Iduronate-2-sulfatase Research Articles

Natural history of valve disease in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis II and the impact of enzyme replacement therapy.

Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome) is a rare, X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by reduced activity of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), with subsequent cellular accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), heparan sulfate, and dermatan sulfate (DS). DS is a major component of the extracellular matrix of heart valves, which can be affected in MPS II. We investigated the natural history of valve disease in MPS II and the impact of long-term intravenous enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant I2S (idursulfase). In total, 604 cardiac examinations were assessed from serial follow-up of 80 male patients (49 neuronopathic). Valve disease was classified according to standard practice from hemodynamic features evident from echocardiography. The natural history group comprised 48 patients (up to 14.8 years of follow-up; median, 2.6 years; 24 patients started ERT during the study); 56 patients were treated (up to 14.2 years of follow-up; median, 6.2 years). Lifetime GAG burden (calculated from urinary GAG measurements) correlated significantly with the degree of valve disease. Onset of moderate-to-severe valve disease was significantly delayed in treated (median age at onset, 29.1 ± 2 [95% CI: 25.2-32.9] years; Kaplan-Meier estimation) versus untreated patients (17.6 ± 1 [95% Cl: 15.8-19.4] years; p < 0.0001). Cox regression modeling found that long-term ERT reduced the probability of developing severe valve disease (χ2, 32.736; significant after 5 years of ERT). Overall, this study found that valve disease severity in MPS II correlates with GAG burden and that progression is delayed by long-term ERT.

Targeting Neurological Aspects of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II: Enzyme Replacement Therapy and Beyond.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare, pediatric, neurometabolic disorder due to the lack of activity of the lysosomal hydrolase iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS), normally degrading heparansulfate and dermatansulfate within cell lysosomes. The deficit of activity is caused by mutations affecting the IDS gene, leading to the pathological accumulation of both glycosaminoglycans in the lysosomal compartment and in the extracellular matrix of most body districts. Although a continuum of clinical phenotypes is described, two main forms are commonly recognized-attenuated and severe-the latter being characterized by an earlier and faster clinical progression and by a progressive impairment of central nervous system (CNS) functions. However, attenuated forms havealso been recently described as presenting some neurological involvement, although less deep, such as deficits of attention and hearing loss. The main treatment for the disease is represented by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), applied in several countries since 2006, which, albeit showing partial efficacy on some peripheral organs, exhibited a very poor efficacy on bones and heart, and a total inefficacy on CNS impairment, due to the inability of the recombinant enzyme to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Together with ERT, whose design enhancements, performed in the last few years, allowed a possible brain penetration of the drug through the BBB, other therapeutic approaches aimed at targeting CNS involvement in MPS II were proposed and evaluated in the last decades, such as intrathecal ERT, intracerebroventricular ERT, ex vivo gene therapy, or adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) gene therapy. The aim of this review is to summarize the main clinical aspects of MPS II in addition to current therapeutic options, with particular emphasis on the neurological ones and on the main CNS-targeted therapeutic approaches explored through the years.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II zebrafish model exhibits early impaired proteasomal-mediated degradation of the axon guidance receptor Dcc.

Most of the patients affected by neuronopathic forms of Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by defects in iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) activity, exhibit early neurological defects associated with white matter lesions and progressive behavioural abnormalities. While neuronal degeneration has been largely described in experimental models and human patients, more subtle neuronal pathogenic defects remain still underexplored. In this work, we discovered that the axon guidance receptor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (Dcc) is significantly dysregulated in the brain of ids mutant zebrafish since embryonic stages. In addition, thanks to the establishment of neuronal-enriched primary cell cultures, we identified defective proteasomal degradation as one of the main pathways underlying Dcc upregulation in ids mutant conditions. Furthermore, ids mutant fish-derived primary neurons displayed higher levels of polyubiquitinated proteins and P62, suggesting a wider defect in protein degradation. Finally, we show that ids mutant larvae display an atypical response to anxiety-inducing stimuli, hence mimicking one of the characteristic features of MPS II patients. Our study provides an additional relevant frame to MPS II pathogenesis, supporting the concept that multiple developmental defects concur with early childhood behavioural abnormalities.

Disturbances in mitochondrial bioenergetics and control quality and unbalanced redox homeostasis in the liver of a mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis type II.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II; Hunter syndrome) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) and biochemically characterized by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in different tissues. It is a multisystemic disorder that presents liver abnormalities, the pathophysiology of which is not yet established. In the present study, we evaluated bioenergetics, redox homeostasis, and mitochondrial dynamics in the liver of 6-month-old MPS II mice (IDS-). Our findings show a decrease in the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and an increase in the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. The activity of mitochondrial complex I was also increased whereas the other complex activities were not affected. In contrast, mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential, ATP production, and calcium retention capacity were not altered. Furthermore, malondialdehyde levels and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein oxidation were increased in the liver of MPS II mice, indicating lipid peroxidation and increased ROS levels, respectively. Sulfhydryl and reduced glutathione levels, as well as glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities were also increased. Finally, the levels of proteins involved in mitochondrial mass and dynamics were decreased in knockout mice liver. Taken together, these data suggest that alterations in energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, and mitochondrial dynamics can be involved in the pathophysiology of liver abnormalities observed in MPS II.

Effect of genistein and coenzyme Q10 in oxidative damage and mitochondrial membrane potential in an attenuated type II mucopolysaccharidosis cellular model.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is an inborn error of the metabolism resulting from several possible mutations in the gene coding for iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), which leads to a great clinical heterogeneity presented by these patients. Many studies demonstrate the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of inborn errors of metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress can be related since most of reactive oxygen species come from mitochondria. Cellular models have been used to study different diseases and are useful in biochemical research to investigate them in a new promising way. The aim of this study is to develop a heterozygous cellular model for MPS II and analyze parameters of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and investigate the in vitro effect of genistein and coenzyme Q10 on these parameters for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease. The HP18 cells (heterozygous c.261_266del6/c.259_261del3) showed almost null results in the activity of the IDS enzyme and presented accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), allowing the characterization of this knockout cellular model by MPS II gene editing. An increase in the production of reactive species was demonstrated (p < .05 compared withWT vehicle group) and genistein at concentrations of 25and 50 µm decreased in vitro its production (p < .05 compared with HP18 vehicle group), but there was no effect of coenzyme Q10 in this parameter. There was a tendency for lysosomal pH change in HP18 cells in comparison to WT group and none of the antioxidants tested demonstrated any effect on this parameter. There was no increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase and oxidative damage to DNA in HP18 cells in comparison to WT group and neither genistein nor coenzyme q10 had any effect on these parameters. Regarding mitochondrial membrane potential, genistein induced mitochondrial depolarization in both concentrations tested (p < .05 compared with HP18 vehicle group and compared with WT vehicle group) and incubation with coenzyme Q10 demonstrated no effect on this parameter. In conclusion, it is hypothesized that our cellular model could be compared with a milder MPS II phenotype, given that the accumulation of GAGs in lysosomes is not as expressive as another cellular model for MPS II presented in the literature. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that there is no mitochondrial depolarization and no DNA damage, since there is less lysosomal impairment, as well as less redox imbalance.

An empowered, clinically viable hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy for the treatment of multisystemic mucopolysaccharidosis type II

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), or Hunter syndrome, is a rare X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disorder due to a mutation in the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) gene. IDS deficiency leads to a progressive, multisystem accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and results in central nervous system (CNS) manifestations in the severe form. We developed up to clinical readiness a new hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy approach for MPS II that benefits from a novel highly effective transduction protocol. We first provided proof of concept of efficacy of our approach aimed at enhanced IDS enzyme delivery to the CNS in a murine study of immediate translational value, employing a lentiviral vector (LV) encoding a codon-optimized human IDS cDNA. Then the therapeutic LV was tested for its ability to efficiently and safely transduce bona fide human HSCs in clinically relevant conditions according to a standard vs. a novel protocol that demonstrated superior ability to transduce bona fide long-term repopulating HSCs. Overall, these results provide strong proof of concept for the clinical translation of this approach for the treatment of Hunter syndrome.

Enhanced osteoblastic differentiation of parietal bone in a novel murine model of mucopolysaccharidosis type II

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II, OMIM 309900) is an X-linked disorder caused by a deficiency of lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). The clinical manifestations of MPS II involve cognitive decline, bone deformity, and visceral disorders. These manifestations are closely associated with IDS enzyme activity, which catalyzes the stepwise degradation of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. In this study, we established a novel Ids-deficient mice and further assessed the enzyme's physiological role. Using DNA sequencing, we found a genomic modification of the Ids genome, which involved the deletion of a 138-bp fragment spanning from intron 2 to exon 3, along with the insertion of an adenine at the 5′ end of exon 3 in the mutated allele. Consistent with previous data, our Ids-deficient mice showed an attenuated enzyme activity and an enhanced accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. Interestingly, we noticed a distinct enlargement of the calvarial bone in both neonatal and young adult mice. Our examination revealed that Ids deficiency led to an enhanced osteoblastogenesis in the parietal bone, a posterior part of the calvarial bone originating from the paraxial mesoderm and associated with an enhanced expression of osteoblastic makers, such as Col1a and Runx2. In sharp contrast, cell proliferation of the parietal bone in these mice appeared similar to that of wild-type controls. These results suggest that the deficiency of Ids could be involved in an augmented differentiation of calvarial bone, which is often noticed as an enlarged head circumference in MPS II-affected individuals.

Tagged IDS causes efficient and engraftment-independent prevention of brain pathology during lentiviral gene therapy for Mucopolysaccharidosis type II

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (OMIM 309900) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) deficiency and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, leading to progressive neurodegeneration. As intravenously infused enzyme replacement therapy cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it fails to treat brain pathology, highlighting the unmet medical need to develop alternative therapies. Here, we test modified versions of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC)-mediated lentiviral gene therapy (LVGT) using IDS tagging in combination with the ubiquitous MND promoter to optimize efficacy in brain and to investigate its mechanism of action. We find that IDS tagging with IGF2 or ApoE2, but not RAP12x2, improves correction of brain heparan sulfate and neuroinflammation at clinically relevant vector copy numbers. HSPC-derived cells engrafted in brain show efficiencies highest in perivascular areas, lower in choroid plexus and meninges, and lowest in parenchyma. Importantly, the efficacy of correction was independent of the number of brain-engrafted cells. These results indicate that tagged versions of IDS can outperform untagged IDS in HSPC-LVGT for the correction of brain pathology in MPS II, and they imply both cell-mediated and tag-mediated correction mechanisms, including passage across the BBB and increased uptake, highlighting their potential for clinical translation.

Sustained long-term disease correction in a murine model of MPSII following stem cell gene therapy

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPSII) is a pediatric lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiencies in the IDS (iduronate-2-sulfatase) gene resulting in accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, multisystem disease, and profound neurodegeneration in severe forms. Although enzyme replacement therapy is available for somatic forms of disease, the inability of native IDS to pass the blood-brain barrier renders it ineffective for the brain. We previously demonstrated the short-term efficacy of a brain-targeted hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy approach to treat MPSII mice using lentiviral IDS fused to the blood-brain-barrier-crossing peptide ApoEII (IDS.ApoEII) in comparison with a lentivirus expressing native IDS and an unmanipulated bone marrow transplant. Here we evaluated the longevity of disease correction for 12-16months following treatment. We observed sustained IDS enzyme activity in organs of long-term IDS.ApoEII-treated MPSII mice, similar to those analyzed 6months post-treatment, with continued clearance of storage material in the brain and peripheral organs, maintained correction of astrogliosis, microgliosis, and correction of altered cytokines and chemokines. IDS.ApoEII also significantly reduced retinal atrophy, characteristic of MPSII. Overall, IDS.ApoEII resulted in systemic prevention of the MPSII phenotype, with no observed toxicity following treatment. This provides evidence of the sustained efficacy and safety of this treatment ahead of a recently opened clinical trial.

Transferrin Receptor-Targeted Iduronate-2-sulfatase Penetrates the Blood-Retinal Barrier and Improves Retinopathy in Mucopolysaccharidosis II Mice.

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) make up a group of lysosomal storage diseases characterized by the aberrant accumulation of glycosaminoglycans throughout the body. Patients with MPSs display various signs and symptoms, such as retinopathy, which is also observed in patients with MPS II. Unfortunately, retinal disorders in MPS II are resistant to conventional intravenous enzyme-replacement therapy because the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) impedes drug penetration. In this study, we show that a fusion protein, designated pabinafusp alfa, consisting of an antihuman transferrin receptor antibody and iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), crosses the BRB and reaches the retina in a murine model of MPS II. We found that retinal function, as assessed by electroretinography (ERG) in MPS II mice, deteriorated with age. Early intervention with repeated intravenous treatment of pabinafusp alfa decreased heparan sulfate deposition in the retina, optic nerve, and visual cortex, thus preserving or even improving the ERG response in MPS II mice. Histological analysis further revealed that pabinafusp alfa mitigated the loss of the photoreceptor layer observed in diseased mice. In contrast, recombinant nonfused IDS failed to reach the retina and hardly affected the retinal disease. These results support the hypothesis that transferrin receptor-targeted IDS can penetrate the BRB, thereby ameliorating retinal dysfunction in MPS II.

New Genetic Analysis in Cases with Hunter Syndrome in Whom IDS Gene Mutations Could Not Be Detected: RNA Sequencing

Introduction: Mucopolysaccharidosis-II (MPSII) is diagnosed based on a deficiency in iduronate 2-sulfatase enzyme activity. Detection of a hemizygous pathogenic variant in the iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) gene confirms the diagnosis in a male proband. Case Presentation: We report a five-year-old boy with MPSII in whom no mutation was detected in the IDS gene by next-generation sequencing (Miseq-Illumina) covering the coding regions of the gene. Therefore, we tried to detect the mutation in the IDS gene using RNA sequencing that has recently been used. Conclusions: In some diseases diagnosed by clinical and biochemical methods, mutations cannot be detected even with advanced genetic methods, such as next-generation sequencing. In these cases, we emphasize that mutations should be investigated using other methods, including RNA sequencing.

Characterization of heart disease in mucopolysaccharidosis type II mice

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPSII) is a progressive lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the IDS gene, that leads to iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) enzyme deficiency. The enzyme catalyzes the first step of degradation of two glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate (DS). The consequences of MPSII are progressively harmful and can lead to death by cardiac failure. The aim of this study was to characterize the cardiovascular disease in MPSII mice. Thus, we evaluated the cardiovascular function of MPSII male mice at 6, 8, and 10 months of age, through functional, histological, and biochemical analyzes. Echocardiographic analyses showed a progressive loss in cardiac function, observed through parameters such as reduction in ejection fraction (46% in control versus 28% in MPS II at 10 months, P < .01) and fractional area change (31% versus 23%, P < .05). Similar results were found in parameters of vascular competence, obtained by echo Doppler. Both aortic dilatation and an increase in pulmonary resistance were observed at all time points in MPSII mice. The histological analyses showed an increase in the thickness of the heart valves (2-fold thicker than control values at 10 months). Biochemical analyzes confirmed GAG storage in these tissues, with a massive elevation of DS in the myocardium. Furthermore, an important increase in the activity of proteases such as cathepsin S and B (up to 5-fold control values) was found and could be related to the progressive loss of cardiac function observed in MPSII mice. In this work, we demonstrated that loss of cardiac function in MPSII mice started at 6 months of age, although its global cardiac capacity was still preserved at this time. Disease progressed at later time points leading to heart failure. The MPSII mice at later times reproduce many of the cardiovascular events found in patients with Hunter's disease.

Establishment of the Effectiveness of Early Versus Late Stem Cell Gene Therapy in Mucopolysaccharidosis II for Treating Central Versus Peripheral Disease.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPSII) is a rare pediatric X-linked lysosomal storage disease, caused by heterogeneous mutations in the iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) gene, which result in accumulation of heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate within cells. This leads to severe skeletal abnormalities, hepatosplenomegaly, and cognitive deterioration. The progressive nature of the disease is a huge obstacle to achieve full neurological correction. Although current therapies can only treat somatic symptoms, a lentivirus-based hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy (HSCGT) approach has recently achieved improved central nervous system (CNS) neuropathology in the MPSII mouse model following transplant at 2 months of age. In this study, we evaluate neuropathology progression in 2-, 4- and 9-month-old MPSII mice, and using the same HSCGT strategy, we investigated somatic and neurological disease attenuation following treatment at 4 months of age. Our results showed gradual accumulation of HS between 2 and 4 months of age, but full manifestation of microgliosis/astrogliosis as early as 2 months. Late HSCGT fully reversed the somatic symptoms, thus achieving the same degree of peripheral correction as early therapy. However, late treatment resulted in slightly decreased efficacy in the CNS, with poorer brain enzymatic activity, together with reduced normalization of HS oversulfation. Overall, our findings confirm significant lysosomal burden and neuropathology in 2-month-old MPSII mice. Peripheral disease is readily reversible by LV.IDS-HSCGT regardless of age of transplant, suggesting a viable treatment for somatic disease. However, in the brain, higher IDS enzyme levels are achievable with early HSCGT treatment, and later transplant seems to be less effective, supporting the view that the earlier patients are diagnosed and treated, the better the therapy outcome.

Frequency of iduronate-2-sulfatase gene variants detected in newborn screening for mucopolysaccharidosis type II in Japan

Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II) is an X-linked, recessive, inborn metabolic disorder caused by defects in iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). The age at onset, disease severity, and rate of progression vary significantly among patients. This disease is classified into severe or mild forms depending on neurological symptom involvement. The severe form is associated with progressive cognitive decline while the mild form is predominantly associated with somatic features. Newborn screening (NBS) for MPS II has been performed since December 2016, mainly in Kyushu, Japan, where 197,700 newborns were screened using a fluorescence enzyme activity assay of dried blood spots. We diagnosed one newborn with MPS II with lower IDS activity, elevated urinary glycosaminoglycans, and a novel variant of the IDS gene. In the future, NBS for MPS II is expected to be performed in many regions of Japan and will contribute to the detection of more patients with MPS II, which is crucial to the early treatment of the disorder.

Fusion of Rabies Virus Glycoprotein or gh625 to Iduronate-2-Sulfatase for the Treatment of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a mutation in the IDS gene, resulting in deficiency of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) causing heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) accumulation in all cells. This leads to skeletal and cardiorespiratory disease with severe neurodegeneration in two thirds of sufferers. Enzyme replacement therapy is ineffective at treating neurological disease, as intravenously delivered IDS is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hematopoietic stem cell transplant is also unsuccessful, presumably due to insufficient IDS enzyme production from transplanted cells engrafting in the brain. We used two different peptide sequences (rabies virus glycoprotein [RVG] and gh625), both previously published as BBB-crossing peptides, fused to IDS and delivered via hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy (HSCGT). HSCGT with LV.IDS.RVG and LV.IDS.gh625 was compared with LV.IDS.ApoEII and LV.IDS in MPS II mice at 6 months post-transplant. Levels of IDS enzyme activity in the brain and peripheral tissues were lower in LV.IDS.RVG- and LV.IDS.gh625-treated mice than in LV.IDS.ApoEII- and LV.IDS-treated mice, despite comparable vector copy numbers. Microgliosis, astrocytosis, and lysosomal swelling were partially normalized in MPS II mice treated with LV.IDS.RVG and LV.IDS.gh625. Skeletal thickening was normalized by both treatments to wild-type levels. Although reductions in skeletal abnormalities and neuropathology are encouraging, given the low levels of enzyme activity compared with control tissue from LV.IDS- and LV.IDS.ApoEII-transplanted mice, the RVG and gh625 peptides are unlikely to be ideal candidates for HSCGT in MPS II and are inferior to the ApoEII peptide that we have previously demonstrated to be more effective at correcting MPS II disease than IDS alone.

Transferrin receptor-targeting property of pabinafusp alfa facilitates its uptake by various types of human brain-derived cells in vitro

Pabinafusp alfa, which is an anti-mucopolysaccharidosis II drug, consists of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) genetically fused with an anti-transferrin receptor (TfR) antibody. While IDS is known to enter cells via mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR)-mediated endocytosis, the anti-TfR antibody moiety of pabinafusp alfa is supposed to trigger the TfR-mediated transcytosis involved in its blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration to deliver IDS into the brain, which thus makes it effective for treatment of brain symptoms of the disease. However, since these uptake processes remain unexamined in vitro, this study aims at elucidating how human brain cells manipulate these receptors to facilitate pabinafusp alfa uptake. The results of pabinafusp alfa uptake assays showed that the TfR played an primary role in its uptake by brain microvascular endothelial cells. The TfR contribution was also found in neuronal cells at levels comparable to M6PR. Interestingly, the predominant roles of TfR over M6PR in pabinafusp alfa uptake were also observed in astrocytes and pericytes. To summarize, our results support the TfR-targeting strategy of pabinafusp alfa for facilitating its BBB penetration while simultaneously identifying previously unnoticed TfR roles in its uptake into human neuronal and non-neuronal brain cells. These findings are certain to provide important insights into the mechanisms behind clinical actions of pabinafusp alfa.

A novel CRISPR/Cas9-based iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) knockout human neuronal cell line reveals earliest pathological changes

Multiple complex intracellular cascades contributing to Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type II) pathogenesis have been recognized and documented in the past years. However, the hierarchy of early cellular abnormalities leading to irreversible neuronal damage is far from being completely understood. To tackle this issue, we have generated two novel iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) loss of function human neuronal cell lines by means of genome editing. We show that both neuronal cell lines exhibit no enzymatic activity and increased GAG storage despite a completely different genotype. At a cellular level, they display reduced differentiation, significantly decreased LAMP1 and RAB7 protein levels, impaired lysosomal acidification and increased lipid storage. Moreover, one of the two clones is characterized by a marked decrease of the autophagic marker p62, while none of the two mutants exhibit marked oxidative stress and mitochondrial morphological changes. Based on our preliminary findings, we hypothesize that neuronal differentiation might be significantly affected by IDS functional impairment.

Generation and characterization of an immunodeficient mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis type II.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome, MPS II) is an inherited X-linked recessive disease caused by deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), resulting in the accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) heparan and dermatan sulfates. Mouse models of MPS II have been used in several reports to study disease pathology and to conduct preclinical studies for current and next generation therapies. Here, we report the generation and characterization of an immunodeficient mouse model of MPS II, where CRISPR/Cas9 was employed to knock out a portion of the murine IDS gene on the NOD/SCID/Il2rγ (NSG) immunodeficient background. IDS-/- NSG mice lacked detectable IDS activity in plasma and all analyzed tissues and exhibited elevated levels of GAGs in those same tissues and in the urine. Histopathology revealed vacuolized cells in both the periphery and CNS of NSG-MPS II mice. This model recapitulates skeletal disease manifestations, such as increased zygomatic arch diameter and decreased femur length. Neurocognitive deficits in spatial memory and learning were also observed in the NSG-MPS II model. We anticipate that this new immunodeficient model will be appropriate for preclinical studies involving xenotransplantation of human cell products intended for the treatment of MPS II.

Gene therapy for cross-correction of somatic organs and the CNS in mucopolysaccharidosis II in rodents and non-human primates

Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II) is a rare lysosomal storage disease characterized by deficient activity of iduronate-2-sulfatase (I2S), leading to pathological accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in tissues. We used iduronate-2-sulfatase knockout (Ids KO) mice to investigate if liver-directed recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors (rAAV8-LSP-hIDSco) encoding human I2S (hI2S) could cross-correct I2S deficiency in Ids KO mouse tissues, and we then assessed the translation of mouse data to non-human primates (NHPs). Treated mice showed sustained hepatic hI2S production, accompanied by normalized GAG levels in somatic tissues (including critical tissues such as heart and lung), indicating systemic cross-correction from liver-secreted hI2S. Brain GAG levels in Ids KO mice were lowered but not normalized; higher doses were required to see improvements in brain histology and neurobehavioral testing. rAAV8-LSP-hIDSco administration in NHPs resulted in sustained hepatic hI2S production and therapeutic hI2S levels in cross-corrected somatic tissues but no hI2S exposure in the central nervous system, perhaps owing to lower levels of liver transduction in NHPs than in mice. Overall, we demonstrate the ability of rAAV8-LSP-hIDSco to cross-correct I2S deficiency in mouse somatic tissues and highlight the importance of showing translatability of gene therapy data from rodents to NHPs, which is critical for supporting translation to clinical development.

A universal GlycoDesign for lysosomal replacement enzymes to improve circulation time and biodistribution.

Currently available enzyme replacement therapies for lysosomal storage diseases are limited in their effectiveness due in part to short circulation times and suboptimal biodistribution of the therapeutic enzymes. We previously engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to produce α-galactosidase A (GLA) with various N-glycan structures and demonstrated that elimination of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) and conversion to homogeneous sialylated N-glycans prolonged circulation time and improved biodistribution of the enzyme following a single-dose infusion into Fabry mice. Here, we confirmed these findings using repeated infusions of the glycoengineered GLA into Fabry mice and further tested whether this glycoengineering approach, Long-Acting-GlycoDesign (LAGD), could be implemented on other lysosomal enzymes. LAGD-engineered CHO cells stably expressing a panel of lysosomal enzymes [aspartylglucosamine (AGA), beta-glucuronidase (GUSB), cathepsin D (CTSD), tripeptidyl peptidase (TPP1), alpha-glucosidase (GAA) or iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS)] successfully converted all M6P-containing N-glycans to complex sialylated N-glycans. The resulting homogenous glycodesigns enabled glycoprotein profiling by native mass spectrometry. Notably, LAGD extended the plasma half-life of all three enzymes tested (GLA, GUSB, AGA) in wildtype mice. LAGD may be widely applicable to lysosomal replacement enzymes to improve their circulatory stability and therapeutic efficacy.