Ideological Movements Research Articles

Composing Time in a Secondary U.S. Classroom: (Not) Challenging Ideological Polarization through Straight and Queer Temporal Movements

Drawing on a larger year-long ethnography at a public, urban, comprehensive high school in the Midwestern United States, this article describes the texts students composed in a co-taught sophomore (grade 10) humanities course combining social studies and English language arts. Bringing together sociocultural perspectives on literacy and composition with queer theorizations of time, I argue for the utility of attending not only to time’s multi dimensionality but also its multi directionality. Doing so in writing instruction can help thaw binary polarization and foster more humanizing temporal and in turn ideological movements. To illustrate, I present an ethnographic case of students writing about the history of gendered clothing in 20th-century U.S. society. I examine how different temporal ideologies had consequences for students (not) reproducing antagonistic, polarized binaries with respect to oppressive values, in particular anti-LGBTQIA+ values as they intersect with class, race, and politics. Although my emphasis is how gender and sexuality intertwine with economics, race, and politics, this article suggests that attending to the multidimensionality and multidirectionality of time is a productive site for scholars and educators committed to praxes of justice in writing instruction.

Making the match: How Chinese food‐movement organizations develop consumers in the alternative market

AbstractMany social movement organizations promote their agendas in market spaces. As such they need to attract consumers to their cause. This article used longitudinal qualitative data collected between 2018 and 2023 in Chinese alternative food markets to explore their consumer recruitment and ongoing efforts to match movement ideologies with consumers' values, particularly regarding what makes “good food.” I argue that an iterative, two‐way learning process between organizations and consumers helped facilitate good matching and establish a stable consumer base. Organizations educated consumers about the production process and producers' stories, aligning their missions with consumers' pursuit of safety and taste and distinguishing them from mainstream markets. Consumers resonated with this cultural work but required responsible producers and market organizers. Some organizations fostered self‐affirming discussions to redirect consumer demands, while others interacted with and learned from the dynamic culture within consumer groups to co‐create their new definition of good food. This mutual learning motivated organizers to adjust their visions of ideal consumers to align movement ideologies with consumers' desires, creating the right amount of differentiation in alternative markets. This paper advances the literature on social movement organizations' market activities by revealing the interactive learning process and the diversity of alignment strategies.

Re-embedding Polanyi’s double movement thesis – the non-ideological and destructive countermovement

ABSTRACT This article argues that scholarship on Polanyi’s double movement thesis has been disembedded from the arguments laid out by Polanyi in The Great Transformation. Much scholarship claims ideologically left- or right-wing movements to be examples of Polanyi’s countermovement. This article will demonstrate this is a misreading through a detailed examination of Polanyi’s magnus opus. It will demonstrate that Polanyi not only does not regard ideological movements as part of the countermovement concept but he ridicules this understanding as the ‘myth of the antiliberal collectivist conspiracy’. After dissecting the double movement dynamic this article will use the findings to intervene in the Goodwin-Sandbrook debate arguing for a non-ideological reading of the countermovement, in which the countermovement is ultimately destructive to the self-regulating market and the double movement itself. This break-down gives space to the transcendental ideological movements, fascism and socialism, to actualize their ideology.

ФЕНОМЕН ДВИЖЕНИЯ ЧЕРНЫХ ЕВРЕЕВ ИДЕОЛОГИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНО-РЕЛИГИОЗНОГО ПРОТЕСТА АФРИКАНО-АМЕРИКАНЦЕВ (КОНЕЦ XIX – НАЧАЛО XXI В.)

В статье рассматриваются особенности идеологии черных евреев в США, исповедовавших различные варианты альтернативного иудаизма, в контексте протестного движения африкано-американцев. Охарактеризовано зарождение групп черных евреев среди африкано-американцев в конце XIX – начале ХХ в. Проведен анализ эволюции их взглядов – от умеренных, основанных на ветхозаветной традиции, характерных для сторонников большинства первоначальных организаций, до радикальных – у заметной части черных евреев, начиная с 1960-х. Возникновение нового религиозного движения стало реакцией части африкано-американской общины на многолетние притеснения и дискриминацию.Движение являлось формой протеста африкано-американцев, стремившихся исповедовать иудаизм и заявивших о себе как об «истинном Израиле». Религиозные радикалы и националисты искажали историю стран и народов Ближнего Востока и Африки с целью продвижения идеи превосходства чер-ной расы. Принятие иудаизма означало разрыв с господствующей религией и социально-культурными ценностями. Черные евреи стали особой субкультурой и одной из разновидностей африкано-американской религии, близкой по идеологии и структуре к церквям «черного христианства». Показано, что, несмотря на маргинальность, относительную замкнутость и малочисленность, экстремистское крыло черных евреев оказало существенное влияние на формирование ключевых идей «групп ненависти», отстаивающих черный национализм и сепаратизм в Соединенных Штатах. The article examines the features of the ideology of Black Hebrew Israelites in the United States, who professed various variants of alternative Judaism, in the context of the protest movement of African Americans. Its origin among African Americans in the late XIXth – early XXth centuries is shown. The analysis of the evolution of their views – from the moderate, based on the Old Testament tradition, among the supporters of the majority of the original organizations, to the radical – among a noticeable part of Black Hebrew Israelites, starting from the 1960s, is carried out. The emergence of a new religious movement was the reaction of part of the African American community to years of oppression and discrimination. The movement was a form of protest among African Americans who sought to profess Judaism and declared themselves as "the true Israel". Religious radicals and nationalists distorted the history of the countries and peoples of the Middle East and Africa in order to promote the idea of the superiority of the black race. The adoption of Judaism meant a break with the dominant religion and socio-cultural values. Black Hebrew Israelites have become a special subculture and one of the varieties of the African American religion, close in ideology and structure to the churches of "black Christianity". It is shown that, despite the marginality, relative isolation and small numbers, the extremist wing of Black Hebrew Israelites had a significant impact on the formation of key ideas of "hate groups" defending black nationalism and separatism in the United States.

Distorted Truth

This work draws a connection between the authoritarian conservatism of the Brazilian military dictatorship and the ideology present during Jair Bolsonaro's administration, while shedding light on the role of the secretive and feared intelligence and repression apparatus in Brazil during the military regime, known as DOI-CODI. It analyzes the autobiographical work "A Verdade Sufocada" by Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra, former commander of DOI-CODI, and its influence on contemporary far-right ideology. Additionally, it addresses the media's contribution to the formation of social memory and forgetting, especially concerning Brazil's dictatorial past. The study demonstrates how certain elements of the dictatorship, such as nationalism, conservatism, and persecution of leftist groups, are still present in the ideological movements of the New Right. The analysis offers a critical perspective on Bolsonarism and its legacy stemming from a period of human rights violations and the suppression of democratic freedoms.

Humanism Through History

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the term «humanism». It is noted that humanism is a rather ambiguous term and domestic scientific thought treats it ambiguously. It is emphasized that humanism, as a cultural and historical phenomenon, has undergone a complex path of evolutionary development, taking various forms and shades. Each historical era brought its own, time-appropriate content to this concept. The author points to the fact that humanism as ideological movement is born in ancient times, but the term itself began to be used in the philosophical lexicon only in the nineteenth century and represented a peculiar type of mindset, a unique moral principle that began to dominate the spiritual sphere, whereas in the twentieth century it encompassed all spheres of society. It is concluded that at the present stage of civil development, where man has become a prisoner of the global socio-anthropological crisis, humanism should be turned into an ideology on a planetary scale.

Political Thought In Islam: An Analysis of The Development And Evolution of Islamic Political Philosophy

The explores the development and evolution of Islamic politics, tracing its historical trajectory from the early stages of Islam to its contemporary manifestations. By analyzing key political events, influential thinkers, and ideological movements, this study sheds light on the multifaceted nature of Islamic politics and its transformations over time. Through a comprehensive examination of primary and secondary sources, the research highlights the diverse political ideologies, organisations, and discourses within the Islamic tradition. Furthermore, it investigates the early Islamic period, the caliphate era, the influence of classical Islamic scholars, and contemporary debates on political philosophy in Islam. By examining various perspectives, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the rich and diverse political thought within the Islamic tradition.

Discerning Taliban 2.0 and Afghanistan’s Political Landscape

Politically astute and organisationally deft, the Taliban forged ‘antagonistic cooperation’ with key regional players who courted the movement vigorously as it sought to reinvent itself as ‘Taliban 2.0’. However, two years into the rule of ‘Taliban 2.0’, the chasm between rhetoric and reality has widened. This article disaggregates the idea of ‘Taliban 2.0’, arguing that subtle differences notwithstanding the Taliban is an ideological movement which demonstrates a remarkable contiguity in showing fidelity to its hardline ideology manifested in its attitudes towards women, deployment of violence and links with transnational actors. Domestic political actors too stuttered in responding to the Taliban’s momentum amid a dramatically reconfigured geo-political landscape, a glaring power asymmetry, factionalism within opposition ranks and the rise of new actors like the Daesh which attempted to fill the void.

A Study on Techno-Nationalism, an Emerging Trend in the 21st Century India

Techno-nationalism is a nationalistic and ideological movement that also serves to understand the social and cultural effects of technology on the citizens of a country. Techno-nationalism is a fusion of the two words "Technology and Nationalism," in which they are politically focused together on the advancement of the country in terms of technology and its related dynamics. Initially, it was started in Europe and North America, then later in the twentieth century, various nations begin to make use of Techno-nationalism, and China has mastered this concept for their advancement. anyway, the main objective of this paper is to examine and prove the roots and growth of the Techno-nationalist movement in the world as well as in India and China's hostility to the emergence of Techno-nationalism in India and in its citizens with the support of different eminent references. In this context, a survey also conducted to prove the emergence of the Techno-nationalism in India. Respondents are common Indian people who will fall within the categories of different sectors and analyzed this data through the references of many technological, cultural, scientific, social, historical theories respectively.

PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE: EXPLORING IDEOLOGICAL MOVEMENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION THROUGH THE ALASH IDEA

This article delves into the intricate interplay between ideological movements and pedagogical approaches in higher education, specifically focusing on the Alash Idea's profound influence on literature instruction. Originating in early 20th-century Kazakhstan, the Alash Idea epitomizes a confluence of cultural resurgence, nationalism, and educational reform. This study aims to unravel the pedagogical implications stemming from the Alash Idea's impact on literature education, elucidating its enduring significance within higher education contexts. By scrutinizing historical narratives and contemporary educational paradigms, this research illuminates the Alash Idea's indelible mark on literature instruction methodologies. It investigates the movement's role in shaping curricula, instructional strategies, and the conceptualization of literary studies within academic settings. The analysis delineates the Alash Idea's legacy, providing insights into its continued resonance in modern pedagogical frameworks. Through a meticulous examination of historical perspectives and present-day educational landscapes, this study underscores the ongoing relevance and adaptability of the Alash Idea's pedagogical principles in contemporary literature instruction. This article positions the Alash Idea as a pivotal influencer in shaping teaching methodologies for literature within higher education, offering valuable insights for educators, scholars, and policymakers engaged in curriculum development and pedagogical innovation.

“We Are the Beaker Mums”

This article sustains that children’s literature has the potential to legitimise and subvert dominant motherhood ideologies. Drawing on feminist motherhood theory in the fields of gender studies and children’s literature, this article critically analyses the influence of New Momism in Jacqueline Wilson’s Tracy Beaker series (1991–2019), contributing to a body of research on these acclaimed books for children. New Momism is an ideological movement which romanticises motherhood and sets highly demanding, impossible-to-meet standards of motherhood (Douglas and Adams 4). New Momist ideology resulted in a series of mother stereotypes advanced by the media, such as the “celebrity mum”, the “welfare mother” and the “supermum”. Mother characters in the Tracy Beaker novels are analysed against these stereotypes to ascertain to what extent their existence is supported or disavowed. This article is divided into two sections that coincide with the two sequences of the series. The first focuses on the two main mother characters: Carly, Tracy’s biological mother, and Cam, Tracy’s foster mother. The second part focuses on the character of Tracy as a mother and how her socio-economic background affects her experience of mothering. The presence of mother stereotypes such as the celebrity mum and the welfare mother demonstrate how New Momist ideas are embedded in the text. However, these patriarchal ideas of motherhood are also undermined in the novels, most notably through the challenge of mother stereotypes, the dismissal of the mother ideal and the portrayal of diverse motherhood experiences. Finally, an evolution in the treatment of motherhood throughout the years can be observed in the series, with the most recent novels presenting a more progressive perspective on working-class motherhood and female sexuality.

The Far Right Culture War on ESG

This article examines connections between religious nationalism, extremist movements, and environmental politics, with a focus on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) frameworks and debates in the United States since 2020. It begins with a brief history of ESG, then examines responses from mainstream conservatives and far-right groups to the growth of ESG. It argues that the current backlash against the use of ESG is part of a larger conservative culture war against “woke” politics. The article offers a detailed look at the role of the conservative advocacy group Heritage Action and its “ESG Hurts” campaign, and shows how climate denial, conspiracy theories, and hostility to race and gender politics are interconnected parts of a growing ideological movement rooted in Christian Nationalism and climate denial.

Imperial Gift

Abstract This article theorizes and historicizes soap, a medical “gift” distributed by the US military to villages and hamlets in South Vietnam, as a commodity and as an infrastructure in the American war in Vietnam. During the war, soap not only operated as a tool to clean those the US military deemed dirty and uncivilized but also brokered the ideological movement of empire from the nation-state to the occupied regions of the Vietnamese South. Wartime US humanitarianism proffered soap as a counterinsurgent weapon of soft power and as an infrastructural poetic that securitized US empire against the rising tide of communist insurgency. Reading against the hegemonic archival practices that venerate the gifting of soap as benevolent militarism, the article moves to examine the anarchic practice of South Vietnamese black marketeering, which redeployed soap as an illegal market commodity to intercept the movement of US empire and, as a practice that arose in response to wartime capitalism and militarization, allowed natives to command new social relations at the cost of disrupting the Republic of Vietnam’s flows of capital and the United States’ ongoing war campaign. As an informal, opaque, and yet thriving infrastructure of its own, the black market fostered insurgent survival strategies that repurposed military supplies and gifts as versatile commodities, allowing even soap to escape its original containment as a civilizing agent and giving it new uses and meanings.

The Social Palace as a Medium for the Transfer and Transformation of Ideas in Early Socialism

ABSTRACT This essay offers an interpretation of Charles Fourier's phalanstery as a tool for transferring ideas. It examines how static architecture transforms into a concept and can act as a medium for the transcontinental travels of social ideas. Both buildings and their blueprints and illustrations are analysed as texts full of revolutionary political meanings. It examines attempts to use them in practice, in France and abroad, and the theoretical considerations on how they should be used. Material infrastructure was necessary to the establishing, functioning, and spreading of the propaganda of the political movement of the phalansterian school, which particularly distinguished early socialism and other ideological movements in the nineteenth century. This essay aims to contribute to the discussion on non-verbal speech acts in intellectual history.

Afghanistan Under the Taliban

In the aftermath of the Taliban’s takeover of Kabul and much of Afghanistan in 2021, a deeply ideological movement had taken control of a massive territory–and was clearly there to stay. It is, of course, not the first time, in neither recent nor more ancient history, that a ‘revolutionary’ ideological movement had managed to do so. H A Hellyer explores how historical precedents and interpretations might impact the interactions between the ruling Taliban in Afghanistan and other Islamic communities.◼

Salafi Madrasa, Nation, and (Pseudo-) Nationalism: A Case Study of Two Islamic Education Institutions in Indonesia

This research aims to examine the negotiations between two Islamic movement organizations, Salafi and Jamaah Ansharus Syariah (JAS), as conservative Islamic movements whose main goal is to return to the original sources of Islam, the Qur'an and As-Sunnah. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research design with data collection methods through observation, interactive interviews, and documentation conducted in two educational institutions owned by Salafi and JAS, using primary and secondary data sources. The research findings are as follows. First, it shows that Salafi and JAS, as fundamentalist movement groups, are capable of conducting cooperative negotiations using the concept of political agonism. Second, the negotiation process of Salafi and JAS emphasizes the concept of nationalism for the sake of the operational interests of educational institutions. Third, Salafi and JAS develop their movement ideology among students and their parents. This research portrays the existence of Pseudo Nationalism, positioning themselves in a contemporary style and acting as an anchor for balance, thereby impacting the existence and strengthening of their ideology.

Critique of Transhumanism's Concept of Humans from the Perspective of Islamic Thought

Transhumanism is defined as a human movement that believes in and attempts to implement ideas and practices aimed at developing and empowering the biological, psychological, and cognitive abilities of humans and helping them become superior to their current biological state through modern science and technological tools. Considering its promises and goals for humans and humanity, this science- and technology-based understanding is also recognized as a sociocultural and ideological movement. Given the effectiveness of areas such as virtual reality, genetic intervention, and artificial intelligence, it is clear that the promises of transhumanism are not so utopian. It is essential to subject the ontological approaches of transhumanism, which consider humans and the universe, to a theological interpretation based on current facts and arguments rather than philosophical and theoretical interpretations. Transhumanism clearly emphasizes that humans are incomplete beings and need to be developed. In this context, it emphasizes the understanding that humans can be empowered to their maximum potential through technology and science. It sets the goal of achieving the transhuman stage initially and then the posthuman stage, which represents the empowered state of humans at their maximum cognitive, emotional, and psychological levels. Although this movement, considered a continuation of humanism, develops humans physically, cognitively, and emotionally, it also treats humans as objects in achieving these goals. In our study, we specifically focus on transhumanism’s conception of humans and attempt to criticize this conception within the framework of the Islamic understanding of human beings. We first explain the concepts of transhuman and posthuman to understand transhumanists’ conception of humans. Transhumanists, who consider the transhuman an intermediate form and an incomplete being that needs to be developed in many aspects, claim that humans will reach maximum competence in the process of posthumanization and that this will be achieved through science and technology. This understanding, which sees humans as a product of evolution, contrasts with the Islamic belief that humans are created by God. Although evolution has historically been positioned as an ideology against religion, we attempt to demonstrate that it can be approached in a way that is compatible with God’s creation and that modern scientific data do not consider evolution impossible. When examined from the perspective of human nature, especially in general Islamic thought, the understanding of the human soul and body is incompatible with the transhumanist understanding of humans. This is because transhumanists reject the concept of the soul, which is considered an essence of the human being in Islamic thought. In contrast, transhumanists completely attribute the phenomenon that Islamic theology accepts as the soul to the biological structure of humans. Thus, they propose a different approach by emphasizing body-mind functionalism against soul-body duality. Because their claim is scientific, it has been proposed within the scope of modern science that the concept of the soul in Islamic thought can be understood as the energy that gives life to human beings or as human beings’ state of consciousness. Another topic addressed in this study is the transhumanist approach that views humans as inherently deficient. This perspective contradicts the Islamic conception of a perfect human. This is because in Islam, it is believed that human beings were created as aḥsan taqwīm (the most beautiful form) and can express perfection in every aspect. Regarding this point, we find that the fundamental problem is the expression of perfection in Islamic thought concerning the human body. It is clear that people can be born with disabilities and that they do not have physical perfection due to illness, old age, or other factors. Therefore, we suggest that the perfect aspect of humans should be positioned on the basis of their ability to think, use their mind in every way, and be conscious rather than referring to physical perfection since it is clear that humans can be born with disabilities.

RE-STATING BREATH, BODY, AND BEING: THE TRANSFORMATIVE SYNCRETIC OF DANCE AND YOGA IN CHANDRALEKHA’S PRANA

Prana choreographed in 1990 was a work that brought to the fore the inherent potency of breath and movement through a synergy of adavus and asanas. It was Chandralekha’s second major work that worked on extending the body language closely connecting theseams between various physical forms like Bharatanatyam, Kalarippayattu and yoga. This study has interpreted Prana’s body dynamics by positioning the work in tandem with the immediate and larger context. It has studied the elements that create atransformative synergy using yoga and dance. By drawing from an interpretive approach, this research has used critical analysis of the specific dance work by placing it against her writings, dance reviews, research works in this area and theoretical standpoints. Thepaper reveals how the choreographer’s ideas of portraying the body’s inherent power for exerting its presence as a source of self-renewal is made through abstract visualization of her concepts like ‘‘spine,’ ‘bindu,’ ‘mandala,’ and others which were formed andinternalized in an effective continuum in her dances. In Prana, this was correlated to the characteristics of each graha shown through yoga and dance. It illustrates how Chandralekha used these ideas and elements in Prana to depict the role of breath, asanas, and the Bharatanatyam technique as a communication link for revitalizing the body. The study tells us how Prana brought an empirical focus to what dance and body gained from the corporeal practice of physical arts like yoga and kalarippayattu, with which she primarily meant to strengthen the form and power in them. Considering the recent efforts at the reconstruction of Chandralekha’s works as part of a project that plans to help relive her thoughts amongst the present generation of dancers starting with Prana, this research is pertinent in locating the movement ideology and the concepts of body language that she created in the realm of Indian contemporary dance, to relook at her idea of renewing and revitalizing the body in today’s times

Strengthening Movement Ideology through The Management of Campus Da'wah Institutions

This study explores management strategies and practices carried out by campus dakwah institutions in building a solid movement ideology within one of the public tertiary institutions in Banjarmasin. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data collection technique was done through participatory observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. Data analysis was done through data reduction, visualization, and conclusion. The study results show that managing campus da'wah institutions involves various strategies that focus on developing a solid movement ideology, namely, partnership cooperation with lecturers, preparation of study materials for campus da'wah institutions, mentoring and strengthening of ideological foundations. The management of campus dakwah institutions plays a significant role in building the movement's ideology at public universities in Banjarmasin. Management strategies and practices carried out by campus da'wah institutions contribute to strengthening movement ideology and increasing the effectiveness of da'wah on campus and in the surrounding community. This research provides guidance and insight for campus da'wah institutions in developing a strong and sustainable movement ideology.

«Парадокс русского духа» Пьеро Гобетти

During his short life, the Italian anti-fascist intellectual Piero Gobetti (1901–1926) was able to accomplish the incredible. He was the founder, editor and author of three magazines (Energie nove, 1918; La rivoluzione liberale, 1922; Il Baretti, 1924); he managed his own publishing house (Piero Gobetti edizioni), in which 114 volumes were published in 4 years; wrote books, articles, was a translator from russian. In Italy, they recognize his importance as one of the main distributors of Russian culture in Turin in the 1920s. In Russia, they are almost unfamiliar with the publications of P. Gobetti, even with his repeatedly reprinted work entitled «The Paradox of the Russian Spirit» (1926). In this article we try to consider the general cultural aspects and paradoxes of the time and place of this study's appearance in the context of the change of epochs, intellectual movements of those years and in the Italian national context. Looking ahead, we can say that the book, conceived as an analysis of the revolutionary ideology's movement in Russia, or at least it is completed chapters, turned out to be a text about Russian culture, or even, according to Vittorio Strada, about the specific role of the russian «intelligentsia». For a better understanding of the views of P. Gobetti, this issue also provides a translation of his essay «Dostoevsky as a classic and mystic of Russian literature», published in 1921.