceptable for homogeneous charge compression ignition engine application because an elevated porosity fraction leads to excessive surface roughness and undesirable fuel interactions. Comparison of the coatings showed the best results with coating thickness of up to 150 µm. Thicker coatings led to slower surface temperature response and attenuated swing temperature magnitude.

Feasibility of New Liquid Fuel Blends for Medium-Speed Engines

Several sustainable liquid fuel alternatives are needed for different compression ignition (CI) engine applications. In the present study, five different fuel blends were investigated. Rapeseed methyl ester (RME) was used as the basic renewable fuel, and it was blended with low-sulfur light fuel oil (LFO), kerosene, marine gas oil (MGO), and naphtha. Of these fuels, MGO is a circulation economy fuel, manufactured from used lubricants. Naphtha is renewable as it is a by-product of renewable diesel production process using tall oil as feedstock. In addition to RME, naphtha was also blended with LFO. The aim of the current study was to determine the most important properties of the five fuel blends in order to gather fundamental knowledge about their suitability for medium-speed CI engines. The share of renewables within these five blends varied from 20 to 100 vol.%. The properties that were investigated and compared were the cetane number, distillation, density, viscosity, cold properties, and lubricity. According to the results, all the studied blends may be operable in medium-speed engines. Blending of new, renewable fuels with more conventional ones will help ease the technical transitional period as long as the availability of renewable fuels is limited.

Production and characterization of bio-mix fuel produced from a ternary and quaternary mixture of raw oil feedstock

The replacement of fossil fuel through renewable resources is the need of the hour to reduce environmental pollution. Biodiesel is one of the renewable sources to replace fossil fuel but its properties are influenced by fatty acids composition, production process, atmospheric and tropical conditions. An attempt has been made to improve biodiesel quality through the bio-mix approach. Bio-mix is a simple method to improve the saturation level by decreasing unsaturated fatty acid composition. In this investigation, the raw bio-mix oil (RBMO) was derived from the raw mixture of edible and non-edible oils and transesterified to form bio-mix methyl ester (BMME). Two samples of BMME fuel were prepared, BMME-I from the ternary mixture of raw oil feedstock: Jatropha, Karanja, Cottonseed oil and BMME-II from the quaternary mixture of raw oils feedstock: Jatropha, Karanja, Palm, Coconut and oils respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze fatty acids composition for characterization of BMME fuel. Fuel properties of biodiesel were measured and found within the standards limit (ASTM D6751, EN14214, and BIS IS15607-05). Results showed that saturated fatty acids, cetane number, oxidation stability increased whereas density, viscosity, heating value, flash point, iodine number, and acid number decreased as compared to individual biodiesel feedstock respectively. The biodiesel derived from non-edible oil feedstock has to be esterified prior to transesterification to reduced acid value and free fatty acids. Raw bio-mix oil consists of a lower acid value and free fatty acids, hence directly transesterified and reduced the pre and post-treatment process. This study suggested that Bio-Mix Methyl Ester (BMME) could be a suitable model to prepare low cost and good quality biodiesel for compression ignition (CI) engine application.

A low temperature natural gas reaction mechanism for compression ignition engine application

This paper demonstrates the improvement of a low temperature natural gas (LTNG) mechanism for simulating fuel ignition and combustion emissions under engine-like conditions. The LTNG mechanism was compared and validated in both the simplified zero-dimensional (0D)/one-dimensional (1D) reactors and three-dimensional (3D) engine models. In a 0D premixed constant volume reactor, the LTNG mechanism can more accurately predict the ignition delay than the well-developed GRI-3.0 natural gas mechanism, when the temperature is lower than 1300 K, compared to the experimental data. The results also indicate that the LTNG mechanism can well predict the formation of important carbon-containing gaseous species, such as acetylene and carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides emissions under typical engine conditions with and without technologies that implement low temperature combustion. In a 3D computational fluid dynamic model with a range of temperatures and pressures, the matched ignition delay curves from the numerical simulation and the experimental measurements indicate that the LTNG mechanism can improve the prediction of natural gas ignition and combustion compared to the GRI-3.0 mechanism. A further validation conducted in a direct-injection natural gas engine ignited by a hot surface illustrates the reliability of the LTNG mechanism for predicting natural gas ignition and combustion inside compression ignition engines.

The potential impact of unsaturation degree of the biodiesels obtained from beverage and food processing biomass streams on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics in a single-cylinder CI engine.

The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the effect of unsaturation of the biodiesels obtained from grapeseed oil, wheat germ oil and coconut oil (reference fuel) for compression ignition (CI) engine application. Fatty acid profile analysis and physio-chemical properties were determined by standard test procedures. Engine testing was carried out in a 5.2-kW single-cylinder CI engine and the combustion, performance and emission characteristics were analysed. The effect of fuel property variation and the combustion reaction kinetics due to unsaturation difference have been discussed. The maximum brake thermal efficiency at full load for diesel was found to be 32.3% followed by 31.3%, 30.2% and 27.4 %, respectively, for coconut biodiesel (CBD), grapeseed biodiesel (GSBD) and wheat germ biodiesel (WGBD). Maximum heat release rate as observed for diesel, CBD, GSBD and WGBD are 63.2J/°CA 60.7J/°CA and 59J/°CA and 43.4J/°CA respectively. The brake-specific NO emission at full load is higher for CBD followed by GSBD, WGBD and diesel having values of 9.23g/kWh, 8.91g/kWh, 8.21g/kWh and 7.6g/kWh respectively. Conversely, the smoke emission is lower for CBD compared to the other tested fuels.

Synergistic effect of hydrogen induction with biofuel obtained from winery waste (grapeseed oil) for CI engine application

The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the use of grapeseed oil as a fuel substitute obtained from biomass waste from winery industry and the synergic effect of hydrogen addition for compression ignition engine application. The experiments were carried out in a single cylinder, four stroke diesel engine for various loads and energy share of hydrogen. Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of grapeseed biodiesel, neat grapeseed oil and diesel have been analysed and compared with the results obtained with hydrogen induction in the intake manifold in dual fuel mode. At full load, maximum brake thermal efficiency of the engine with diesel, grapeseed biodiesel and neat grapeseed oil has increased from 32.34%, 30.28% and 25.94% to 36.04%, 33.97% and 30.95% for a maximum hydrogen energy share of 14.46%, 14.1% and 12.8% respectively. Although there is an increasing trend in Nitric Oxide emission with hydrogen induction, smoke, brake specific hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide emissions respectively, reduces. Nitric oxide emission of Grapeseed biodiesel with maximum hydrogen share at full load is higher by 43.61% and smoke emission lower by 19.73% compared to biodiesel operation without hydrogen induction.

Production, Characterisation and Assessment of Biomixture Fuels for Compression Ignition Engine Application

Production, Characterisation and Assessment of Biomixture Fuels for Compression Ignition Engine Application