Idle Class Research Articles

Audio-based event detection in the operating room.

Even though workflow analysis in the operating room has come a long way, current systems are still limited to research. In the quest for a robust, universal setup, hardly any attention has been given to the dimension of audio despite its numerous advantages, such as low costs, location, and sight independence, or little required processing power. We present an approach for audio-based event detection that solely relies on two microphones capturing the sound in the operating room. Therefore, a new data set was created with over 63h of audio recorded and annotated at the University Hospital rechts der Isar. Sound files were labeled, preprocessed, augmented, and subsequently converted to log-mel-spectrograms that served as a visual input for an event classification using pretrained convolutional neural networks. Comparing multiple architectures, we were able to show that even lightweight models, such as MobileNet, can already provide promising results. Data augmentation additionally improved the classification of 11 defined classes, including inter alia different types of coagulation, operating table movements as well as an idle class. With the newly created audio data set, an overall accuracy of 90%, a precision of 91% and a F1-score of 91% were achieved, demonstrating the feasibility of an audio-based event recognition in the operating room. With this first proof of concept, we demonstrated that audio events can serve as a meaningful source of information that goes beyond spoken language and can easily be integrated into future workflow recognition pipelines using computational inexpensive architectures.

Examining Trait Anger Among Male and Female College Students

The current research aims to study trait anger among male and female college students. The current research participants included a total of 80 (40 male and 40 Female). Age range of both the student groups ranged from 20 – 22 years. Mean age of male and female students was 21.05 and 20.08 respectively. All of these students had and urban and semi – urban idle class socioeconomic background and were unmarried. All the students were studying in the third year of B. Sc (Bachelor of Science) course in Degree College Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India. The data was collected through the “Personal Information Form”, “State Trait Anger Expression Index (STAXI)”. The t – test was used to compare the means of the two groups. The results showed that there was no significant difference between these two groups (Male and Female) with regards to trait anger.

Social Role of Entrepreneurial Activity: Historical and Sociological Dimension

In the article the role of entrepreneurial activity in development of modern society is analyzed. Attention is focused on the essence of the definition of entrepreneurship, its socio-integrated character, backbone motives, economic and non-economic functions. Particular attention is focused on the contribution of J. Schumpeter to the sociological theory of entrepreneurship. The effectiveness of private business initiative in overcoming the inertia of mass consciousness, destructive traditionalism, social anomie, poverty, manipulative influence, and ideological vacuum is emphasized. Research interest is focused on proving the validity of the values of entrepreneurship to localize a wide range of social pathologies. We are talking about the problems of corruption, negligence, nepotism, favoritism, telephone law, personal loyalty to the leader instead of professionalism, the absolutism of importance of a political career, the presence of an idle class, the absence of achievement motivation, which are mainly destructive atavism of the past. The presence of certain lexical constructions as a «litmus test» is indicated, which are able to detail the specifics and basic vectors of transformation of modern society. Successful examples of constructing relevant formats of a representative culture are highlighted, especially in developed countries using traditional media, with the goal of popularizing emancipation values in a public space. In particular, the values of professionalism, self-realization, market competition, systematicity, freedom, social trust and responsibility, tolerance. At the same time, against the background of industrial revolutions and industrialization processes, the most prominent figures are highlighted, as well as resonant entrepreneurial inventions that have significantly changed the socio-economic face of global society. The focus is on famous personalities in the processes of socially ethical business in Ukraine at the intersection of the ХІХ-ХХ centuries. It is concluded that an ideological project – a country of socially responsible business and efficient production labor, is of particular relevance at the present stage, when each person would have a real right to compete with others on equal terms in the results of their own work and feel the available possibility of self-realization in the context of the current paradigm of the civilized world – social entrepreneurship or in other words social marketing. In our opinion, the indicated type business man, for whom the problems of not only the economic, but also the non-economic progress of society are relevant, is acquiring important modernization significance at present stage.

The Fatal Indolence of the "Former": The Southern Coast of Crimea During the Years of the Civil War (1917-1921) Through the Prism of the History of Daily Life

The article's research subject is the mentality of the representatives of the privileged social strata of imperial Russia living on the southern coast of Crimea during the years of the Civil War (1917-1921). On the basis of memoirs, little-known in historiographical circulation, as well as other sources, the author attempts to reconstruct the conditions of the daily life of the representatives of this social group during the indicated period and to describe the main features of their mentality. The author proposes a model that explains the mood and behavior of these figures with the help of "The Idle Class” concept, which was introduced at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries by the American sociologist T. Weblen. The narrative of "political history" is supplemented by research in the field of "local history" and "daily history", "micronarratives" based on the historical memory of event participants, affixed in sources of personal origin and designed to reveal how people of that era experienced their daily life. This has allowed the author to supplement and clarify the scientific knowledge about historical changes and to identify whether the changes at the macro and micro levels correlate with each other. The author uses the concept of "The Idle Class" to explain the fatal carelessness shown by representatives of the privileged social group of imperial Russia on the southern coast of Crimea even when the fire of the civil war had already been raging for several years in the country and when the Bolsheviks had governed over Crimea twice, even if not for long, by conducting searches, arrests and executions of class enemies. This, in turn, demonstrates that the interpretation of the revolution and the civil war in Russia in the 1917-early 1920s should be done in the broadest sense, as not only a socio-economic conflict, but also a socio-cultural and mental one.

Decoding covert speech for intuitive control of brain-computer interfaces based on single-trial EEG: a feasibility study.

For individuals with severe motor deficiencies, controlling external devices such as robotic arms or wheelchairs can be challenging, as many devices require some degree of motor control to be operated, e.g. when controlled using a joystick. A brain-computer interface (BCI) relies only on signals from the brain and may be used as a controller instead of muscles. Motor imagery (MI) has been used in many studies as a control signal for BCIs. However, MI may not be suitable for all control purposes, and several people cannot obtain BCI control with MI. In this study, the aim was to investigate the feasibility of decoding covert speech from single-trial EEG and compare and combine it with MI. In seven healthy subjects, EEG was recorded with twenty-five channels during six different actions: Speaking three words (both covert and overt speech), two arm movements (both motor imagery and execution), and one idle class. Temporal and spectral features were derived from the epochs and classified with a random forest classifier. The average classification accuracy was $67 \pm 9$ % and $75\pm 7$ % for covert and overt speech, respectively; this was 5-10 % lower than the movement classification. The performance of the combined movement-speech decoder was $61 \pm 9$ % and $67\pm 7$ % (covert and overt), but it is possible to have more classes available for control. The possibility of using covert speech for controlling a BCI was outlined; this is a step towards a multimodal BCI system for improved usability.

An investigation of the class management profiles of students of physical education and sports teaching departments

The objective of this research is to examine and analyze the class management profiles of 3rd and 4th grade students of Physical Education and SportsTeaching Departments of universities in Turkey based on gender, grade level and university. The research population comprised 375 students (170 females and 205 males) of Physical Education and Sports Teaching departments in Gazi University, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Kocaeli University, Sakarya University, and AnadoluUniversity. The “Class Management Profile Scale (CMPS)”, which was developed by Kris (1996) and adapted into Turkish by Ekici, was used as the data collection tool. In the data analysis, the T test and One-Way analysis of variance were performed on the independent groups for determining whether or not the scale in general and its sub-dimensions showed any significant difference according to gender, class level, and the university. According to the results of the research, it was determined that the average of the idle class management profiles of the male students proved to be significantly higher than those of the female students, and that 3rd grade students had a more authoritative class management profile than 4th grade students. Key words: Class management, Class management profile, physical education and Sports Teaching.

Fen Ve Teknoloji Öğretmenlerinin Laboratuvar Ortamlarında Karşılaştıkları İstenmeyen Öğrenci Davranışlarının İncelenmesi

In this study opinions of the science and technology teachers; who are working in primary education schools, which are later structured as elementary school and secondary school with the change of 4+4+4, about student’s behaviour problems in laboratories were searched. The research data was gathered from 96 teachers who are working in primary education schools in the towns and villages in Canakkale. As the survey technique descriptive method was used to gather the research data. According to the results, the most common student behaviour problems that the teachers encounter in the laboratories are: thinking of the laboratory lessons as an idle class, attending the lessons with insufficient materials or without materials, trying to keep the attention on himself during the lesson, untimely note taking, not obeying the security rules, thinking of the study as useless in real life, being uninterested in the studies, getting ready to leave the class before the bell rings, wondering in the classroom, killing time with cell phones, being late for the lessons, dropping something deliberately on the floor and taking it back and imitating the friends and the teacher

Subject-dependent classification for robust idle state detection using multi-modal neuroimaging and data-fusion techniques in BCI

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) allow users to control external devices by their intentions. Currently, most BCI systems are synchronous. They rely on cues or tasks to which a subject has to react. In order to design an asynchronous BCI one needs to be able to robustly detect an idle class. In this study, we examine whether multi-modal neuroimaging, based on simultaneous EEG and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements, can assist in the robust detection of the idle class within a sensory motor rhythm-based BCI paradigm. We propose two types of subject-dependent classification strategies to combine the information of both modalities. Our results demonstrate that not only idle-state decoding can be significantly improved by exploiting the complementary information of multi-modal recordings, but also it is possible to minimize the delay of the system, caused by the slow inherent hemodynamic response of the NIRS signal.

Temporal modeling of EEG during self-paced hand movement and its application in onset detection

The temporal behavior of electroencephalography (EEG) recorded during self-paced hand movement is investigated for the purpose of improving EEG classification in general and onset detection in particular. Four temporal models based on conditional random fields are developed and applied to classify EEG data into the movement or idle class. They are further used for building an onset detection system and tested on self-paced EEG signals recorded from five subjects. True–false rates ranging from 74% to 98% have been achieved on different subjects, with significant improvement over non-temporal methods. The effectiveness of the proposed methods suggests their potential use in self-paced brain–computer interfaces.

Architects, Bandits and Knights

Some quotations: «A new disaster has been added to pollution of the unique lake–it is cottage development of the coast». «The trouble is that the projects are realized without even being seen by architectural society. Including the objects on the coast of Lake Baikal. We took Sergey Kiselev to see one of such objects, it was a halfcompleted building. Like other Moscow colleagues he admitted that it was an obviously conceited excess. In general almost every object recently built in Listvyanka represents a burst of excess… What is happening here with architecture and urban planning is absolutely inadmissible». «Current capital development at Lake Baikal visually pollutes the coast, bringing alien elements to the landscape and view (for example, the cottages of pseudorussian style and cabin cars)». Acting as a client of architectural and design project Russian mafia has a number of individual characteristics. Firstly, an ordinary businessman is childishly confident that the architect's (or designer's) work is a very interesting and fascinating stuff. He believes that this work gives lots of pleasure and entirely consists of creative discoveries and triumph. By the way already ancient Greeks considered creativity to be a sort of Eros. So the mafia client is eager to take part in such a pleasant thing. In spite of expressing his wishes clearly and giving the way to the professional, the client strives for being both a participant and a coauthor of the project. At best he is constantly bothering the architect with many pieces of advice and «valuable suggestions ». At worst the project, which is already finished, approved and even paid, is altered by the client during the process of its realization, while the author is not even informed about it. The building completed, the shocked architect sees a monster that has arisen from his project as a result of «the editing». Secondly, any typical Mafioso finds it very important to persistently exhibit his aggressiveness and readiness to start the struggle end even to die. The cult of physical strength and defiance of danger is one of fundamental principles of the mafia corporate culture. The client's drive to provoke a quarrel and to explain «who is the boss» makes the relations between the architect and the client very peculiar. Thirdly, a productive labour interdiction is another important feature of traditional mafia culture. This view is a variation of the famous «idle class» ethos brilliantly described by Veblen Thorstein in his classic work. The ethics of the members of the idle class, which is also called by Veblen a «predatory class», forbids them to work or to be involved in any productive labour. Instead it allows them to fight, to govern the state and to go in for sport. From the point of view of the predatory culture there are only two types of people. The first one includes warriors, fighters and bandits, they arouse «fair» emotions of anger and fury as rivals or companionsinarms on the field of battle. The second type is represented by bastards, brutes and plough cattle, they are worth nothing but contempt. Most citizens' opinion on the building is of no importance. Only what the respected people of the same type, that is mafia «good guys», say (or think) about it is taken into account. The tendencies to erect such incongruous and ugly buildings on the coast of Lake Baikal can hardly be stopped easily and quickly. Those tendencies have very deep roots. They are based, though in a perverted and wry manner, on the old traditions of Siberian culture. So it is senseless to struggle, to forbid and to show anger and contempt towards an uncultured wilful client. As well as it is no good to have «what can I do for you?» attitude and to follow all the whims of the predatory class.

Архитекторы, бандиты и рыцари

Some quotations: «A new disaster has been added to pollution of the unique lake–it is cottage development of the coast». «The trouble is that the projects are realized without even being seen by architectural society. Including the objects on the coast of Lake Baikal. We took Sergey Kiselev to see one of such objects, it was a halfcompleted building. Like other Moscow colleagues he admitted that it was an obviously conceited excess. In general almost every object recently built in Listvyanka represents a burst of excess… What is happening here with architecture and urban planning is absolutely inadmissible».«Current capital development at Lake Baikal visually pollutes the coast, bringing alien elements to the landscape and view (for example, the cottages of pseudorussian style and cabin cars)».Acting as a client of architectural and design project Russian mafia has a number of individual characteristics.Firstly, an ordinary businessman is childishly confident that the architect's (or designer's) work is a very interesting and fascinating stuff. He believes that this work gives lots of pleasure and entirely consists of creative discoveries and triumph.By the way already ancient Greeks considered creativity to be a sort of Eros. So the mafia client is eager to take part in such a pleasant thing. In spite of expressing his wishes clearly and giving the way to the professional, the client strives for being both a participant and a coauthor of the project. At best he is constantly bothering the architect with many pieces of advice and «valuable suggestions ». At worst the project, which is already finished, approved and even paid, is altered by the client during the process of its realization, while the author is not even informed about it. The building completed, the shocked architect sees a monster that has arisen from his project as a result of «the editing».Secondly, any typical Mafioso finds it very important to persistently exhibit his aggressiveness and readiness to start the struggle end even to die. The cult of physical strength and defiance of danger is one of fundamental principles of the mafia corporate culture. The client's drive to provoke a quarrel and to explain «who is the boss» makes the relations between the architect and the client very peculiar.Thirdly, a productive labour interdiction is another important feature of traditional mafia culture. This view is a variation of the famous «idle class» ethos brilliantly described by Veblen Thorstein in his classic work. The ethics of the members of the idle class, which is also called by Veblen a «predatory class», forbids them to work or to be involved in any productive labour. Instead it allows them to fight, to govern the state and to go in for sport. From the point of view of the predatory culture there are only two types of people. The first one includes warriors, fighters and bandits, they arouse «fair» emotions of anger and fury as rivals or companionsinarms on the field of battle. The second type is represented by bastards, brutes and plough cattle, they are worth nothing but contempt. Most citizens' opinion on the building is of no importance. Only what the respected people of the same type, that is mafia «good guys», say (or think) about it is taken into account.The tendencies to erect such incongruous and ugly buildings on the coast of Lake Baikal can hardly be stopped easily and quickly. Those tendencies have very deep roots. They are based, though in a perverted and wry manner, on the old traditions of Siberian culture. So it is senseless to struggle, to forbid and to show anger and contempt towards an uncultured wilful client. As well as it is no good to have «what can I do for you?» attitude and to follow all the whims of the predatory class.

Nobility and modern monarchy—J.H.G. Justi and the French debate on commercial nobility at the beginning of the seven years war

This article seeks to explore the European debate on commercial nobility at the beginning of the Seven Years War in the light of the intense reform debates over French absolutism in the 1730s and 1740s and Montesquieu's rigid refutation of noble trade in The Spirit of the Laws (1748). In early 1756, Montesquieu's position against noble trade had come under severe attack by Gabriel François Coyer's Noblesse Commerçante. Claiming that the royal absolutist system had transformed the nobles into an idle class without any political, economic, or military function that stood in sharp contrast to the dynamism of modern commercial society, Coyer perceived noble enterprises in maritime, wholesale, and even retail trade as a necessary means to help France compete with commercially more advanced states such as England and Holland. Coyer's pamphlet roused heated controversies in Paris and beyond and soon engaged the leading minds of the time in debates over the actual and desired role of the hereditary aristocracy in monarchies. Coyer's strongest opponents, like the Chevalier d’Arc, vehemently defended Montesquieu's contention that the upkeep of the non-commercial status of the nobility was a political necessity. Yet they, too, conceded that the nobility had to undergo severe reforms not to hamper France's military standing and future economic success. The article finally turns to Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi, the most interesting commentator on the debate in Germany, who, by October 1756, had translated Coyer's and d’Arc's texts into German and written an own treatise on the same issue. Justi's pamphlet reveals that his political theory was deeply shaped by the debate and thus disproves the long-held assumption in the literature that German cameralism, with Justi as its main representative, was an allegedly isolated current of thought that neither received significant external influences, nor exerted any considerable impact beyond the boundaries of the Germanic world.

On the structure of generalized Albanese varieties

Given a smooth projective surface X over an algebraically closed field k and a modulus (an effective divisor) m on X, one defines the idle class group Cm(X) of X with modulus m (see 1, chapter III, section 4). The corresponding generalized Albanese variety Gum and the generalized Albanese map um:X|m|Gum have the following universal mapping property (2): if :XG is a rational map into a commutative algebraic group which induces a homomorphism Cm(X)G(k) (1, chapter III, proposition 1), then factors uniquely through um.