Identification Of Many Compounds Research Articles

Omnipolyphilins A and B: Chlorinated Cyclotetrapeptides and Naphtho-α-pyranones from the Plant Nematode-Derived Fungus Polyphilus sieberi.

Chemical exploration for two isolates of the recently described ascomycete species Polyphilus sieberi, derived from the eggs of the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera filipjevi, afforded the identification of many compounds that belong to various metabolite families: two previously undescribed chlorinated cyclotetrapeptides, omnipolyphilins A (1) and B (2), one new pyranonaphthoquinone, ventiloquinone P (3), a 6,6'-binaphto-α-pyranone dimer, talaroderxine D (4) in addition to nine known metabolites (5-13) were isolated from this biocontrol candidate. All isolated compounds were characterized by comprehensive 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESI-MS analyses. The absolute configurations of the cyclotetrapeptides were determined by a combination of advanced Marfey's method, ROE correlation aided by conformational analysis, and TDDFT-ECD calculations, while ECD calculations, Mosher's method, and experimental ECD spectra were used for ventiloquinone P (3) and talaroderxine D (4). Among the isolated compounds, talaroderxine D (4) showed potent antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 2.1 and 8.3 μg mL-1, respectively. Additionally, promising inhibitory effects on talaroderxine D (4) against the formation of S. aureus biofilms were observed up to a concentration of 0.25 μg mL-1. Moreover, ophiocordylongiiside A (10) showed activity against the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Nutritional quality and bioactive compounds of arugula (Eruca sativa L.) sprouts and microgreens

SummaryAs an alternative to vegetables in their traditional stages of maturation, sprouts, and microgreens are increasing in popularity mainly due to the potential health benefit of the contents of bioactive compounds. This work aimed to evaluate and compare the nutritional profile and the bioactive compounds of arugula (Eruca sativa L.) sprouts and microgreens produced organically in a hydroponic system. Seeds were placed in phenolic foams and soaked in water for 48 h to promote germination according to the supplier's recommendation. Sown trays were placed on top of perforated polystyrene boards and irrigated using a nutrient solution. Seeded trays were kept in a controlled environment and were exposed to 12 h photoperiod. Sprouts were harvested after 7 days of germination, while the microgreens were harvested after 14. As a result, these vegetables showed a high protein content, with sprouts being statistically different from microgreens (24.8% sprouts; 18.2% microgreens), with an excellent content of total fibre (34.3% sprouts; 28.7% microgreens) and soluble fibre (11.5% sprouts; 6.7% microgreens). Regarding the bioactive compounds, the predominance of carotenoids zeaxanthin and β‐carotene in the sprouts (41.8 and 19.8 μg g−1, respectively) and the identification of more compounds as O‐glucosides derived from flavonoids in the microgreens were noted.

Crystal structure determination and computational studies of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives as selective T-type calcium channel blockers

Different types of calcium channels are crucial regulators of many key physiological functions throughout the body. Therefore, calcium channel modulators are accepted as precious molecules for the therapeutic intervention of various pathologies ranging from cardiovascular to neurological diseases. 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs) primarily target L-type calcium channel (Cav1.2) for the treatment of hypertension and occupy a central position among all calcium channel blockers. Subsequently, T-type calcium channel Cav3.2 isoform has been established to play a significant role in chronic pain conditions. Despite the growing interest and identification of many compounds with Cav3.2 blocking activities, no molecule has passed the clinical trials and approved for the treatment of pain by now. Our group has recently identified two DHP-based molecules (HM8 and MD20) that selectively blocked T-type over L-type calcium channel. As these compounds hold great therapeutic value as potential drug candidates, we carried out further structural and computational analyses to gain insights into their various properties. Initially, the three-dimensional structure of HM8 was resolved by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The computational analysis encompassed density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. DFT calculations were used to identify local reactivity properties and pharmaceutical stability, while time-dependent DFT calculations were used to simulate the UV/Vis spectra and identify the molecular parts principally responsible for the light absorption. MD simulations were used to understand the influence of water on studied molecules, and also to identify the substances that could be potentially used as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations based on HM8 and MD20.

Transcriptome analysis of Phelipanche aegyptiaca seed germination mechanisms stimulated by fluridone, TIS108, and GR24.

P. aegyptiaca is one of the most destructive root parasitic plants worldwide, causing serious damage to many crop species. Under natural conditions P. aegyptiaca seeds must be conditioned and then stimulated by host root exudates before germinating. However, preliminary experiments indicated that TIS108 (a triazole-type inhibitor of strigolactone) and fluridone (FL, an inhibitor of carotenoid-biosynthesis) both stimulated the germination of P. aegyptiaca seeds without a water preconditioning step (i.e. unconditioned seeds). The objective of this study was to use deep RNA sequencing to learn more about the mechanisms by which TIS108 and FL stimulate the germination of unconditioned P. aegyptiaca seeds. Deep RNA sequencing was performed to compare the mechanisms of germination in the following treatments: (i) unconditioned P. aegyptiaca seeds with no other treatment, (ii) unconditioned seeds treated with 100 mg/L TIS108, (iii) unconditioned seeds treated with 100 mg/L FL + 100 mg/L GA3, (iv) conditioned seeds treated with sterile water, and (v) conditioned seeds treated with 0.03 mg/L GR24. The de novo assembled transcriptome was used to analyze transcriptional dynamics during seed germination. The key gene categories involved in germination were also identified. The results showed that only 119 differentially expressed genes were identified in the conditioned treatment vs TIS108 treatment. This indicated that the vast majority of conditions for germination were met during the conditioning stage. Abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) played important roles during P. aegyptiaca germination. The common pathway of TIS108, FL+GA3, and GR24 in stimulating P. aegyptiaca germination was the simultaneous reduction in ABA concentrations and increase GA concentrations. These results could potentially aid the identification of more compounds that are capable of stimulating P. aegyptiaca germination. Some potential target sites of TIS108 were also identified in our transcriptome data. The results of this experiment suggest that TIS108 and FL+GA3 could be used to control P. aegyptiaca through suicidal germination.

Development of sampling method and chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds emitted from human skin.

The studies on volatile organic compounds emitted from skin are an interest for chemists, biologists and physicians due to their role in development of different scientific areas, including medical diagnostics, forensic medicine and the perfume design. This paper presents a proposal of two sampling methods applied to skin odor collection: the first one uses a bag of cellulose film, the second one, using cellulose sachets filled with active carbon. Volatile organic compounds were adsorbed on carbon sorbent, removed via thermal desorption and analyzed using gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer. The first sampling method allowed identification of more compounds (52) comparing to the second one (30). Quantitative analyses for acetone, butanal, pentanal and hexanal were done. The skin odor sampling method using a bag of cellulose film, allowed the identification of many more compounds when compared with the method using a sachet filled with active carbon.

Aromatic Medicinal Plants of the Lamiaceae Family from Uzbekistan: Ethnopharmacology, Essential Oils Composition, and Biological Activities.

Plants of the Lamiaceae family are important ornamental, medicinal, and aromatic plants, many of which produce essential oils that are used in traditional and modern medicine, and in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry. Various species of the genera Hyssopus, Leonurus, Mentha, Nepeta, Origanum, Perovskia, Phlomis, Salvia, Scutellaria, and Ziziphora are widespread throughout the world, are the most popular plants in Uzbek traditional remedies, and are often used for the treatment of wounds, gastritis, infections, dermatitis, bronchitis, and inflammation. Extensive studies of the chemical components of these plants have led to the identification of many compounds, as well as essentials oils, with medicinal and other commercial values. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical overview of the literature surrounding the traditional uses, ethnopharmacology, biological activities, and essential oils composition of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, from the Uzbek flora.

Comparison of stir bar sorptive extraction in the liquid and vapour phases, solvent-assisted flavour evaporation and headspace solid-phase microextraction for the (non)-targeted analysis of volatiles in fruit juice

The volatile fraction plays an important role on the organoleptic properties and overall acceptability of fruit juices. This work reports for first time a non-targeted approach for the analysis of the volatile fraction of fruit juice by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE1) in liquid and vapour phase (HSSE2) at three extraction times (30, 60, and 120 min), two temperatures (room temperature and 40 °C), and two sample volumes (5 and 10 mL). The resultant volatile profiles were compared with solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE3) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME4). SBSE and HSSE enabled the detection and identification of more compounds than HS-SPME and less than SAFE. Compared with classic extraction methods, SBSE did not use organic solvents, was easier to perform, required less than two hours and exhibited the highest reproducibility. SBSE allowed the semi-quantification of esters, ketones, terpenes, alcohols known as key aroma compounds in juice. Moreover it was the only method resulting in the identification of n-dodecanoic, n-tetradecanoic, n-pentadecanoic and n-hexadecanoic acids and the best one to recover other compounds of particular interest in fruit juices such as nootkatone.

Protective Effect of Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil Against Alloxan-Induced Diabetes and Oxidative Stress in Rats

Oxidative stress occurs in diabetic patients and experimental models of diabetes. The antioxidant property of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil (PGEO) might have a beneficial effect in ameliorating the disease. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PGEO on oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. The antidiabetic and antioxidant activities were evaluated after sub-acute intraperitoneal injection of male rats to 42.5 mg/kg b.w. essential oil for 21 days. In results, we found that PGEO significantly protected against the increase of blood glucose induced by alloxan treatment. In addition, we showed that sub-acute essential oil treatment induced a decrease of lipoperoxydation, as well as, the induction of antioxidant enzyme activities. The use of GC-MS technique revealed the identification of many compounds in PGEO with (R)-citronellol (31.61%) as the main compound. The protective effect of PGEO is mainly attributed to antioxidant property.

Phytochemical Studies on Linum Usitatissimum Seeds and the Nanoformulation of the Bioactive Butanol Extract

The phytochemical investigation of Linum usitatissimum, family Linaceae, resulted in the separation and identification of a lignane, 8–5' neolignan 1 (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-β-D-glucoside), in addition to identification of many compounds by the GC/MS technique. The antimicrobial activities of hexane, methylene chloride and butanol fractions were comparable to ampicillin. The activities against E. coli were 29.2%, 37.5%, and 66.7%, respectively; against S. aureus were 45.4%, 36.4% and 63.6%, respectively, and against C. albicans were 26.9%, 46.1% and 73.1%, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed by ABTS method. It decreased in the following order: ascorbic acid > butanol fraction > methylene chloride fraction > hexane fraction. The cytotoxicity against HePG2 was found to be “moderate” for butanol and methylene chloride fractions, and “weak” for the hexane fraction. The cytotoxicity against MCF-7 was found to be “strong” for butanol fraction, and “weak” for both hexane and methylene chloride fractions. The lignane-rich subfraction, Lu 3d was incorporated into pluronic nano-micelles using nanoprecipitation technique through a modified procedure. The physicochemical characteristics of the developed Lu 3d-loaded nano-micelles such as particle size, potential and morphology were determined using DLS and HR-TEM. The average diameters of the prepared plain and Lu 3d-loaded pluronic nano-micelles were found to be 207 ± 12 and 225 ± 18 nm, respectively. The encapsulation of Lu 3d into nano-sized particles has enhanced their aqueous dissolution and consequently improved their bioavailability. Nanoformulation of Lu 3d led also to a stable colloidal dispersion with a strong green color, indicating its homogenous distribution in the aqueous medium at a significantly higher concentration than that obtained using other solvents.

An LC-MS/MS based survey of contaminants of emerging concern in drinking water in South Africa

Advances in many analytical techniques allow the detection of compounds in water at very low concentrations (ng/L), which has facilitated the identification of many compounds in drinking water that went previously undetected. Some of these compounds are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), which is broadly defined as any chemical or microorganism that is not currently being routinely monitored but has recently been identified as being present in the environment, and that may pose health or ecological risks. CECs can include pharmaceuticals, personal health care products and pesticides. Some CECs can act as endocrine disruptors, interfering with the normal functioning of the human endocrine system, potentially influencing foetal and child development. Although the level of many of these compounds are orders of magnitude below known acute toxicity levels, the health impact of long term exposure at low levels is mostly unknown. In this study, we present the results of a national survey over four seasons of potential CECs in the drinking water of major South African cities. The contaminants most often detected were the related herbicides atrazine and terbuthylazine, and the anticonvulsant and mood-stabilising drug, carbamazepine. The levels of these CECs were well below maximum levels proposed by the World Health Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency. However, the range of CECs detected in drinking water, and seasonal and geographic variability in CECs levels, warrant a more frequent screening programme.

Data-driven identification of structural alerts for mitigating the risk of drug-induced human liver injuries.

BackgroundThe use of structural alerts to de-prioritize compounds with undesirable features as drug candidates has been gaining in popularity. Hundreds of molecular structural moieties have been proposed as structural alerts. An emerging issue is that strict application of these alerts will result in a significant reduction of the chemistry space for new drug discovery, as more than half of the oral drugs on the market match at least one of the alerts. To mitigate this issue, we propose to apply a rigorous statistical analysis to derive/validate structural alerts before use.MethodTo derive human liver toxicity structural alerts, we retrieved all small-molecule entries from LiverTox, a U.S. National Institutes of Health online resource for information on human liver injuries induced by prescription and over-the-counter drugs and dietary supplements. We classified the compounds into hepatotoxic, nonhepatotoxic, and possible hepatotoxic classes, and performed detailed statistical analyses to identify molecular structural fragments highly enriched in the hepatotoxic class beyond random distribution as structural alerts for human liver injuries.ResultsWe identified 12 molecular fragments present in multiple marketed drugs that one can consider as common “drug-like” fragments, yet they are strongly associated with drug-induced human liver injuries. Thus, these fragments may be considered as robust hepatotoxicity structural alerts suitable for use in drug discovery screening programs.ConclusionsThe use of structural alerts has contributed to the identification of many compounds with potential toxicity issues in modern drug discovery. However, with a large number of structural alerts published to date without proper validation, application of these alerts may restrict the chemistry space and prevent discovery of valuable drugs. To mitigate this issue, we showed how to use statistical analyses to develop a small, robust, and broadly applicable set of structural alerts.Graphical abstractHepatotoxic-specific filters for flagging high risk compounds.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13321-015-0053-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The Artemisia L. Genus: A Review of Bioactive Essential Oils

Numerous members of the Anthemideae tribe are important as cut flowers and ornamental crops, as well as being medicinal and aromatic plants, many of which produce essential oils used in folk and modern medicine and in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. Essential oils generally have a broad spectrum of bioactivity, owing to the presence of several active ingredients that work through various modes of action. Due to their mode of extraction, mostly by distillation from aromatic plants, they contain a variety of volatile molecules such as terpenes, phenol-derived aromatic and aliphatic components. The large genus Artemisia L., from the tribe Anthemideae, comprises important medicinal plants which are currently the subject of phytochemical attention due to their biological and chemical diversity. Artemisia species, widespread throughout the world, are one of the most popular plants in Chinese traditional preparations and are frequently used for the treatment of diseases such as malaria, hepatitis, cancer, inflammation and infections by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Extensive studies of the chemical components of Artemisia have led to the identification of many compounds as well as essentials oils. This review summarizes some of the main reports on the chemistry and anti-infective activities of Artemisia. Li. essential oils from the data in the recent literature (2000–2011).

Analysis of organic compounds of water-in-crude oil emulsions separated by microwave heating using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry

In this work the higher peak capacity and resolution of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) has been successfully applied, for the first time, to tentatively identify several polar organic compounds of organic extracts of aqueous phases resulting from microwave demulsification process of water-in-crude oil emulsions. Results have shown that higher temperatures and longer exposure time to microwave irradiation produced water phases with a wider variety of polar organic compounds. The microwave process showed to be suitable for the extraction of several polar compounds classes of petroleum. The proposed microwave extraction method and GC × GC identification of polar compounds of petroleum samples are of practical interest for the petrochemical industry due to corrosion and related problems associated with these polar compounds in refinery equipments. The GC × GC/time-of-flight MS technique shows to be very important in the total separation of different classes of compounds and allows the identification of many compounds in these classes.

The use of predicted boiling points for the identification of halobenzenes and substituted phenols in capillary gas chromatography

AbstractQuantitative correlations between physicochemical parameters and structure of various solutes and their gas chromatographic behavior were investigated in order to predict the retention values. The identification of unknown samples in gas chromatographic routine analysis of environmental samples is enhanced by the use of these correlations in conjuction with other chromatographic methods and with mass spectrometry. The boiling points of many compounds are easily found in literature and therefore their correlation with retention values obtained in isothermal or programmed temperature analysis permit restriction of the choice of names of unknown compound to within a narrow range. The correlation between the boiling points and the retention times of chloro‐ and bromo‐benzenes and of some chloro‐ and nitro‐ substituted phenols was investigated on non‐polar capillary columns and permitted the tentative identification of many compounds belonging to these homologous series.

Identification of mustard related compounds in aqueous samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Abstract : Thiodiglycol and a number of other compounds were detected during gas chromatographic analysis of aqueous samples obtained from near the site of the former DRES mustard hydrolysate vaults. Hexane extracts of the aqueous samples were analysed by capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) under both electron impact and chemical ionization conditions. Interpretation of the MS and complementary capillary column GC-fourier transform infrared data led to the characterization and identification of many compounds, including ether/ thioether macrocycles and vinyl alcohol compounds, not previously associated with mustard decomposition. Keywords: Gas chromatography, Mass spectrometry, Chemical ionization, Ammonia, Isobutane, Chemical agent detection, Military chemical agents, Mustard, Canada.

Stimultaneous quantitative analysis using dual capillary columns of different polarities

AbstractComplex organic mixtures, such as coal liquefaction and oil shale products and by‐products, are comprised of hundreds or thousands of individual components. State‐of‐the‐art high resolution gas chromatography does not always provide sufficient resolution to allow accurate quantitation or identification of many compounds of interest. The concept of dual capillary column chromatography combines the different resolving characteristics of two capillary columns coated with different stationary phases into a single chromatographic run. In this approach, both columns are connected to the same injection port. Analysis of complex mixtures in this fashion can confirm the identification and quantitation of components on two columns of different polarity with little increased analysis time, can provide a means of obtaining quantitative data for individual components which are known to coelute on any one column, and can alert one to unknown coelution problems that would be undetected by gas chromatographic analysis on a single capillary column.Simultaneous dual column analysis was applied to three samples, the neutral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fraction of a Solvent Refined Coal‐II (SRC‐II) heavy distillate, the nitrogen‐containing polycyclic aromatic compound (N‐PAC) fraction of an SRC‐II heavy distillate, and the basic fraction from a shale oil process water. Fused silica capillary columns coated with SE‐54 and Durawax 3 were used for the analyses of the heavy distillate, while SE‐54 an Carbowax 20M capillary columns were used for the analysis of the process water.

Photoactivated zinc silicate in thin layer chromatography plates: A potential cause for error in liquid scintillation counting

Thin layer chromatography plates impregnated with fluorescent indicator permit easy identification of many compounds by exposure to ultraviolet light. Exposure of zinc silicate treated plates to ultraviolet light (254 nm) for 30 seconds induced photoluminescence which persisted at significant levels for longer than 24 hours. This artifact significantly interfered with radioactivity quantitation in three commercially available liquid scintillation solutions. Chromatography plates impregnated with calcium silicate demonstrated insignificant ultraviolet light induced photoluminescence. The use of 14C rather than 3H-radiolabeled compounds, protecting the plate with aluminum foil when visualizing reference compounds with ultraviolet light, and heating the photoactivated plate to accelerate disappearance of the photoluminescence minimized the error in liquid scintillation counting.

Evaluation of the properties of “apiezon” greases as stationary phases in gas-liquid chromatography

The gas chromatographic behaviour of the widely used “Apiezon” stationary phases was evaluated, taking into account several parameters. Paraffins and other homologous series were analysed at temperatures ranging from 50° to 300°, on Apiezon L, M and N, at liquid phase concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 20%, and a carrier gas flow rate from 20 to 40 ml/min. Linear retention plots were obtained, and characteristic parameters for all the homologous series, phase concentration and temperature were calculated. The use of these parameters will permit the identification of many compounds without the use of standard samples.