Identified Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Articles

Identifying Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Children and Effective Teaching Strategies That Develop Their Multiple Intelligences

Many of us sometimes fail or misinterpret ADHD children by not understanding fully their traits and symptoms. As a result, many ADHD children are viewed as marginal students at school since they can’t meet academic standards. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify ADHD traits and implement effective teaching strategies for ADHD children which can develop their multiple intelligences. Knowing and applying effective methods and strategies for teaching ADHD children are very essential for them to achieve academic success. Therefore, through this research hopefully, teachers can identify ADHD children and implement effective teaching strategies that can develop multiple intelligences for ADHD children optimally. This research is qualitative research with a literature study approach. The results of this research are characteristics of ADHD and effective teaching strategies including assessment and tools that can be used in a classroom that can help to develop 9 multiple intelligences.

EMental Health Literacy and Knowledge of Common Child Mental Health Disorders among Parents of Preschoolers

The purpose of the study was to assess the eMental health literacy of parents of preschool children and explore the relationships between their eMental health literacy skills and their knowledge of common child mental health disorders and their child difficulties. Online survey data were collected using Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Parents of preschool children completed questionnaires related to internet-based mental health information seeking behavior, knowledge of common child mental health disorders using case vignettes, and child difficulties. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. eMental health literacy of parents was high but knowledge of the child mental health disorders was low. Only 14% of parents correctly identified all three disorders; 41.1% identified attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 64.9% recognized autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and 19.1% identified separation anxiety disorder (SAD). Parents with high eMental health literacy (≥30) were more likely to endorse professional help and seek information on how to manage problem behaviors for all three disorders. Parents with low eMental health literacy (<30) were more likely to have a child with a high risk of a mental health disorder. The findings will be used to inform educational initiatives on the use of online resources and recognition of child mental health disorders to promote early intervention and appropriate help seeking.

The Relationship Between Antioxidants and Inflammation in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Introduction:Recent studies have identified Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as an inflammatory condition associated with immunological and oxidative responses. Therefore, it is necessary to examine these processes in these patients. The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between the dietary intake of antioxidants, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity, and the serum levels of inflammatory factors in ADHD students.Methods:This retrospective case-control study was conducted on 64 ADHD children aged 6 – 13 years. The demographic questionnaire, Food Frequency Questionnaire, and Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire were used for data collection. SOD activity and the serum level of inflammatory factors (homocysteine, interleukin-6, and C-reactive Protein (CRP)) were measured in all patients. According to the CRP values, 32 patients were included in the case group (CRP≥1 mg/L) and 32 patients in the control group (0≤CRP<1 mg/L).Results:There was no significant difference between the two groups in age, sex, weight, height, and body mass index. In the case group, the mean SOD activity (P=0.034), the physical activity (P=0.04), zinc intake (P=0.02), and homocysteine levels were higher than the control group (P=0.001). Of all studied variables, the best predictors were homocysteine (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.082–1.670, P=0.029) and physical activity (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.761–0.952, P=0.022) respectively, whereas other variables were not significant predictors.Conclusion:The present study showed that the level of inflammatory factors in the case group was significantly higher than the control group. Homocysteine and physical activity can predict the inflammation status induced by CRP.

ADHD Presentation and Alcohol Use Among Juvenile Offenders: A Group-Based Trajectory Modeling Approach

ABSTRACTWhile research has consistently identified attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a risk factor for alcohol use in adolescence, there has yet to be an examination of how the multiple presentations of the disorder may differentially predict alcohol use. Some have posited that the individual symptom clusters of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may actually represent distinct and unrelated disorders, providing impetus for examining whether or not they differentially predict alcohol use. Low self-control has consistently been found to be a predictor of alcohol use; therefore it is expected to be the driving force behind ADHD's predictive power for understanding alcohol use. Using the Pathways to Desistance data, this research sought to examine the relevance of this symptom cluster for understanding alcohol use among juvenile offenders. Utilizing group-based trajectory modeling, six alcohol use trajectories across adolescence were identified among the sample of juvenile offenders. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that Predominantly Inattentive Presentation predicted membership to the high chronic drinking pattern, while Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation did not predict membership to any trajectory. The Combined Presentation was found to be the best predictor of membership to the high chronic drinking group. These findings provide impetus for further exploration of the inattentive symptom cluster so that mechanisms by which it affects alcohol use may be better understood.

Educational needs of epileptologists regarding psychiatric comorbidities of the epilepsies: a descriptive quantitative survey

Psychiatric disorders are relatively frequent comorbidities in epilepsy and they have an impact on morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. This is a report from the Task Force on Education of the ILAE Commission on Neuropsychiatry based on a survey about educational needs of epileptologists regarding management of the psychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy. The Task Force designed a quantitative questionnaire to survey the self-perceived confidence of child and adult epileptologists and psychiatrists in managing major psychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy to identify: (1) critical areas of improvement from a list of skills that are usually considered necessary for effective management of these conditions, and (2) the preferred educational format for improving these skills. A total of 211 respondents from 36 different countries participated in the survey. Confidence and usefulness scores suggest that responders would most value education and training in the management of specific clinical scenarios. Child neurologists identified major Axis I disorders, such as mood and anxiety disorders, while adult neurologists identified attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disabilities, and autistic spectrum disorder as key areas. Both adult and child neurologists identified screening skills as the priority. Psychiatrists mainly valued specific training in the management of psychiatric complications of epilepsy surgery or psychiatric adverse events of antiepileptic drugs. Sessions during congresses and face-to-face meetings represent the preferred educational format, while e-learning modules and review papers were chosen by a minority of respondents. Results of this survey identify key areas for improvement in managing the psychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy and suggest specific strategies to develop better training for clinicians involved in epilepsy care.

Role of school teachers in identifying attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among primary school children in Mansoura, Egypt.

There is a knowledge gap in primary school teachers that affects their ability to detect attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study measured primary school teachers' knowledge about ADHD, and implemented a training programme to improve early detection of ADHD. The prevalence and risk factors of ADHD were also studied. The training programme was implemented through a 2-day workshop for 39 primary school teachers who completed a validated Arabic version of the ADHD Rating Scale for 873 primary school children. The children's parents completed the questionnaire to explore ADHD risk factors. The teachers' pre-training knowledge scores of ADHD ranged from 17.9 to 46.2%. Post-training, their scores improved significantly to 69.2-94.9%. Prevalence rate of ADHD was 12.60%. On logistic regression, independent predictors of ADHD were female gender, unemployed fathers and rural residence. In conclusion, ADHD is a significant health problem among primary school children in Mansoura, Egypt. Efforts should be made to improve teachers' knowledge about ADHD and control modifiable risk factors.

A systematic review of the emotional, behavioural and cognitive features exhibited by school-aged children experiencing neglect or emotional abuse.

Interventions to minimize the long-term consequences of neglect or emotional abuse rely on prompt identification of these children. This systematic review of world literature (1947-2012) identifies features that children aged 5-14 years experiencing neglect or emotional abuse, as opposed to physical or sexual abuse, may exhibit. Searching 18 databases, utilizing over 100 keywords, supplemented by hand searching, 13,210 articles were identified and 111 underwent full critical appraisal by two independent trained reviewers. The 30 included studies highlighted behavioural features (15 studies), externalizing features being the most prominent (8/9 studies) and internalizing features noted in 4/6 studies. Four studies identified attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) associated features: impulsivity, inattention or hyperactivity. Child difficulties in initiating or developing friendships were noted in seven studies. Of 13 studies addressing emotional well-being, three highlighted low self-esteem, with a perception of external control (1), or depression (6) including suicidality (1). A negative internal working model of the mother increased the likelihood of depression (1). In assessing cognition or academic performance, lower general intelligence (3/4) and reduced literacy and numeracy (2) were reported, but no observable effect on memory (3). School-aged children presenting with poor academic performance, ADHD symptomatology or abnormal behaviours warrant assessment of neglect or emotional abuse as a potential underlying cause.

Identifying Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Among the Entrepreneurs of Bangladesh - A Case Study on Khulna City

ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Several studies confirmed that entrepreneurs are more likely to have ADHD than their non-entrepreneur counterpart. Consistently with this finding, the majority of entrepreneurs of Bangladesh also possess some degree of ADHD characteristics. Among the entrepreneurs who have ADHD, majority possess borderline ADHD. The level of ADHD is found to vary in terms of different demographic composition (such as gender education and age) of the entrepreneurs. Male entrepreneurs are more likely to be ADHD type than female entrepreneur. Less significant variation is found in ADHD existence among entrepreneurs of different education level. ADHD characteristics are found more among older entrepreneurs than younger entrepreneurs.

ECI-4 screening of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and co-morbidity in Mexican preschool children: preliminary results

To examine prospectively usefulness of Early Childhood Inventory-4 (ECI-4) in identifying attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD). A sample of children <6 years of age were evaluated in school settings with ECI-4 and results compared with those of Conners Rating Scales-Revised (CRS-R) 6 months later. Sample consisted of 34 healthy children (20 boys, 14 girls) prospectively followed-up. Frequency of children fulfill DSM-IV AD-HD criteria in ECI-4 parent scale was 17%, and in teacher scale was 32%. Frequency of children fulfill DSM-IV AD-HD criteria in parent CRS-R was 20%, and for teacher questionnaire was 23%. Correlations were significant among teacher ECI-4 and both teacher and parent CRS-R scales. Sensitivity and specificity of teacher and parent ECI-4 scales were not good. Frequency of ODD identified in parent ECI-4 scale was 5%, and for teacher 17%. Frequency of ODD in CRS-R for parents and teachers questionnaires was 17%. CD was not identified by parents in ECI-4 scale, but in teacher scale frequency was 14%. These facts support partially the use of ECI-4 screening of ADHD in Spanish-speaking preschool children.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in ADHD and LD in Young School-Age Children: Parental Reports in the National Health Interview Survey

Racial and ethnic disparities have been documented for many physical health outcomes in children. Less is known, however, about disparities in behavioral and learning disorders in children. This study uses data from a national health survey to examine racial and ethnic differences in identified attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disability (LD). The 1997-2001 National Health Interview Surveys obtained information from parents about the health and sociodemographic characteristics of children. Using these data, prevalence rates of identified ADHD and/or LD were estimated for Hispanic, African American, and white children 6-11 years of age. Racial and ethnic differences in health conditions, income, and insurance coverage were examined as possible explanations for disparities in parental reports of ADHD and LD, as well as the use of any prescription medication among children with ADHD. Hispanic and African American children, compared to white children, had parental reports of identified ADHD without LD less often, and adjustments for the confounding variables-birthweight, income, and insurance coverage-did not eliminate these differences. Hispanic and African American children, compared to white children, also had parental reports of ADHD with LD less often after adjustments for the effects of confounding variables. By contrast, after adjustments for confounding variables, Hispanic and African American children were as likely as white children to have LD without ADHD. Among children with ADHD, use of any prescription medication was reported less often for Hispanic and African American children than white children. These disparities in medication use persisted after adjustments for confounding variables. The prevalence of ADHD and the use of any prescription medication among children with ADHD differed among Hispanic, African American, and white children. These disparities could not be explained by racial and ethnic differences in other health conditions and sociodemographic variables.

Neuroendocrine Aspects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

This article summarizes the existing neuroendocrine literature and reports the growth hormone response to stimulation with L-dopa and clonidine in male children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Because growth hormone secretion is regulated by monoamine neurotransmitters, hyposecretion of growth hormone may reflect generalized changes in the neurochemical substrate of this disorder. With refinement, these neuroendocrine challenge tests may become unique biologic markers in identifying attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.

Neuroendocrine Aspects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

This article summarizes the existing neuroendocrine literature and reports the growth hormone response to stimulation with L-dopa and clonidine in male children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Because growth hormone secretion is regulated by monoamine neurotransmitters, hyposecretion of growth hormone may reflect generalized changes in the neurochemical substrate of this disorder. With refinement, these neuroendocrine challenge tests may become unique biologic markers in identifying attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.