Identification Parade Research Articles

Unveiling Flaws in Test Identification Parades: A Guide for Reliable Identifications

Unveiling Flaws in Test Identification Parades: A Guide for Reliable Identifications

Parading the eyewitness: Caste atrocity and the Test Identification Parade

The study of the Test Identification Parade (TIP) within Indian evidence law must be contextualised considering the intensification of atrocities and brutalities against oppressed caste communities in India. Despite the existence of a separate law – Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 – to adjudicate caste-based atrocities, its implementation has been met with severe obstacles. Studying how evidentiary practices encounter the Act reveals how the law of evidence, too, participates in the playing out of a caste crime. It is in this regard that the discussion surrounding the Test Identification Parade must be infused with a political character, surfacing the power relations and structural aspects surrounding testimony and memory within crimes. Through the TIP, evidence law constitutes the nodal site upon which the dominant caste police and judiciary collude to deprive marginalised castes of just outcomes. This piece examines the jurisprudence of the TIP in caste atrocities judgments, in order to investigate the various ways in which the law plays out a caste atrocity.

Identification parades in South Africa — Time for a change?

Identification parades are essential when obtaining evidence of identity from eyewitnesses. Eyewitnesses are shown a line of people containing the suspect(s) and innocent fillers, and witnesses are asked to point out the perpetrator(s) of the crime, noting that the perpetrator(s) might not be present. Corporeal (‘live’) parades are required in South Africa unless there is a good reason not to use them, in which case the police may use photograph parades. We review the rules for conducting parades in South Africa and compare these to those in several other countries, many of which no longer use corporeal parades. We consider evidence from empirical studies that have tested the ‘live superiority’ hypothesis and conclude that there is no clear evidence in its favour, notwithstanding that there are benefits to augmenting static views of faces with additional cues to identity. We then consider the logistical and financial cost of conducting live parades, which we find to be considerable. We conclude that it may well be time to reconsider the use of live identification parades in South Africa but caution that this should coincide with a review of the law regulating the use of alternative methods to ensure that accused persons receive fair trials.

The Role of Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation

Forensic science is a crucial element of the criminal justice system. Forensic scientists examine and analyse evidence from crime scenes and elsewhere to develop objective findings that can assist in the investigation and prosecution of perpetrators of crime or absolve an innocent person from suspicion. This study comprises a crime scene investigation, which is a scene where the case investigator and crime scene personnel work together to define and secure areas that may contain evidence; examine and document the scene; collect physical evidence; preserve, pack, and submit the evidence to the laboratory for analysis. Further, this study discusses forensic psychology and crime investigation, which elucidates the use of clinical specialties to walk through criminal acts and behaviours by applying psychological research, data, and theory to differentiate between the suspects and the main culprits. Additionally, the investigative techniques in forensic science have been thoroughly lined up, such as DNA analysis, finger printing, voice recognition, handwriting analysis, ballistics, autopsy, etc. Furthermore, the role of DNA profiling technology is conceptualised as a procedure that can be used to identify individuals on the basis of their unique genetic makeup. Moreover, the role of forensics in the identification of the accused and victim is mentioned in this study. The identification of the victim is executed by examining the teeth, mouth, or body alignment. To obtain an identification of the suspect, police use several modes like visual, audio, scientific, and test identification parades. Next, the role of toxicology, serology, and narcotics analysis in investigation is related to this study. These three deal with the study of chemistry, biology, and psychotherapy for the individual. This study makes use of brain mapping, polygraph, and narcotics analysis, the tests that are useful to know the concealed information that is related to crime. Eventually, the forensic evidence and the opinion of the experts are the last steps to assist the criminal investigation and to subjectively correlate all the aspects of the forensic methodology and crime scene.

Identifying unfamiliar voices: Examining the system variables of sample duration and parade size.

Voice identification parades can be unreliable due to the error-prone nature of earwitness responses. UK government guidelines recommend that voice parades should have nine voices, each played for 60 s. This makes parades resource-consuming to construct. In this article, we conducted two experiments to see if voice parade procedures could be simplified. In Experiment 1 (N = 271, 135 female), we investigated if reducing the duration of the voice samples on a nine-voice parade would negatively affect identification performance using both conventional logistic and signal detection approaches. In Experiment 2 (N = 270, 136 female), we first explored if the same sample duration conditions used in Experiment 1 would lead to different outcomes if we reduced the parade size to include only six voices. Following this, we pooled the data from both experiments to investigate the influence of target-position effects. The results show that 15-s sample durations result in statistically equivalent voice identification performance to the longer 60-s sample durations, but that the 30-s sample duration suffers in terms of overall signal sensitivity. This pattern of results was replicated using both a nine- and a six-voice parade. Performance on target-absent parades were at chance levels in both parade sizes, and response criteria were mostly liberal. In addition, unwanted position effects were present. The results provide initial evidence that the sample duration used in a voice parade may be reduced, but we argue that the guidelines recommending a parade with nine voices should be maintained to provide additional protection for a potentially innocent suspect given the low target-absent accuracy.

Identification parade in immersive virtual reality - A technical setup

Virtual Reality (VR) has sparked interest within the forensic community, where it is currently used for training purposes and in variety of forensic scenarios. In combination with efficient and user friendly full body 3-Dimensional (3D) documentation methods, VR visualisations present a viable tool for suspect witness identification. The well-known procedure of placing several persons in a room with a one-way-mirror, along with a witness on the other side of the mirror has practical disadvantages. The primary concern implicates the witness(s) and person(s) of interest coming face-to-face prior to the line-up, combined with finding sufficient persons to include within the line-up. Although image identification using printed paper partially resolved this problem, features such as body stature also marks an issue for the recognition and identification process.To test whether VR provides the technical capabilities to perform an identification parade, a total of 15 subjects were 3D documented using the multi-camera device “Photobox”. From this group, one of the documented persons then interrupted a lecture, where consequently, the students were asked afterwards to identify the same person in VR and paper identification sets. It was found that the participating students were able to identify the “suspect” in both datasets. The results imply that VR technology allow users to identify persons. However, as this is a preliminary study the similarity problem was not analysed in this paper and requires further investigation to demonstrate the robustness of this approach.

An Analysis of Identification Parade as Admissible Evidence in Criminal Trials Alongside the Controversies Surrounding Identification Parade

An Analysis of Identification Parade as Admissible Evidence in Criminal Trials Alongside the Controversies Surrounding Identification Parade

Evaluating earwitness identification procedures: adapting pre-parade instructions and parade procedure

ABSTRACT Voice identification parades can be unreliable, as earwitness responses are error-prone. In this paper we tested performance across serial and sequential procedures, and varied pre-parade instructions, with the aim of reducing errors. The participants heard a target voice and later attempted to identify it from a parade. In Experiment 1 they were either warned that the target may or may not be present (standard warning) or encouraged to consider responding “not present” because of the associated risk of a wrongful conviction (strong warning). Strong warnings prompted a conservative criterion shift, with participants less likely to make a positive identification regardless of whether the target was present. In contrast to previous findings, we found no statistically reliable difference in accuracy between serial and sequential parades. Experiment 2 ruled out a potential confound in Experiment 1. Taken together, our results suggest that adapting pre-parade instructions provides a simple way of reducing the risk of false identifications.

Value of Due Diligence Exhibited by Customer in A Banking Institution

The Kerala banking system consists of 27 public sector banks, 16 private sector banks, 5 foreign banks, 1 RRB - Kerala Gramin Bank and 3 co-operative banking system in addition to cooperative credit institutions. Reserve Bank of India banking statistics and SLBC-Kerala Report-2017 indicates that Indian banking system has been reached at every corner in Kerala, and also increases the deposits, credits and accounts. At present banking sectors are giving different types of savings bank account with unique features focusing on different financial class customers, different age group customers, women customers, salaried peoples, business man etc., they also charge different type fees on different services. These types of offerings are a part of financial inclusion. The Report on State of Financial Inclusion in Kerala-2016 by Tara Nair and Devanshi Patani, concludes that state have complete literacy rate, hence the peoples are widely understood the importance of banking sector and also peoples are trusting with the banking sector. Report also shows that much of banking in the state has been limited to savings. In this context this study is examining the value of due diligence exhibited by customer in a banking institution. The study has focused with the identification parade by bank customer for identifying their own savings bank account by reading its key features only, reason for right and wrong identification made by the bank customers, and awareness about banking services, charges, fees and limit of usage. The study summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation will be strengthen the performance of financial inclusion, banking sector, and will helpful to update the financial inclusion plan and to accomplish the aim of financial literacy.

The Organization of Criminal Proceedings During a Pandemic when the State of Emergency Has Not Been Declared (Using the Example of COVID-19 Pandemic)

The authors analyze the work of law enforcement bodies in the conditions of the pandemic when the situation has not been recognized as an emergency by the government authorities and the state of emergency has not been announced (using the example of the situation in March — April of 2020 connected with the COVID-19 pandemic). They stress the importance of a comprehensive assessment of how critical the situation is and of carrying out certain actions even before it is recognized as an emergency. The authors also analyze various approaches to this situation used in difference regions of Russia and point out negative consequences of the implementation of some decisions. It is shown that law enforcement activities, in comparison with other functions of the state, provide fewer opportunities for avoiding personal contact with citizens. In this connection, different ways of carrying out criminalistic activities effectively that take into consideration the necessity of minimizing personal contact for the investigator are presented, such as: distance communication, investigative activities in virtual reality, use of unmanned aerial vehicles to examine the scene of crime without visiting the area during lockdown, use of criminalistic robotics and other robotic complexes. The authors note with regret that while the administration of law enforcement during an emergency situation or a state of emergency is supported by research-based recommendations, it is left in a virtual vacuum, research- and methodology-wise, in the situation of restrictive measures and self-isolation. The article describes both measures of general prevention (use of medical masks, disposable gloves, disposable clothes, hazmat suits), and special possibilities provided by information and communication technologies available in the conditions of the fourth information revolution. The latter, according to the authors, are a wider use of videoconferencing (including its use for such investigative actions as interrogation, confrontation, identification parade, examination), use of computer-augmented reality, implementation of the concept of electronic justice and the use of robotic complexes for criminalistic purposes.

Test Identification Parade as a Tools to Better Criminal Justice Administrator

Test Identification Parade as a Tools to Better Criminal Justice Administrator

Некоторые вопросы, возникающие в судебной практике по производству предъявления для опознания

Некоторые вопросы, возникающие в судебной практике по производству предъявления для опознания

A pilot study on glaucoma and depth variation, A factor that affect the accuracy of eyewitness identification

The identification of a person who committed the crime by the witness was an integral part of in some forensic cases. The perfection of eye sight, free from diseases play an important role in forensic investigation, otherwise it may end with false identification. Glaucoma is a group of ocular condition involving progress of visual loss by optic nerve damage leading to blindness if left untreated. This study investigates the normative data of anterior chamber depth (ACD), angle (ACA) and other ocular parameters of 90 patients in Adriel Eye Health, SubangJaya. All 90 randomly selected patients were examined using Pentacam, Aberometer, and Fundus Camera (Visuscout 100). Pentacam helped for ACD and ACA measurements. Fundus camera helped in diagnosing the optic cup and disc. ACD < 2.5 and ACA <=31was considered high risk factor for glaucoma. Results revealed that males (p=0.03) within the age group of 51to 60 yrs. (p=0.02) and with hyperopic (p=0) refractive error were at higher risk of developing glaucoma as significant changes were seen in both ACD and ACA. The crime investigators should consider the above age group people when involved in identification parade.

A fair ‘hearing’

Voice identification evidence, identifying an offender by the sound of their voice, is sometimes the only means of identifying someone who has committed a crime. Auditory memory is, however, associated with poorer performance than visual memory, and is subject to distinctive sources of unreliability. Consequently, it is important for investigating authorities to adopt appropriate strategies when dealing with voice identification, particularly when the identification involves a voice previously unknown to the witness. Appropriate voice identification parades conducted by police can offer an otherwise unavailable means of identifying the offender. This article suggests some ‘best practice’ techniques for voice identification parades and then, using reported Australian criminal cases as case studies, evaluates voice identification parade procedures used by police. Overall, we argue that the case studies reveal practices that are inconsistent with current scientific understandings about auditory memory and voice identifications, and that courts are insufficiently attending to the problems associated with this evidence.

Rola ekspertyzy antropologicznej podczas weryfikacji wyników okazania osób

Probative value of results obtained in the course of legal proceedings with the participants of the criminal act may vary. This also concerns results of identification by an eyewitness. The exceptional role of its result in the criminal trial derives from the fact that categorical identification of a suspect by the witness becomes directly incriminating evidence. Problems connected with verification of identification parade result, which often occur both in Poland and in other countries, have been presented on the basis of a real criminal case. The main evidence submitted by the prosecutor was identification of several people who had been suspected of theft by an eye witness. Some important doubts relating to their guilt, however, arose in the criminal trial in court several years after the crime. The court decided to use the help of an expert in the field of anthropological identification. Comprehensive analysis of the CCTV recordings from the crime scene and additional examinations carried out by an expert made it possible to verify the results of the identification parade objectively and precisely. For the defendants the anthropological opinion was just exculpatory evidence. However, it opened up new possibilities to obtain information, especially when low quality of CCTV recordings does not allow for a detailed analysis of the characteristics of morphological elements of the head including its front part which is the face.

Cardiac arrest and resuscitation in the view of nurses in the emergency room/Parada cardiorrespiratória e manobras de ressuscitação na ótica de enfermeiros de um pronto socorro/Paro cardíaco y reanimación en opinión de las enfermeras en el servicio de ur

Objective: to know the theoretical domain of nurses in a hospital emergency room as the identification of cardiac arrest and resuscitation guidelines recommended by the American Heart Association, 2010. Methodology: it is a descriptive, exploratory study and quantitative. The subjects were ten nurses working in intensive care units and the emergency room of a hospital emergency room in Porto Alegre - RS. Data were collected through semi-structured interview conducted in May 2014 and subjected to content analysis. Results: the research showed that most of the issues relating to the study presented clarity of understanding in the opinion of the participants. The identification parade, no doubt. There is, however, considerable errors in matters relating to resuscitation maneuvers. Conclusions: evidently, the need to update nurses on the units resuscitation procedures, since for an effective and safe care, among other factors, is necessary for proper knowledge of the healthcare team. Also, it is considered important to encourage continuing education for these and other health professionals, because they are the remaining 24 hours in assisting patients and their respective complications. Keywords: Cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Nursing education.

The Impact of Laughter in Earwitness Identification Performance

This study examines whether voice identification performance is influenced whilst processing voice identity information by the presence of non-verbal vocalizations such as laughter. Ninety-six participants were exposed to an auditory event of 45 seconds in length presenting verbal and non-verbal information, including laughter. After a delay of 5 minutes, participants took part in a voice line-up manipulated for laughter (speech only, laughter only, or speech and laughter) and target presence (target present or target absent). Supporting the first hypothesis, participants’ performance was significantly worse in the speech alone condition compared with both laughter conditions (laughter alone and laughter with speech). Further, identification performance was best in the laughter only condition. In addition, participants correctly rejected the line-up significantly more in the speech and laughter condition than in the speech alone or laughter alone conditions. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for real-life earwitness identification parades.

On the Benefits to Polish Law of a Comparative Analysis of Identification Parades

The author presents a comparative analysis of the status of the identification parade, an act belonging both to criminalistics and the law, vis-a-vis some deliberations on the interdependence of criminalistics and law. The identity parade is at the core of criminalistics as one of the forms of the individualisation of people and things on the basis of memory traces; on the other hand, it is (sometimes) regulated precisely in the Codes of Criminal Procedure as a procedural act. Therefore, the comparative analysis is fully justifiable. The identification parades in six different countries, representing the main legal systems (civil law v. common law) are analysed, namely in Poland, Russia, Portugal, the United States, New Zealand, and England and Wales. The benefits of the internalisation of some foreign achievements to the indigenous law are also explicated.

Delay and Age Effects on Identification Accuracy and Confidence: An Investigation Using a Video Identification Parade

SummaryA total of 236 children (7–8‐year‐olds and 13–14‐year‐olds) attempted identification from either target‐present (TP) or target‐absent (TA) video parades, after either two days or two weeks, following exposure to a live target. It was found that with TP line‐ups, the most frequent response was a correct identification, but in the TA condition, the most frequent response was a false identification. Under both TP and TA conditions, the 3‐way interaction of delay, age and response was significant. Further analysis revealed that delay was the major contributor of variance, causing an increase in errors for both age groups in TP delayed line‐ups but only for the younger age group in TA delayed line‐ups. Confidence varied as a function of type of identification response made, with the highest confidence being given to a correct identification in a TP line‐up. However, response confidence entered into a number of interactions involving both delay and age. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

A comparison of presentation methods of video identification parades

Researchers have demonstrated that sequential lineup presentation reduces false identifications from perpetrator absent lineups. In England and Wales police identification parades are shown on video in a sequential manner. However, police sequential presentation varies from the strict sequential presentation advocated by researchers. In addition, after police have shown the sequential presentation they also have the option to show witnesses a matrix of the parade where witnesses can see all members of the parade simultaneously. The research reported investigated the effect of strict sequential presentation, police sequential presentation and police sequential presentation plus matrix on mock witnesses' performance on perpetrator present and absent video identification parades. Strict sequential presentation led to fewer correct identifications of the perpetrator than police sequential and police sequential plus matrix, with no difference in performance between either of the police conditions. For perpetrator absent lineups there was no effect of lineup presentation condition on lineup performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.