Identification Of Novel Drug Targets Research Articles

Functional Genomics and Insights into the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a lifelong, systemic, immune mediated inflammatory skin condition, affecting 1-3% of the world's population, with an impact on quality of life similar to diseases like cancer or diabetes. Genetics are the single largest risk factor in psoriasis, with Genome-Wide Association (GWAS) studies showing that many psoriasis risk genes lie along the IL-23/Th17 axis. Potential psoriasis risk genes determined through GWAS can be annotated and characterised using functional genomics, allowing the identification of novel drug targets and the repurposing of existing drugs. This review is focused on the IL-23/Th17 axis, providing an insight into key cell types, cytokines, and intracellular signaling pathways involved. This includes examination of currently available biological treatments, time to relapse post drug withdrawal, and rates of primary/secondary drug failure, showing the need for greater understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms of psoriasis and how they can impact treatment. This could allow for patient stratification towards the treatment most likely to reduce the burden of disease for the longest period possible.

Identification of new potent NLRP3 inhibitors by multi-level in-silico approaches

Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP-3), is an intracellular sensor that is involved in inflammasome activation, and the aberrant expression of NLRP3 is responsible for diabetes mellitus, its complications, and many other inflammatory diseases. NLRP3 is considered a promising drug target for novel drug design. Here, a pharmacophore model was generated from the most potent inhibitor, and its validation was performed by the Gunner-Henry scoring method. The validated pharmacophore was used to screen selected compounds databases. As a result, 646 compounds were mapped on the pharmacophore model. After applying Lipinski's rule of five, 391 hits were obtained. All the hits were docked into the binding pocket of target protein. Based on docking scores and interactions with binding site residues, six compounds were selected potential hits. To check the stability of these compounds, 100 ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed. The RMSD, RMSF, DCCM and hydrogen bond analysis showed that all the six compounds formed stable complex with NLRP3. The binding free energy with the MM-PBSA approach suggested that electrostatic force, and van der Waals interactions, played a significant role in the binding pattern of these compounds. Thus, the outcomes of the current study could provide insights into the identification of new potential NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors against diabetes and its related disorders.

Identification of Novel Drug Targets for Alzheimer’s Disease by Integrating Genetics and Proteomes from Brain and Blood (P7-9.012)

Identification of Novel Drug Targets for Alzheimer’s Disease by Integrating Genetics and Proteomes from Brain and Blood (P7-9.012)

Abstract LB432: Identification of novel drug targets using the ADAPT biotargeting system on FFPE tissue from patients with glioblastoma multiforme

Abstract Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and lethal brain tumor types with a five-year survival rate of 6.9%. In 2023, more than 14,490 Americans were expected to receive a diagnosis. Although great progress has been achieved in protein target identification and treatment over the last few years, current treatment options are limited, and tumor recurrence occurs at a high rate due to treatment resistance. Aptamers, short single-stranded oligonucleotide ligands with high-affinity binding to molecular targets, are well suited tools for exploring novel targets in highly heterogeneous tumors with complex etiologies like GBM, where clinically relevant biomarkers are limited. In this study, aptamer-based cancer-specific drug target identification was performed by Adaptive Dynamic Artificial Polyligand Targeting (ADAPT) Biotargeting System. In short, a GBM-specific library was enriched through a Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) process using micro dissected Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues from GBM patients, along with whole body normal tissue for counterselection. Microdissection of tissue allows the partitioning of different types of cells to focus on specific cells of interest. The enriched libraries have been evaluated on clinical GBM and normal brain control samples through aptamer mediated tissue staining, resulting in preferential binding of enriched libraries compared to controls in the vast majority of GBM patients with little binding to normal brain samples. The final library was subsequently applied in an in-house developed library-based affinity pull-down assay using lysates from FFPE tissue of the same group of GBM patients and normal brain samples, followed by unbiased Mass Spectrometry for protein target identification. Combining the results from this proteomics analysis and data from the internal Whole Transcriptome Sequencing (WTS) database, we were able to identify several targets that are highly expressed in GBM and other cancer lineages. Antibody staining provided further validation of the expression levels and the cellular localization. The targets identified in this study include not only potential novel therapeutic targets, but also well-studied biomarkers and targets with available drugs already in clinical trials, demonstrating the platform has great potential for identifying high affinity binding and selectivity compared to traditional proteomics and other methods in drug target discovery. Citation Format: Xixi Wei, Myunggi An, Radhika Santhanam, Barbara Richardson, Lucas Vu, Justin Saul, Anna Walton, Michael Gee, Daniel Martin, Amanda Hubbard, Alexis Rodin, Matthew Rosenow, Tassilo Hornung. Identification of novel drug targets using the ADAPT biotargeting system on FFPE tissue from patients with glioblastoma multiforme [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(7_Suppl):Abstract nr LB432.

A reconstructed genome-scale metabolic model of Helicobacter pylori for predicting putative drug targets in clarithromycin and rifampicin resistance conditions.

Helicobacter pylori is considered a true human pathogen for which rising drug resistance constitutes a drastic concern globally. The present study aimed to reconstruct a genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM) to decipher the metabolic capability of H. pylori strains in response to clarithromycin and rifampicin along with identification of novel drug targets. The iIT341 model of H. pylori was updated based on genome annotation data, and biochemical knowledge from literature and databases. Context-specific models were generated by integrating the transcriptomic data of clarithromycin and rifampicin resistance into the model. Flux balance analysis was employed for identifying essential genes in each strain, which were further prioritized upon being nonhomologs to humans, virulence factor analysis, druggability, and broad-spectrum analysis. Additionally, metabolic differences between sensitive and resistant strains were also investigated based on flux variability analysis and pathway enrichment analysis of transcriptomic data. The reconstructed GSMM was named as HpM485 model. Pathway enrichment and flux variability analyses demonstrated reduced activity in the ribosomal pathway in both clarithromycin- and rifampicin-resistant strains. Also, a significant decrease was detected in the activity of metabolic pathways of clarithromycin-resistant strain. Moreover, 23 and 16 essential genes were exclusively detected in clarithromycin- and rifampicin-resistant strains, respectively. Based on prioritization analysis, cyclopropane fatty acid synthase and phosphoenolpyruvate synthase were identified as putative drug targets in clarithromycin- and rifampicin-resistant strains, respectively. We present a robust and reliable metabolic model of H. pylori. This model can predict novel drug targets to combat drug resistance and explore the metabolic capability of H. pylori in various conditions.

Metabolic Signature of Warburg Effect in Cancer: An Effective and Obligatory Interplay between Nutrient Transporters and Catabolic/Anabolic Pathways to Promote Tumor Growth.

Aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells, originally observed by Warburg 100 years ago, which involves the production of lactate as the end product of glucose breakdown even in the presence of adequate oxygen, is the foundation for the current interest in the cancer-cell-specific reprograming of metabolic pathways. The renewed interest in cancer cell metabolism has now gone well beyond the original Warburg effect related to glycolysis to other metabolic pathways that include amino acid metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, nucleotide synthesis, antioxidant machinery, etc. Since glucose and amino acids constitute the primary nutrients that fuel the altered metabolic pathways in cancer cells, the transporters that mediate the transfer of these nutrients and their metabolites not only across the plasma membrane but also across the mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes have become an integral component of the expansion of the Warburg effect. In this review, we focus on the interplay between these transporters and metabolic pathways that facilitates metabolic reprogramming, which has become a hallmark of cancer cells. The beneficial outcome of this recent understanding of the unique metabolic signature surrounding the Warburg effect is the identification of novel drug targets for the development of a new generation of therapeutics to treat cancer.

Post-translational modifications of Keap1: the state of the art.

The Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cellular defense against oxidative stress-induced damage. Its activation entails the expression and transcriptional regulation of several proteins involved in detoxification and antioxidation processes within the organism. Keap1, serving as a pivotal transcriptional regulator within this pathway, exerts control over the activity of Nrf2. Various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Keap1, such as alkylation, glycosylation, glutathiylation, S-sulfhydration, and other modifications, impact the binding affinity between Keap1 and Nrf2. Consequently, this leads to the accumulation of Nrf2 and its translocation to the nucleus, and subsequent activation of downstream antioxidant genes. Given the association between the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway and various diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and diabetes, comprehending the post-translational modification of Keap1 not only deepens our understanding of Nrf2 signaling regulation but also contributes to the identification of novel drug targets and biomarkers. Consequently, this knowledge holds immense importance in the prevention and treatment of diseases induced by oxidative stress.

Identification of novel drug targets for Alzheimer’s disease by integrating genetics and proteomes from brain and blood

AbstractBackgroundGenome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have discovered numerous risk genes for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but how these genes confer AD risk is challenging to decipher.MethodTo efficiently transform genetic associations into drug targets for AD, we employed an integrative analytical pipeline using proteomes in brain and blood by systematically applying proteome‐wide association study (PWAS), Mendelian randomization (MR) and Bayesian colocalization.ResultCollectively, we identified the brain protein abundance of 7 genes (ACE, ICA1L, TOM1L2, SNX32, EPHX2, CTSH, and RTFDC1) are causal in AD (P<0.05/proteins identified for PWAS and MR; PPH4>80% for Bayesian colocalization). The proteins encoded by these genes were mainly expressed on the surface of glutamatergic neurons and astrocytes. Of them, ACE with its protein abundance was also identified in significant association with AD on the blood‐based studies and showed significance at the transcriptomic level. SNX32 was also found to be associated with AD at the blood transcriptomic level.ConclusionOur current study results on genetic, proteomic and transcriptomic approaches has identified compelling genes, which may provide important leads to design future functional studies and potential drug targets for AD.

IFNγ Signaling in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Mediates Immunomodulation and Reveals Therapeutic Strategies

Background: Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a critical cytokine known for its diverse roles in immune regulation, inflammation, and tumor surveillance. Studies have reported the dichotomous nature of IFNγ signaling in both the pathogenesis of cancer and immunotherapy response. However, its complex interplay with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains insufficiently understood. Methods: Three independent RNA-seq datasets were integrated to disentangle the IFNγ signaling in AML. We also performed single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA) on 20 newly diagnosed AML patients to discern relative contribution of cells and cellular communications for IFNγ signaling. Results: Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis was used to examine the transcriptional programs linked to IFNγ signaling in 672 newly diagnosed adult AML patients. We observed higher IFNγ signaling score in subgroups of patients including diploid with monocytic differentiation, inv16 core-binding-factor AML, and del7/7q. Notably, sorted CD34 + cells from 17 healthy donors had markedly lower levels of IFNγ signaling scores than did those from AML patients, making it a predominant feature in AML. Additionally, we found significant positive correlations between IFNγ signaling score and expression of its downstream targets HLA class 1 and 2 as well as T cell dysfunction score, T cell exhaustion score, and T cell senescence score, consistent with the fact that chronic IFNγ can drive T cell dysfunction. In scRNA, we observed that AML cells in patients with diploid monocytic AML had the highest expression of IFNγ signaling followed by del7/7q, while the non-monocytic, diploid AML cells had the lowest (Figure 1A). We then explored whether IFNγ signaling is differentially activated across the AML hierarchies and found the spectrum along the hierarchy with the primitive cells displaying significant higher IFNγ signaling than GMP while reaching the highest in Mono-like state. Transcription factor analysis revealed high regulon activity of interferon regulator factors (IRFs) in AML cells, with elevated levels of IRF1 and IRF5 regulons in del7/7q and del5/5q, respectively and elevated IRF8 regulon in diploid AML cells with monocytic differentiation, consistent with its role as a lineage-determinant factor promoting monocytic differentiation. Cell-cell interactions revealed IFNγ from CD8 T cells and NK cells as a top interaction to AML cells. These observations indicate that the activation levels of IFNγ signaling in AML cells are associated with distinct cellular states and hierarchies, and that disparate regulons of IFNγ signaling characterize distinct patient subgroups. The high level of IFNγ signaling in monocytic patient prompted us to assess its correlation with drug response as monocytic subclones are suggested to have inherent resistance to venetoclax. In BEAT-AML ex vivo drug test data, we found a strong positive correlation between IFNγ signaling score and venetoclax resistance, indicating that IFNγ signaling confers venetoclax resistance. This correlation was validated in an independent cohort. However, the IFNγ signaling score did not predict survival outcomes in our bulk cohort. Therefore, we defined a light weighted IFNγ signature to improve the prognostic sensitivity using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator model. After regression, 47 genes related to survival were retained, forming a parsimonious IFNγ signature. The new parsimonious IFNγ score revealed a tight positive correlation with HLA class 1 and 2 scores. Importantly, this parsimonious IFNγ score was able to predict patient outcomes in our bulk cohort, whereby a higher score predicted worse survival (Figure 1B). Ultimately, these results suggest that the IFNγ pathway activation is associated with resistance to venetoclax-based therapy and can predict patient outcomes independently of known risk factors, making it a promising target for therapeutic intervention. Conclusions: Characterization of inflammation in AML using independent bulk and scRNA profiling led to the identification of novel drug targets and mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapy. We identified monocytic AML as having a unique microenvironment characterized by high IFNγsignaling in AML cells and immunosuppressive features. IFNγ signaling scores correlated strongly with venetoclax resistance. A parsimonious IFNγ gene signature demonstrated robust prognostic value.

New therapeutic targets to prevent benign prostatic enlargement and symptomatic progression to benign prostatic obstruction-ICI-RS 2023.

Benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) can impact lower urinary tract function due to its potential progression to benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). Treatment options include removal of the obstruction by surgery or through use of therapeutics designed to slow growth or reduce tissue stress imposed by muscular stromal components. Inflammation and development of fibrosis can also raise intrinsic tissue stress within the gland, further impacting obstruction. Outflow tract obstruction can also impact emission and ejaculation if the obstruction persists. This review summarizes an ICI-RS think tank considering novel drug treatments that might address BPO caused by progressive development of BPE, as well as manage decompensation changes to bladder function. Topics included recent advances in our understanding of pathological changes occurring to the prostate and other lower urinary tract tissues during progressive development of BPE, and how prevention or reversal might benefit from the identification of novel drug targets. These included contractile properties of prostatic tissues, the impact of BPE and its effects on bladder function, the deposition of intramural fibrotic tissue with protracted BPO, the role of inflammation in the development of BPE and its progression to BPO. In particular, we discussed current therapeutic options for treating BPE/BPO, and new therapeutic targets, what they treat and their advantage over current medications. Several new drug targets were identified, including soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the receptor for nitric oxide (NO•), and sGC activators that promotes sGC-mediated cGMP production when sGC is inactivated and unresponsive to NO•.

Comparative Analysis and Drug Target Identification of Human Kidney Cancer

Abstract: Kidney cancer, particularly renal cell carcinoma (RCC), is a significant global health concern characterized by its high morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, we employ a multifaceted approach to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying kidney cancer and to identify potential drug targets for therapeutic intervention. To achieve this, we conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in normal and cancerous kidney tissues, utilizing tools such as BLAST and gene analysis from the COSMIC database. This analysis allowed us to identify key genetic alterations and pathways associated with kidney cancer progression. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations were performed to predict potential drug candidates that could target specific proteins implicated in kidney cancer development. The aim was to prioritize molecules with high binding affinity and therapeutic potential. Additionally, cobalt analysis was utilized to investigate the metalloprotein content within kidney cancer cells, shedding light on potential metalloprotein targets for drug development.The results of this study provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of kidney cancer, offering a foundation for the identification of novel drug targets and the development of targeted therapies for this life-threatening disease. These findings contribute to our understanding of kidney cancer pathogenesis and may ultimately improve patient outcomes and the overall management of this challenging malignancy.

Mining gene expression data for rational identification of novel drug targets and vaccine candidates against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus

Control of complex parasites via vaccination remains challenging, with the current combination of vaccines and small drugs remaining the choice for an integrated control strategy. Studies conducted to date, are providing evidence that multicomponent vaccines will be needed for the development of protective vaccines against endo- and ectoparasites, though multicomponent vaccines require an in-depth understanding of parasite biology which remains insufficient for ticks. With the rapid development and spread of acaricide resistance in ticks, new targets for acaricide development also remains to be identified, along with novel targets that can be exploited for the design of lead compounds. In this study, we analysed the differential gene expression of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks that were fed on cattle vaccinated with a multi-component vaccine (Bm86 and 3 putative Bm86-binding proteins). The data was scrutinised for the identification of vaccine targets, small drug targets and novel pathways that can be evaluated in future studies. Limitations associated with targeting novel proteins for vaccine and/or drug design is also discussed and placed into the context of challenges arising when targeting large protein families and intracellular localised proteins. Lastly, this study provide insight into how Bm86-based vaccines may reduce successful uptake and digestion of the bloodmeal and overall tick fecundity.

Droplet Digital PCR Is a Novel Screening Method Identifying Potential Cardiac G-Protein-Coupled Receptors as Candidate Pharmacological Targets in a Rat Model of Pressure-Overload-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction.

The identification of novel drug targets is needed to improve the outcomes of heart failure (HF). G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of targets for already approved drugs, thus providing an opportunity for drug repurposing. Here, we aimed (i) to investigate the differential expressions of 288 cardiac GPCRs via droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and bulk RNA sequencing (RNAseq) in a rat model of left ventricular pressure-overload; (ii) to compare RNAseq findings with those of ddPCR; and (iii) to screen and test for novel, translatable GPCR drug targets in HF. Male Wistar rats subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC, n = 5) showed significant systolic dysfunction vs. sham operated animals (SHAM, n = 5) via echocardiography. In TAC vs. SHAM hearts, RNAseq identified 69, and ddPCR identified 27 significantly differentially expressed GPCR mRNAs, 8 of which were identified using both methods, thus showing a correlation between the two methods. Of these, Prostaglandin-F2α-receptor (Ptgfr) was further investigated and localized on cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts in murine hearts via RNA-Scope. Antagonizing Ptgfr via AL-8810 reverted angiotensin-II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. In conclusion, using ddPCR as a novel screening method, we were able to identify GPCR targets in HF. We also show that the antagonism of Ptgfr could be a novel target in HF by alleviating cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.

R-LOOPs on Short Tandem Repeat Expansion Disorders in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Expansions of short tandem repeats (STRs) have been found to be present in more than 50 diseases and have a close connection with neurodegenerative diseases. Transcriptional silencing and R-LOOP formation, RNA-mediated sequestration of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), gain-of-function (GOF) proteins containing expanded repeats, and repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of toxic repeat peptides are some potential molecular mechanisms underlying STR expansion disorders. R-LOOP, a byproduct of transcription, is a three-stranded nucleic acid structure with abnormal accumulation that participates in the pathogenesis of STR expansion disorders by inducing DNA damage and genome instability. R-LOOPs can engender a series of DNA damage, such as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), single-strand breaks (SSBs), DNA recombination, or mutations in the DNA replication, transcription, or repair processes. In this review, we provide an in-depth discussion of recent advancements in R-LOOP and systematically elaborate on its genetic destabilizing effects in several neurodegenerative diseases. These molecular mechanisms will provide novel targets for drug design and therapeutic upgrading of these devastating diseases.

Genomic and geographical structure of human cytomegalovirus

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) has infected humans since the origin of our species and currently infects most of the world's population. Variability between CMV genomes is the highest of any human herpesvirus, yet large portions of the genome are conserved. Here, we show that the genome encodes 74 regions of relatively high variability each with 2 to 8 alleles. We then identified two patterns in the CMV genome. Conserved parts of the genome and a minority (32) of variable regions show geographic population structure with evidence for African or European clustering, although hybrid strains are present. We find no evidence that geographic segregation has been driven by host immune pressure affecting known antigenic sites. Forty-two variable regions show no geographical structure, with similar allele distributions across different continental populations. These "nongeographical" regions are significantly enriched for genes encoding immunomodulatory functions suggesting a core functional importance. We hypothesize that at least two CMV founder populations account for the geographical differences that are largely seen in the conserved portions of the genome, although the timing of separation and direction of spread between the two are not clear. In contrast, the similar allele frequencies among 42 variable regions of the genome, irrespective of geographical origin, are indicative of a second evolutionary process, namely balancing selection that may preserve properties critical to CMV biological function. Given that genetic differences between CMVs are postulated to alter immunogenicity and potentially function, understanding these two evolutionary processes could contribute important information for the development of globally effective vaccines and the identification of novel drug targets.

Differentially expressed transcripts of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Cnidaria) between carrier and dead-end hosts involved in key biological processes: novel insights from a coupled approach of FACS and RNA sequencing

Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a malacosporean endoparasite that infects a wide range of salmonids and causes proliferative kidney disease (PKD). Brown trout serves as a carrier host whereas rainbow trout represents a dead-end host. We thus asked if the parasite adapts to the different hosts by changing molecular mechanisms. We used fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate parasites from the kidney of brown trout and rainbow trout following experimental infection with T. bryosalmonae. The sorted parasite cells were then subjected to RNA sequencing. By this approach, we identified 1120 parasite transcripts that were expressed differentially in parasites derived from brown trout and rainbow trout. We found elevated levels of transcripts related to cytoskeleton organisation, cell polarity, peptidyl-serine phosphorylation in parasites sorted from brown trout. In contrast, transcripts related to translation, ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and subunit organisation, non-membrane bounded organelle assembly, regulation of protein catabolic process and protein refolding were upregulated in rainbow trout-derived parasites. These findings show distinct molecular adaptations of parasites, which may underlie their distinct outcomes in the two hosts. Moreover, the identification of these differentially expressed transcripts may enable the identification of novel drug targets that may be exploited as treatment against T. bryosalmonae. We here also describe for the first time how FACS based isolation of T. bryosalmonae cells from infected kidney of fish fosters research and allows to define differentially expressed parasite transcripts in carrier and dead-end fish hosts.

Integrated molecular modeling and dynamics approaches revealed potential natural inhibitors of NF-κB transcription factor as breast cancer therapeutics

Breast cancer is a silent killer malady among women and a serious economic burden in health care management. A case of breast cancer is diagnosed among women every 19 s, and every 74 s, a woman dies of breast cancer somewhere in the world. Despite the pop-up of progressive research, advanced treatment approaches, and preventive measures, breast cancer remains amplifying ailment. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a key transcription factor that links inflammation with cancer and is demonstrated as being involved in the tumorigenesis of breast cancer. The NF-κB transcription factor family in mammals consists of five proteins; c-Rel, RelA(p65), RelB, NF-κB1(p50), and NF-κB2(p52). The antitumor effect of NF-κB has also been explored in breast cancer, however, the actual treatment for breast cancer is yet to be discovered. This study is attributed to the identification of novel drug targets against breast cancer by targeting c-Rel, RelA(p65), RelB, NF-κB1(p50), and NF-κB2(p52) proteins. To identify the putative active compounds, a structure-based 3D pharmacophore model to the protein active site cavity was generated followed by virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Initially, a library of 45000 compounds were docked against the target protein and five compounds namely Z56811101, Z653426226, Z1097341967, Z92743432, and Z464101066 were selected for further analysis. The relative binding affinity of Z56811101, Z653426226, Z1097341967, Z92743432, and Z464101066 with NF-κB1 (p50), NF-κB2 (p52), RelA (p65), RelB, and c-Rel proteins were −6.8, −8, −7.0, −6.9, and −7.2 kcal/mol, respectively which remained stable throughout the simulations of 200 ns. Furthermore, all of these compounds depict maximum drug-like properties. Therefore, the proposed compounds can be a potential candidate for patients with breast cancer, but, experimental validation is needed to ensure their safety. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Recent Advances in Chemotherapeutics for Leishmaniasis: Importance of the Cellular Biochemistry of the Parasite and Its Molecular Interaction with the Host.

Leishmaniasis, a category 1 neglected protozoan disease caused by a kinetoplastid pathogen called Leishmania, is transmitted through dipteran insect vectors (phlebotomine, sand flies) in three main clinical forms: fatal visceral leishmaniasis, self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Generic pentavalent antimonials have long been the drug of choice against leishmaniasis; however, their success is plagued with limitations such as drug resistance and severe side effects, which makes them redundant as frontline therapy for endemic visceral leishmaniasis. Alternative therapeutic regimens based on amphotericin B, miltefosine, and paromomycin have also been approved. Due to the unavailability of human vaccines, first-line chemotherapies such as pentavalent antimonials, pentamidine, and amphotericin B are the only options to treat infected individuals. The higher toxicity, adverse effects, and perceived cost of these pharmaceutics, coupled with the emergence of parasite resistance and disease relapse, makes it urgent to identify new, rationalized drug targets for the improvement in disease management and palliative care for patients. This has become an emergent need and more relevant due to the lack of information on validated molecular resistance markers for the monitoring and surveillance of changes in drug sensitivity and resistance. The present study reviewed the recent advances in chemotherapeutic regimens by targeting novel drugs using several strategies including bioinformatics to gain new insight into leishmaniasis. Leishmania has unique enzymes and biochemical pathways that are distinct from those of its mammalian hosts. In light of the limited number of available antileishmanial drugs, the identification of novel drug targets and studying the molecular and cellular aspects of these drugs in the parasite and its host is critical to design specific inhibitors targeting and controlling the parasite. The biochemical characterization of unique Leishmania-specific enzymes can be used as tools to read through possible drug targets. In this review, we discuss relevant metabolic pathways and novel drugs that are unique, essential, and linked to the survival of the parasite based on bioinformatics and cellular and biochemical analyses.

Runt-related transcription factors in human carcinogenesis: a friend or foe?

Cancer is one of the deadliest pathologies with more than 19 million new cases and 10 million cancer-related deaths across the globe. Despite development of advanced therapeutic interventions, cancer remains as a fatal pathology due to lack of early prognostic biomarkers,therapy resistanceand requires identification of novel drug targets. Runt-related transcription factors (Runx) familycontrols several cellular and physiological functions includingosteogenesis. Recent literatures from PubMed was mined and the review was written in comprehensive manner RESULTS: Recent literature suggests that aberrant expression of Runx contributes to tumorigenesis of many organs. Conversely, cell- and tissue-specific tumor suppressor roles of Runx are also reported. In this review, we have provided the structural/functional properties of Runx isoforms and its regulation in context of human cancer. Moreover, in an urgent need to discover novel therapeutic interventions against cancer, we comprehensively discussed the reported oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles of Runx isoforms in several tumor types and discussed the discrepancies that may have risen on Runx as a driver of malignant transformation. Runx may be a novel therapeutic target against a battery of deadly human cancers.

Identification of novel drug targets in Porphyromonas gingivalis and proposing inhibitors against acetate kinase using structure-based virtual screening

Porphyromonas gingivalis is the conductor of the orchestration of periodontium inflammation. Considering that a wide range of antibiotics have lost their activities in the last century, this study aimed to introduce novel and broad-spectrum drug targets against this pathogen. For this purpose, the core proteins of 17 P. gingivalis strains were obtained. Out of 1418 core proteins, 166 cytoplasmic, essential factors with no sequence similarity to host were selected. Fifty-two P. gingivalis metabolome-specific proteins were detected and then 31 novel drug targets were identified using the DrugBank database. Finally, nine broad-spectrum, novel drug targets were introduced. Acetate kinase (Ack) was selected as a novel target for drug discovery procedure due to the crucial role of this protein in the survival of P. gingivalis. Subsequently, structure-based virtual screening revealed six lead compounds with the most desirable features. Neoagarohexaose, Lucensomycin, Tetrafibricin, Naquihexcin_H, Tetramycin_A, and Platensimycin_D. Interestingly, Platensimycin_D1 had highest drug-likeness features in comparison to other lead compounds. While, Tetramycin_A and Lucensomycin showed better ADMET properties. The hit compounds identified here would be an initial compounds for experimental susceptibility testing against this pathogen. In addition, these findings might help out with the future studies on development of new therapeutic agents against P. gingivalis.