Identification Of Microbial Contaminants Research Articles

Storage implications on the microbiological quality of some locally manufactured pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceutical products non-sterile are expected to have a minimal microbial load which must not exceed the limits as stated in pharmacopoeia monographs. This study attempted to evaluate storage implications on the microbiological quality of some non-sterile pharmaceutical products manufactured locally in some states in south east Nigeria. Twenty brands of pharmaceutical products comprising 13 tablets, 5 capsules and 2 suspension procured from patent medicine and local drug markets in Aba and Enugu states were stored at room temperature (25oC) for 6 months. Microbial growth was evaluated at 0 and 6 months using standard microbiological procedures including Total aerobic bacteria plate count, isolation, characterization and identification of microbial contaminants. The results from the study showed that 55% and 30% of the pharmaceutical products had bacteria and fungi contamination at 0 month which increased to 70% and 50% at 6 months storage period respectively. Statistical analysis showed there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in growth of micro-organisms at 6 months for both bacteria and the fungi/moulds (p < 0.05). The isolated bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli while the fungi include Trichosporonasahii, Curvularia bothriochloae, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis. All contaminated samples had microbial counts above the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) acceptabl limit of 103 and 102 CFU/ml for bacteria and fungi respectively. This can be attributed to poor adherence to current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) by the manufacturers. Thus, it is recommended that manufacturers adhere strictly to cGMP and storage conditions stated on these pharmaceutical products followed strictly during distribution and storage to reduce the levels of microbial contamination.

Molecular Identification of Dominant Microbes in Kola nut (Cola nitida)

Kola nut is an important dehiscent fruit but its supply fails to meet the demand due to limitations such as inadequate post-harvest practices leading to spoilage during transportation and storage. Identification of microbial contaminants is a necessary step in reducing the loss. Hence, this work aimed at characterizing the genome of dominant fungus and bacteria associated with kola nut (Cola nitida). Samples of kola nuts were collected from Oje and Oja-oba markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. Isolates were extracted from the lesion region of the samples using the standard method. Macro-morphological and micro-morphological observations of the pure culture of the isolates were conducted. After genomic DNA extraction of fungal and bacterial isolates, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was carried out using Internal Transcribed Sequence (ITS 1 and ITS 4) and 27F primers for fungal and bacterial genome respectively. Sanger sequencing of the purified DNA fragments was conducted utilizing the Nimagen, BrilliantDye™ Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit V3.1, BRD3-100/1000. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA version 6) was used for phylogenetic analysis. The result revealed that one fungus and two bacteria were associated with kola nuts. The fungal isolate showed 100% identity with Aspergillus wentii from the National Center for Biotechnology Information data base. The fungus showed a good relationship with A. dimorphicus and A. europaeus. The two bacterial isolates were also identified through the phylogenic analysis as Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis. B. cereus is closely related to B. thuringiensis. This research provides background information on the Kola nut microbial contaminant. Keywords: Bacteria, Contaminant, Fungus, Identification, Primers, Sequencing

Determination of the microbial and physiochemical composition of branded and unbranded Shea butter

Shea butter samples were randomly obtained from different local markets and supermarkets from two states in Nigeria for the unbranded and branded samples respectively. Isolation and identification of microbial contaminants as well as determination of some physiochemical parameters such as heavy metal levels, saponification and iodine composition for branded and unbranded samples. The Total heterotrophic Fungi count of unbranded samples ranged from 8.50×104 cfu/g to 3.20×107cfu/g while the branded samples showed no significant count, the total heterotrophic bacteria count of unbranded and branded samples ranged from 1.25×106cfu/g to 3.35×108cfu/g, total coliform counts ranged from 1.2×102cfu/g to 2.15×103cfu/g, total Staphylococcus counts of the unbranded and branded samples ranged from 2.71×105 to 3.55×105, The isolated microorganism include: Aspergillus niger (40%), Candida species (30%), Aspergillus fumigatus (10%), Penicillium species (10%) and Blastomyces species (10%). Escherichia coli (26.67%) Pseudomonas species (13.33%), Klebsiella specie (13.33%), Staphylococcus species (26.67%) and Bacillus species (20%). Significant difference was observed in saponification (183.73mgKOH/g and 174.46mgKOH/g) and iodine (40.6I2/100g and 37.94I2/100g) values respectively. Heavy metals present in the branded sample were manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) while iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) only were present in the unbranded sample. It can also be deduced that shea butter exposed and sold in the local markets and the branded samples which are not properly packaged harbor microbes and this may be harmful to the health of the users mostly newborn and those with injury on their skin. it is recommended that the Shea butter should be properly packaged or covered at sales point in order to reduce microbial re-contamination.

Identification of Microbial Contamination: Isolation from Metallic Coins

Identification of Microbial Contamination: Isolation from Metallic Coins

Advances in bacterial concentration methods and their integration in portable detection platforms: A review

Early detection and identification of microbial contaminants is crucial in many sectors, including clinical diagnostics, food quality control and environmental monitoring. Biosensors have recently gained attention among other bacterial detection technologies due to their simplicity, rapid response, selectivity, and integration/miniaturization potential in portable microfluidic platforms. However, biosensors are limited to the analysis of small sample volumes, and pre-concentration steps are necessary to reach the low sensitivity levels of few bacteria per mL required in the analysis of real clinical, industrial or environmental samples. Many platforms already exist where bacterial detection and separation/accumulation systems are integrated in a single platform, but they have not been compiled and critically analysed. This review reports on most recent advances in bacterial concentration/detection platforms with emphasis on the concentration strategy. Systems based on five concentration strategies, i.e. centrifugation, filtration, magnetic separation, electric separation or acoustophoresis, are here presented and compared in terms of processed sample volume, concentration efficiency, concentration time, ability to work with different types of samples, and integration potential, among others. The critical evaluation presented in the review is envision to facilitate the development of future platforms for fast, sensitive and in situ bacterial detection in real sample.

Hematological analysis of blood cells and isolation of pathogenic microorganisms from second-degree flame burn patient with the prevalence of multidrug resistance traits

Burns are traumatic injuries that can occur in the home or workplace. It is a type of injury to flesh or skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation. The aims of this study to identified drug resistance traits of microorganisms, which is lead to wound infection after burn injury and causes hematological imbalanced of blood cells that are lead to the immune response against these pathogenic strains. The patient was burned by flame and seriously injured, with 24% tissue damaged. The whole blood was collected for complete blood count and peripheral blood film to analyze the components and morphological shape of blood cells. In addition, the wound samples were collected from wound infected sites to isolation and identification of microbial contamination as well as the study of antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance traits of microbes which are intensively involved in wound infection along with skin tissue damage. Among the complication period, the patient was seriously infected by pathogenic bacteria with viable bacterial count with log 107 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL. The predominant pathogens were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Most of the pathogens were found as drug-resistant, notably against second- and third-line antibiotics. The serious complication of microbial infection during the wound healing period was lead to increase white blood cells range along with terribly lower than the normal range of hemoglobin at 6.8 g/dl. Furthermore, the abnormal morphology of red blood cells was noted as an iron deficiency complication of the patient. Bacterial infection of the postburn patient is alarming for quick treatment. Most of the pathogens are rarely sensitive against most commercial antibiotics. Hence, bacterial colonization is the main threat for the burn-injured patient, which prohibits the immune response against in vivo infection.

Detection and identification of microbial contaminants from plant tissue culture

Detection and identification of microbial contaminants from plant tissue culture

Species Identification of Mealie Meal Spoilage Organisms and Pathogenic Bacteria from Selected Food Stores in Lusaka District of Zambia

Background: Mealie Meal is one of the by-products of maize from dry milling. It constitutes more significant part of the daily diet of growing population of the Lusaka District of Zambia. However, reported cases of a cholera outbreak in October 2017-May 2018 were attributed to water contamination in the households of Lusaka. Hitherto there is no previous study or documented data for gastroenteritis caused by microbial contamination from food stores. Aim: The main objective of the study was to carry out species identification of Mealie meal spoilage organisms and pathogenic bacteria from selected food stores in Lusaka district from September 2019-March 2020. Crosssectional survey was conducted for food spoilage organisms and pathogenic bacteria of packaged maize meal flour from a selected food store. The number of packaged Mealie meal samples from selected food stores included in the study was 143 samples. Samples were obtained by a simple stratified random selection from food stores in Lusaka District. Thus Mealie Meal samples bought from Street food vendors were 96 (67%), Shops—30 (21%), Malls—17 (11.9%). Subsequently isolation by spread and pour plate methods, and species identification of microbial contamination by Cell Culture processes coupled to microbial morphological and biochemical characterization was performed. Microsoft Office Excel (version 2007) Spreadsheet was employed for the categorical data analysis and summarized graphical presentation of data. Laboratory findings revealed: Spoilage organisms—Aspergillum species, Mucor Species, Candida Species, Clostridium Species and Bacillus Species; Pathogenic Bacteria Species—Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium tetani, Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Yesinia pestis. It can be established from the laboratory results earlier mentioned that the food poisoning outbreak could evolve from food stores in Lusaka district apart from water contamination.

Identification of microbial contaminants in sinus rinse squeeze bottles used by allergic rhinitis patients.

ObjectiveTo identify whether irrigation devices become contaminated when used by patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).MethodsTen AR patients with no clinical or endoscopic evidence of active sinonasal infection were given a sinus rinse system and instructed on its proper use, cleaning, and storage. Two squeeze bottles (bottle A and bottle B) were given to each patient for twice-a-day rinsing. Bottle A was used in the morning and analyzed after four weeks. Bottle B was used in the evening and analyzed after 8 weeks of use. Microbial contaminants were cultured from the nose pieces and the inner surface of the bottles obtained from patients.ResultsSeventeen sinus rinse devices (17/20) from all individuals in this study grew bacteria commonly in the nozzles. Twenty-four bacterial isolates consisting of 14 different species were cultured and identified with most common organisms being bacilli and staphylococcus. In addition, no correlation was apparent between the length of bottle use and the degree of contamination (r = 0.13, p = 0.76). During the study period, no patient developed acute sinus infections.ConclusionMicrobial contamination of the sinus rinse system occurs commonly, even in uninfected AR patients; however no evidence exists linking this to clinically relevant sinus infections.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01030146.

Identification of microbial contaminants in drinking water samples of Ahmedabad using PCR

Quality of drinking water is one of the greatest anxiety of water consumers with contamination of different pathogenic microorganisms especially fungi and bacteria. Water-borne pathogen contamination in water resources and related diseases are a major water quality concern throughout the world. A motivation for this study was the numerous reports about these contaminations of drinking water and the associated diseases. Water samples were collected from various locations of Ahmedabad in February 2017. The samples were analyzed by 16S rDNA PCR and ITS rDNA PCR since the DNA sequence polymorphisms in the 16S ribosomal DNA and ITS rDNA can be used for the identification of bacterial and fungal species respectively. The PCR amplicons were obtained for each water samples, were sequenced and the species identity was determined using NCBI-BLAST. Bacterial species of Aeromonas, Citrobacter and E. coli along with two fungal species were obtained from municipal water supplies and parab waters. Species of Aspergillus and Penicillium represented the most common fungi in municipal water supplies. This is the first report of molecular study from drinking water facilities of Ahmedabad. This study has clearly revealed that currently, the microbiological quality of the water is inferior for drinking purpose due to bacterial and fungal contamination. This study also showed the potential PCR based identification as a rapid technique for identifying microorganisms in drinking water samples.

Microbial contamination of shea (<i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i> G. Don) Butter from local markets in Southwestern and Edo states, Nigeria

Samples of Shea butter were randomly collected from five local markets from four different states in Nigeria. Isolation and identification of microbial contaminants (Bacteria and Fungi) were carried out as well as the analysis of some physical and chemical parameters. Results from this study reveal the presence of five fungal and three bacterial species as contaminants. The isolated fungi include: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium species, Mucor species and Trichoderma species. Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the bacteria established in the study. Differences were also noted in the colour, refractive index and the viscosity of the shea butters sampled. A great significant differences was also observed in the peroxide (2.0 – 8.60 meq/kg), saponification (29.21 – 47.48 mgKOH/g), iodine (4.31 – 13.20 I g/100g) and the fatty acid (27.50 – 2 88.83 mgKOH/kg) values respectively. It was deduced from this study that hawked Vitelleria paradoxa (Shea butter) in our local markets are heavily contaminated with microbes (fungi and bacteria) and this may be detrimental to the health of the users especially those with wounds on their skin.Keywords: Microbial contaminant, shea butter, local market, physicochemical parameters

Identification of Microbial Contamination of Popular Fruits of Bangladesh and Assessment the Effects of Alternative Preservatives Instead of Formalin

The demand of fresh fruits is increasing as consumers are striving to eat healthy diets. Most of the fruits are generally eaten without further processing. During growth, harvest, transportation and handling, fruits become contaminated with pathogens from human or animal source. The study was aimed to isolate, identify the fruit surface microorganisms and to determine the microbial growth inhibitory effects of formalin, vinegar and salt. The fruits were washed with distilled water, vinegar, formalin and salt solution. These effluents were used as the sources of microbes. Results indicated the following bacterial growth pattern: Klebsiella pneumoniae (25%), Escherichia coli (21%), Serratia marcescens (12.5 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17%), Bacillus cereus (16.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (8%). Most of these isolated microorganisms are pathogenic to human. Due to increasing complications and health hazards for chemically synthesized preservative, consumers expect to get wholesome, fresh-like, and safe foods without addition of toxic preservatives (like formalin). A weak acid named acetic acid (vinegar) can be used to effectively reduce pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms present on fruit surfaces. From the study it might be concluded that the use of chemical decontaminants like vinegar (acetic acid) or salt might be an effective way to reduce the microbial load on fruit surfaces.

FDA's Activities Supporting Regulatory Application of "Next Gen" Sequencing Technologies.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are enabling breakthroughs in how the biomedical community is developing and evaluating medical products. One example is the potential application of this method to the detection and identification of microbial contaminants in biologic products. In order for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be able to evaluate the utility of this technology, we need to have the information technology infrastructure and bioinformatics tools to be able to store and analyze large amounts of data. To address this need, we have developed the High-performance Integrated Virtual Environment, or HIVE. HIVE uses a combination of distributed cloud storage and distributed cloud computations to provide a platform that is both rapid and responsive to support the growing and increasingly diverse scientific and regulatory needs of FDA scientists in their evaluation of NGS in research and ultimately for evaluation of NGS data in regulatory submissions.

Microbiological quality and preservative capacity of commonly available cosmetics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Ten brands of cosmetics were randomly purchased from shops in Dar es Salaam, and were subjected to microbiological assessment for microbial quality, preservative capacity and identification of microbial contaminants. Aliquots of each cosmetic were uniformly spread-plated on agar plates to quantify, isolate and identify microbial contaminants using conventional microbiological methods. The cup-plate technique complemented by the dilution test was used for evaluation of cosmetic preservative capacity. Microbial contaminants were present in 70% of the cosmetics. The most frequently isolated and identified microbial contaminants were attributable to Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus and Trichophyton species. The cosmetics displayed inadequate preservative capacity evidenced by inability to lower the inherent bio-burdens to acceptable levels and to inhibit growth of the tested microorganisms. Such products can have detrimental effects on health status of consumers as consequence of their altered stability profiles and secondary microbial infections. Therefore, microbiological quality control of cosmetics available in the Tanzanian market should be re-enforced. Keywords: Preservative capacity, cosmetics, microbial quality, microorganisms East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 13 (2010) 3- 11

Interaction of bacteria and ion‐exchange particles and its potential in separation for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric identification of bacteria in water

Identification of microbial contaminants in drinking water is a challenge to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) due to low levels of microorganisms in fresh water. To avoid the time-consuming culture step of obtaining enough microbial cells for subsequent MALDI-MS analysis, a combination of membrane filtration and nanoparticles- or microparticles-based magnetic separation is a fast and efficient approach. In this work, the interaction of bacteria and fluidMAG-PAA, a cation-exchange superparamagnetic nanomaterial, was investigated by MALDI-MS analysis and transmission electron microscopy. FluidMAG-PAA selectively captured cells of Salmonella, Bacillus, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. This capture was attributed to the aggregation of negatively charged nanoparticles on bacterial cell regional surfaces that bear positive charges. Three types of non-porous silica-encapsulated anion-exchange magnetic microparticles (SiMAG-Q, SiMAG-PEI, SiMAG-DEAE) were capable of concentrating a variety of bacteria, and were compared with silica-free, smaller fluidMAG particles. Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and other bacteria spiked in aqueous solutions, tap water and reservoir water were separated and concentrated by membrane filtration and magnetic separation based on these ion-exchange magnetic materials, and then characterized by whole cell MALDI-MS. By comparing with the mass spectra of the isolates and pure cells, bacteria in fresh water can be rapidly detected at 1 x 10(3) colony-forming units (cfu)/mL.

On‐line combination of CE and microscopy: An insight into the migration of microorganisms

Identification of microbial contamination by CE has interested many researchers mainly because of the high speed of CE analysis. However, the CE separation of such big structures brings a lot of questions mainly about the behavior of microorganisms and about the mechanism of separation. In this work, we constructed a simple apparatus where a microscope was used as one detector and a UV detector was used as the second one and we made the comparison of three typical setups for CE of microorganisms. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was chosen as a model microorganism and was analyzed in bare fused-silica capillaries, covalently modified capillaries and dynamically modified capillaries by poly(ethylene oxide) or CTAB. Results showed that the use of CE instrument directly connected with a microscope could be advantageous for the study of separation mechanisms and/or migration behavior.

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Is what you eat and drink safe? detection and identification of microbial contamination in foods and water

Current technologies for assessing the microbial load in food and water require cellular outgrowth to increase the cell count to a detectable level. This step therefore makes real-time assessment of microbial loads impossible. To circumvent this problem, we have developed a high-sensitivity, multiwavelength fluorescence detector and signal- collection and processing software. This detection system enables one to distinguish between abiotic matter, sporulated bacteria, vegetative bacteria, dead bacteria, and other biomaterials containing aromatic amino acids. Our detection limit is in the 10-100 cell/cm/sup 2/ range (or per cm/sup 3/ if bulk aqueous samples are used), and there is no sample contact. To supplement this detection system, we have developed a variety of ligands, including hemin derivatives, peptides, glycoconjugates, and siderophores, for cell capture to circumvent problems associated with antibodies. These materials are tethered to disposable surfaces (glass, plastics) in arrays for use in capturing biomaterials (e.g., live bacterial cells, dead cells, spores, and toxins); identification is based on which sector of an array it binds to. The detection system can serve as a reader for these coated materials, and variants have been tested for use in scanning food surfaces and food wash water.

Microbial contamination of flax dust

Abstract Byssinosis is an occupational lung disease associated with the inhalation of organic vegetable fibres, and despite the fact that it has been recognised for almost 300 years, there is still uncertainty about its aetiology. Cotton byssinosis has been studied extensively; by comparison there is a paucity of information relating specifically to flax byssinosis. Much of the investigative work with cotton has been directed towards identification of microbial contamination of the plant material, consequently gram negative bacteria (GNB) and their endotoxins have been implicated. The object of this study was to investigate the microbial contamination of local flax dust, particularly the GNB content and associated endotoxin levels. The results indicated that flax dust is contaminated by gram positive and gram negative bacteria and by fungi. The average number of GNB was 2.2×109 c.f.u. per gram, and the genera identified were Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Acinetobacter. The average endotoxins content of the flax dust was 92 μg/g. Flax and cotton are contaminated by similar species of GNB that produce endotoxin. This lends support to the microbial theory of byssinosis and suggests that these microbes may represent a common denominator.